THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 

Biology 

BEQUEST 

OF 
ANITA  D.  S.  BLAKE 


-17 


MANUAL 


OF 


THE    BOTANY 


OF     THE 


REGION  OF  SAN  FRANCISCO  BAY, 


BEING    A 

Systematic    Arrangement   of  the   Higher   Plants    Growing 

Spontaneously   in   the   Counties   of  Marin,   Sonoma,   , 

Napa,   Solano,   Contra   Costa,  Alameda,   Santa 

Clara,   San    Mateo    and   San   Francisco, 

in  the   State   of   California. 


BY 

EDWARD  LEE  GREENE, 

Professor  of  Botany  in  the  University  of  California. 


[Issued    2    F^eb.,    1894.] 


SAN    FRANCISCO: 

CUBERY  &  COMPANY,  BOOK  AND  JOB  PRINTERS,  587  MISSION  STREET, 

1894. 


PREFACE. 


This  volume  has  been  prepared  with  reference  to  the  needs  of  those 
who,  whether  as  studying  in  our  high  schools,  academies  and  colleges, 
or  as  private  students  and  amateurs,  desire  to  make  some  beginnings  in 
the  systematic  botany  of  middle  western  California.  In  order  that  the 
volume  should  be  small,  it  was  necessary  that  the  scope  of  it  should  be 
limited.  So  exceedingly  varied  is  the  flora  of  even  limited  areas  in  our 
State,  that  not  even  all  the  flowering  plants  of  the  counties  touching 
San  Francisco  Bay  could  be  briefly  but  sufficiently  classified  and 
described  within  the  limit  of  three  hundred  and  fifty  octavo  pages. 
We  have  therefore  been  obliged  to  conclude  this  Flora  for  beginners 
at  the  end  of  the  ninetieth  of  our  natural  orders  of  flowering  plants. 
These  ninety  embrace,  however,  all  in  our  district  which  the  novice  in 
plant  determination  would  be  likely  to  take  up,  and  a  number  of  genera 
and  species  much  greater  than  the  beginner  may  master  in  one  season's 
study,  or  in  three.  Thus  no  complaint  will  arise  that  the  sedges  and 
grasses,  the  pondweeds  and  the  ferns  have  been  omitted  from  this 
brief  and  more  or  less  tentative  treatise. 

The  old  practices  of  preparing  a  digest  of  the  genera  under  the  larger 
natural  orders,  and  of  italicizing  some  of  the  salient  marks  of  species  as 
described,  have  been  continued  here;  though  with  misgiving  as  to  their 
real  usefulness  in  general;  it  being  too  well  known,  by  all  teachers  of 
the  subject,  that  the  pupil  will  rely  on  the  "key"  and  on  the  italicized 
words  unduly,  and  to  his  own  misleading  also,  in  some  instances,  instead 
of  attending  to  all  the  terms  of  the  full  diagnosis.  Still,  the  digests  and 
keys  are  real  aids  to  many  a  serious  beginner  in  the  work  of  plant  class- 
ification. 

In  justice  to  the  critical  labor  that  has  been  bestowed  on  the  plants  of 
even  this  small  area,  by  the  author,  it  must  be  said  that  this  Manual  is 
one  which  the  critical  botanist  will  find  indispensable,  at  least,  until 
some  worthier  treatise  shall  take  its  place.  On  ground  so  new  as  this  of 
the  San  Francisco  Bay  Region  it  still  remains,  and  for  years  to  come  it 
will  remain,  that  new  convictions  will  be  formed  as  to  the  limits  of 
species  and  of  genera;  that  every  book  or  pamphlet  of  this  kind  the 
subject  matter  of  which  has  been  wrought  out  under  the  eye  of  a 
competent  student,  will  present  new  specific  and  perhaps  new  generic 
propositions.  This  Manual  will  be  found  to  contain  not  a  few  such. 


VI.  PREFACE. 

Moreover:  the  present  author,  now  longer  engaged  than  any  other 
American  botanist  in  the  very  serious  consideration  of  certain  questions 
in  botanical  nomenclature,  is  more  and  more  convinced  that  uniformity 
will  never  come  but  by  closer  conformity  to  the  law  of  priority.  He 
has  therefore  introduced  into  this  volume  not  a  few  names  of  genera 
that  are  much  older  than  those  current  in  familiar  books.  There 
is  therefore  much  that  is  new  for  the  bibliographer  and  the  nomenclator 
within  these  pages.  This  feature  wilt  not  in  the  least  affect  the  useful- 
ness of  the  Manual  as  a  book  for  beginners;  for  to  these  it  is  as  easy  to 
call  the  California  Horse-chestnut  HIPPOCASTANUM  CALIFORNICUM  as 
JEsculus  Calif ornica.  The  inconvenience  will  be  realized  only  by  the 
experienced  botanist,  who  is  habituated  to  the  use  of  other  names.  To 
these,  however,  the  way  is  clear.  No  botanist  will  be  obliged  to  adopt  the 
nomenclature  of  the  Manual  of  Bay-Region  Botany.  The  author  is 
convinced,  however,  that  the  day  is  coming,  and  at  a  fair  rate  of  speed, 
when  the  employing  generic  names  which  Linnaeus  substituted  for  older 
ones  of  Micheli,  Tournefort,  Lobel  or  of  Gesner,  instead  of  such  as  have 
right  of  real  priority,  will  no  longer  be  thought  of  by  those  who  name 
priority  as  a  leading  principle  in  plant  nomenclature. 

As  to  the  completeness  of  the  volume  as  an  authentic  list  of  the  higher 
plants  growing  spontaneously  within  the  limits  specified  in  the  title,  it 
may  be  said  that  we  included  all  the  species  which,  at  the  time  of  writing, 
were  known  to  us  as  occurring  within  this  range.  But  vast  areas  within 
these  counties  have  never  yet  been  explored  at  all  botanically;  and  the 
actual  number  of  plant  forms  belonging  to  this  aggregate  of  counties 
must  be  considerably  greater  than  what  these  pages  show.  We  invite 
all  students,  and  others  who  may  use  the  book  as  a  field  companion  in 
this  district,  to  make  record  of  all  additions  to  this  list,  and  kindly 
report  them  to  the  author,  that  future  editions  of  the  Manual  may  be 
rendered  more  complete. 

EDWARD  L.  GREENE. 
UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA,  24  January,  1894. 


ANALYTIC  KEY  TO  NATURAL  ORDERS. 


SUBCLASS  I.    EXOGENS. 

Leaves  netted- veined.     Parts  of  the  flower  seldom  in  threes  or  sixes. 
Cotyledons  two.     Wood  of  woody  species  showing  concentric  circles. 

DIVISION  I.    CHOBIPETAL.E  HYPOGYN.E. 

Petals  when  present  distinct,  at  least  at  base.     Stamens  hypogynous. 

A.  Stamens  more  than  10,  and  more  than  twice  as  many  as 

the  sepals  or  petals. 

Pistils  distinct,  simple,  becoming  achenes  or  PAQE 

follicles  (in  one  a  berry) KANUNCULACE^E  2 

Pistils  compound,  i.  e.,  the  cells,  placentae  or 

stigmas  more  than  one. 
Petals  outnumbering  the  sepals, 

Twice  as  many  (4—6);  sepals  caducous.. .PAP  A  VERACE.E  8 
"      "     "     (8—16);  sepals  persist- 
ent  Lewisia  in  POBTULACE^J                 58 

Sepals  and  petals  concave,  intergrading, 

persistent.    Plants  aquatic NYMPH^E^;  8 

Sepals  (or  calyx-lobes)  and  petals  5  each; 
Calyx  valvate  in  bud;  stamens  mona- 

delphous MALVACEAE  63 

Calyx  imbricate;  stamens  in  indistinct 

bundles HYPERICE^E  '  62 

Sepals  very  unequal;  stamens  neither 

united  nor  fascicled. . CISTOIDE^E  28 

Petals  lacerate  or  palmatifid;   ovary  .  open 

before  maturity BESEDACE^  27 

B.  Stamens  10  or  fewer,  not  more  tlian  twice  as  many  as  the 

petals  or  sepals. 

*  Pistils  more  than  one,  distinct. 

Sepals,  petals  and  pistils  equal  in  number; 

leaves  fleshy CRASSULACE.E  126 

Pistils  outnumbering  petals  or  stamens  RANUNCULAOE.E  2 


Vlii.  KEY  TO  NATURAL  ORDERS. 

*  *  Pistils  8 — 5,  variously  united. 

Pistils  more  or  less  united  around  a  central 
axis;  carpels  becoming  1-seeded 

and  distinct  in  maturity GERANIACE*:  70 

Central  axis  not  apparent. 

Carpels  partly  partitioned,  each  2-seeded, 

the  whole  fruit  capsular LINE^:  67 

Carpels  simple,  winged,  1-seeded. 

Samara  1,  with  2  seeds  BUTAOE^E  72 

Samaras  2,  each  1-seeded SAPINDACE^E  72 

*  *  *  Pistil  one  only;  styles  rarely  2  or  3. 
•»—  Anthers  opening  by  uplifted  valves. 

Stamens  9,  in  2  series;  leaves  aromatic LAUBINE^E 

Stamens  6  or  9,  in  1  series;  not  aromatic BERBERIDE.E  7 

•H-  -i—  Anthers  opening  by  terminal  pores. 

Stamens  10;  stigma  broad ERIOACE^J  231 

H—  •«-  +-  Anthers  opening  by  lateral  slits. 

Flowers  papilionaceous;  fruit  a  legume LEGUMINOSE&: 

Flowers  resembling  the  papilionaceous,  but 

petals  3  only;  pod  2 -celled POLYGALE.E  81 

Flowers    regular;    calyx    and    corolla    both 

present. 

Petals  5,  unguiculate,  the  limb  cucullate. .  .KHAMNEJE  74 

Petals,  stamens  and  capsule-valves  4  or 

5;  seeds  covered  by  a  red  aril CELASTRINEJE  74 

Flowers  5-merous;    fruit  a  single  small 

drupe ANACARDIACE^B  73 

Petals  4  or  5;  stamens  5—8;  capsule  3- 
celled,  by  abortion  1-seeded, 

Hippocastanum  in  SAPINDACE^E  73 

Petals  4 or  5, united  at  apex;  calyx  minute. . SARMENTOS.E 
Calyx  tubular;  petals  long-clawed. 

Placentae  parietal FRANKENIACEJE  38 

Placenta  central CARYOPHYLLE^E  30 

Sepals    and    petals  4  each;    stamens    6, 

tetradynamous CRUCIFER^:  13 

Petals  5,  deciduous;  sepals  2,  persistent; 

capsule  3-valved,  1-celled . .  .PoRTUtACEjE  58 

Petals  and  sepals  4  or  5  each,  the  latter  per- 
sistent; capsule  1-celled,  4—10- 
valved  or  -toothed;  placenta  cen- 
tral.... . .  CARYOPHYLLE/E  30 


KEY   TO   NATURAL   ORDERS.  IX. 

Capsule    2 — 5- celled,    septicidal    or    sep- 

tif  ragal ELATINE^:  62 

Flowers  irregular;  calyx  and  corolla  present. 
Sepals  5,  auricled:  petals  5,  one  spurred 

at  base : VIOLARIE^E  28 

Sepals  2,  scale-like;  petals  4,  unequal,  the 

2  larger  gibbous  at  base FUMARIACE^E  12 

Flowers    apetalous,    or    calyx     and    corolla 

indistinguishable. 
Plants  with  scarious  stipules. 
Fruit  a  1-celled  many-seeded  capsule . .  CABYOPHYLLE.E  30 

Fruit  a  triquetrous  achene POLYGONE^I  40 

Fruit  utricular,  1-seeded IIJLECEBRE^E  39 

Plants  with  no  stipules ;  calyx  corolla-like ; 

Fruit  corky,  3 — 5- winged,  1-seeded NYCTAGINE^E  50 

Shrub  with  drupaceous  fruit DAPHNOIDE.E  161 

Fruit  a  triquetrous  or  lenticular  achene .  POLYGONE^E  40 

Stipules  none;  calyx  green,  inconspicuous; 

Calyx  dry;  plants  not  succulent AMARANTOIDE^E  51 

Calyx  and  the  whole  plant  more  or 
less    succulent,    often    mealy  or 

scurfy SAiiSOLACE^E  52 

Flowers  apetalous,  unisexual ;  capsule  3-celled, 

3  seeded. 

Herbs;  styles  3  and  bifid TITHYMALOIDE^  78 

Shrubs:  style  1,  simple BHAMNE.E  74 

DIVISION  II.    CHOBIPETAL.E  PEBIGYN^. 

Calyx  more  or  less  distinctly  synsepalous,  but  petals  distinct,  at  least 
at  base.    Stamens  perigynous. 

A.     Ovary  more  or  less  completely  superior. 
*  Stamens  many,  usually  %0  or  more. 

Pistils  many,  concealed  in  a  hollow  receptacle. 

Leaves  opposite,  entire,  stipules  none CALYC  ANTHER  ]  19 

Leaves  alternate;  stipules  adnate  Bosa  in  BOSACE^E  118 

Pistils  many,  on  a  flat  or  convex  receptacle BOSACE.E  11] 

Pistils  1—5;  fruit  a  drupe DRUPAOE.E  108 

Pistil  1,  becoming  a  plumose-tailed  achene 

Cercocarpus  in  BOSACE^  113 
Pistils    3—5,    becoming     inflated     capsules 

Opulaster  in  BOSACE^I  112 


X.  KEY   TO  NATURAL   ORDERS. 

*  *  Stamens  5  or  10  only. 

Corolla  papilionaceous;  fruit  a  legume. ........ LEGUMINOSS  83 

Corolla  regular  or  nearly  so; 

Calyx  tubular;  petals  on  its  throat  SAMCARIS  140 

Calyx  campanulate;  petals  near  the  base. .  .SAXIFRAGES  119 

B.    Ovary  mainly  inferior. 
*  Stamens  many,  usually  20  or  more. 

Woody  plants;  carpels  2—5;  fruit  a  pome  POMACES  110 

Succulent  herbs;  carpels  several;  fruit  fleshy 

or  capsular FICOIDES  128 

Herbs  rough  with  short  barbed  hairs;  ovary 

cylindric,  wholly  inferior LOASES  141 

Flowers  apetalous,  dioecious DATISCES  28 

*  *  Stamens  few  and  definite. 

Calyx-limb  obvious;  flowers  mostly  4-merous; 
Fruit    dry  and  capsular,  or  nut-like,  or 

baccate EPILOBIACES  129 

Fruit  fleshy  and  drupaceous CORNES  159 

Calyx-limb  surpassing  the  tube;  flowers  5-mer- 

ous;  fruit  baccate Ribes  in  SAXIFRAGES  123 

Calyx-limb  3-lobed;  stamens  6—12 ARISTCXLOCHIACE.E       142 

Calyx-limb  5-toothed  or  obsolete; 

Stamens  syngenecious CUCURBITACES  143 

Stamens  distinct; 

Ovary  more  than  2-celled;  fruit  baccate  ARALIACES  145 

Ovary  2  celled;  fruit  a  pair  of  ribbed 

or  winged  or  striate  carpels UMBELLIFERS  145 

Apetalous  aquatics;  fruits  nutlets HALORAGES  138 

DIVISION  III.    SYMPETAL.E  PERIGYN^. 

Sepals  united  below  into  a  tube  adherent  to  the  ovary.    United  corolla, 
with  adherent  stamens,  inserted  on  the  calyx  near  its  summit. 

*  Stamens  1—10,  distinct. 

Parasites  with  jointed  stems,  no  petals,  and  a 

berry-like  fruit .  .LORANTHES  161 

Leafy    terrestrial   plants,    with  opposite    or 
whorled  leaves,  and  small  calyx- 
limb; 
Flowers  5-merous;  fruit  berry -like CAPRIFOLIACES  162 


KEY   TO   NATURAL    ORDERS.  XI. 

Flower  2-merous;  fruit  mostly  didymous, 

dry  or  drupaceous. KUBIAOBJE  165 

Corolla  irregular;   stamens  1 — 3;  fruit  an 

achene VALERIANE.E  167 

Flowers  in  dense  heads;  stamens  5;  fruit 

an  achene  DIPSACE^E  167 

Shrubs  with  alternate  leaves;  anthers  open- 
ing by  pores ERICACEAE  231 

Herbs  with  milky  juice,  campanulate  or  nar- 
rower regular  corolla,  and  many- 
seeded  capsule CAMPANULACE./E  229 

*  *  Stamens  3—5,  united  by  their  anthers. 

Corolla    bilabiate;    fruit    capsular,    many- 
seeded .  ...-.- LOBELIACE.E  228 

Corolla  ligulate;  fruit  an  achene;  plants  with 

milky  juice  and  12-sided  pollen CICHORIACE^E  219 

Corollas  ligulate  or  tubular;  fruit  an  achene; 

plants  with  watery  or  gummy  juice 

and  spheroidal  echinate  pollen COMPOSITE  168 

Flowers  unisexual;  fruit  fleshy,  several-seeded; 

plants    trailing    or  climbing    by 

tendrils CUCURBITACE^E  143 

DIVISION  IV.    SYMPETAL^  HYPOGYN^. 

Corolla  sympetalous,  at  least  at  base,  the  stamens  attached  to  its  tube 
or  base,  the  whole  inserted  arouud  .the  base  of  the  (superior)  ovary. 

A.     Leaves  opposite  or  whorled;  corolla  regular. 

*  Fruit  indehiscent. 

Trees  with  opposite  leaves :  fruit  a  samara OLEACE.E  239 

Herbs  with  unilateral  spikes  or  racemes;  fruit 

4  nutlets Allocarya  in  ASPERIFOLI^E  258 

*  *  Herbs  with  milky  juice  and  follicular  pods. 

Corolla  not  hooded  within;  anthers  and 

stigma  approximate APOCYNACE^  240 

Corolla  adorned  within  by  a  whorl  of  hood- 
like  appendages;  anthers  and 
stigma  united. ASCLEPIADACE.E  241 

*  •*  *  Fruit  capsular. 

Stamens  opposite  the  corolla-lobes;  placenta 

central Anagallis  in  PRIMULAOB^:  238 


Xll.  KEY    TO   NATURAL   ORDERS. 

Stamens  alternate  with  the  corolla-lobes; 

Ovary  1-celled,  placentae  parietal GENTIANACE.E  242 

Ovary  3-celled,  placentae  axial POLEMONIACE.E  244 

Ovary  1-celled,  placentas    sac-like  lining 

the  wall  of  the  ovary HYDBOPHYLLACEJE     251 

B.    Leaves  alternate;  corollas  regular. 
*  Stamens  opposite  the  corolla-lobes;  ovary  1-celled. 

Styles  5;  fruit  utricular,  1-seeded PLUMBAGINACE,E         235 

Style  1 ;  fruit  capsular,  oo  -seeded  PBIMULACE^E  237 

*  *  Stamens  alternate  with  the  corolla-lobes. 

Stamens  nearly  free  from  the  corolla;  anthers 

opening  by  pores . .' EBICAOE^  331 

Stamens  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla; 

Flowers  spicate;  corolla  4-lobed,  scarious . .  PLANTAGINACE.E          235 

Fruit  of  1—4  seed-like  nutlets ASPEBIFOLI.E  257 

Fruit  of  2  utricular  carpels.  ..Dichondra  in  CONVOLVULACE^:         265 
Fruit  a  berry;  anthers  opening  by  pores 

Solanum  in  SOLANACE^:  267 

Fruit  capsular;  sepals  5; 

Inflorescence  unilateral,  scorpioid .  HYDBOPHYLLACEJE     251 

Leafless  yellow-stemmed  parasites OUSCUTE^S  266 

Flowers  large,  axillary;  s€  ads  few,  large  OONVOLVULACE.E        264 
Flowers    small;    seeds  many,  small; 

placentae  central  SCBOPHULABINE^E       269 

Fruit  capsular;  calyx  5-toothed  or  -lobed; 

stigmas,  capsule-cells  and  -valves  3 POLEMONIACE^E  244 

Pistil  2-merous;  seeds  many,  small SOLANACE^E  267 

C.     Corollas  more  or  less  distinctly  bilabiate. 
*  Ovary  not  lobed;  fruits  capsular. 

Plants  green  and  leafy ;  placentae  axial SCBOPHULABINE^E       269 

Plants  parasitic,  not  green;  placentae  parietal. .  OBOBANCHACE.E  284 

*  *  Ovary  4-lobed,  the  lobes  maturing  as  nutlets. 

Herbage  aromatic;  leaves  mostly  opposite; 
and  flowers  densely  cymose-congested 
at  the  nodes,  or  few,  or  solitary;  nutlets 
with  basal  insertion LABIATE  285 

Not  aromatic;  flowers  simply  spicate  or  capi- 
tate ;  nutlets  with  lateral  insertwn VEBBENACE^  295 


KEY   TO   NATURAL    ORDERS.  Xlll. 

DIVISION  V.    APETAL^  AMENTIFER^. 

Flowers  mostly  apetalous  and  unisexual;  the  staminate  usually  in 
aments  or  catkins,  as  are  also  sometimes  the  pistillate. 

*  Herbaceous  plants;  small  green  flowers  in  ament-like  racemes, 

Stems  square;  herbage  stinging-bristly URTICACE^E  296 

*  *  Woody  plants,  mostly  trees  or  large  shrubs. 

Monoecious;  flowers  and  fruits  in  globose  heads. .  PLATANACE.E  297 
Monoecious;  flowers  of  both  sexes  in  aments. 
Staminate  aments  long,  pendulous;  pistil- 
late ovoid,  erect BETULACE^  297 

Aments  all  short,  erect;  fruit  a  spheroidal 

nutlet MYRICACE^:  298 

Monoecious;  pistillate  flowers  not  in  aments. 

Fruit  drupaceous;  nut  rugose JUGLANDELE  301 

Fruit  nut-like,  inserted  in,  or  enclosed 
within  an  involucre. 

Involucre  scaly  or  prickly CUPULIFER.E  301 

Involucre  coriaceous-leafy CORYLACE.E  304 

Dioecious;  flowers  of  both  kinds  in  aments  or 

catkins. 
Flowers  in  a  long  pendulous  opposite- bracted 

aments  GARRYACEJE  160 

Ameuts    alternate-bracted;      fruit    ca^psular; 

seeds  comose SAMOACE^  299 

SUBCLASS  II.    ENDOGENS. 
Leaves  parallel -veined;  flowers  3-merous;  cotyledon  1  only. 

Ovary  inferior,  twisted ORGHIDACE^:  305 

Ovary  inferior,  not  twisted .... ...  IRIDAOE^E  307 

Ovary  superior;  fruit  a  3-celled  capsule  or  a 

berry LILIACE^;  308 


A  N  U  A  L 


OF     THE 


BOTANY. 


SEEIES    I. 

PHANEROGAMOUS  OK  FLOWERING  PLANTS. 

Vegetables  having  stamens  and  pistils,  and  producing  seeds,  of  which 
the  most  essential  part  is  a  distinct  embryo. 


CLASS  I.    ANGIOSPERM.E. 

Seeds  enclosed  within  a  pericarp.      Cotyledons  two  or   one. 

SUBCLASS  I.   'DICOTYLEDONOUS  OR  EXOGENOUS  PLANTS. 

Embryo  with  two  cotyledons.    Leaves  netted-veined. 
Flowers  having  their  parts  usually  in  fives,  fours  or  twos. 

DIVISION  I.     CHORIPETAL^  HYPOGYN^E. 

Corolla  (often  wanting)  of  petals  which  are  distinct,  at  least  at  base. 
Stamens  hypogynous. 


2  RANUNCULACE^E. 

ORDER  I.      RANUNCULACExE. 

Herbs  (Clematis  shrubby)  with  colorless  juice.  Leaves  alternate 
(opposite  in  Clematis;  the  cauline  whorled  in  Anemone],  usually  lobed 
or  ternately  divided.  Sepals  3 — 6,  deciduous.  Stamens  oo,  hypogy nous; 
anthers  adnate,  opening  lengthwise,  by  slits.  Pistils  usually  oo ,  distinct 
and  simple,  becoming  achenes  or  follicles  (in  Aclcea  1,  becoming  a  berry). 

Petals  wanting; 

Sepals  4;  achenes  plumose-tailed, CLEMATIS  1 

"       5  or  more:  achenes  without  tails, ANEMONE  2 

"      green;  flowers  unisexual:  achenes  ribbed THALIOTKUM  7 

Flowers  complete; 

Pistil  1;  fruit  berry-like, ACTJEA.  8 

Stamens  few;  achenes  in  a  slender  spike MYOSURUS  3 

many;  achenes  in  heads RANUNCULUS  4 

Flowers  irregular,  one  sepal  spur-like DELPHINIUM  5 

"         regular,  all  5  petals  spur-like AQUILEOIA  6 

1.  CLEMATIS,  Diosc.  Half -woody,  climbing  by  tortuous  petioles  of 
compound  opposite  leaves,  in  the  axils  of  which  are  solitary  or  clustered 
flowers  (ours  white).  Sepals  4,  petaloid,  valvate  in  bud.  Pistils  oo  ; 
styles  persistent,  becoming  feathery  appendages  of  the  large  compressed 
and  capitate-clustered  achenes. 

1.  C.  I  si  si  a  nt  ha,  Nutt.    Silky-pubescent;  leaflets  3,  ovate,  coarsely 
toothed  or  3-lobed  or  -parted:  fl.  large,   only  one  on  each  bibracteate 
peduncle;  sepals  24  in.  long.— Trailing  over  rocks  and  shrubs  among  the 
hills.    April. 

2.  C.  ligusticifolia,  Nutt.    Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  or  the  leaves  silky- 
tomentose  beneath :  leaflets  broadly  ovate  to  lanceolate,  usually  3-lobed : 
fl.panicled  in  the  axils;   sepals  %  iQ-  long.— Often  climbing  30  ft.  upon 
small  trees,  iu  Alameda  and  Marin  Counties.    July. 

2.  AXEMOXE,  Diosc.    Perennial  herbs  with  radical  leaves  lobed  or 
divided,  and  a  cauline  involucral  whorl  of  3.    Flowers  on  erect  pedun- 
cles.    Sepals  5  or  more,  petaloid,  imbricate.     Achenes  merely  pointed. 

1.  A.  Grayi,  Behr.  &  Kell.  Very  slender,  6—14  in.  high,  from  a 
horizontal  rootstock:  radical  leaf  remote  from  the  stem,  trifid,  the  seg- 
ments serrate;  the  involucral  not  far  below  the  flower,  petiolate, 
3-foliolate;  leaflets  all  coarsely  serrate,  the  lateral  ones  2-lobed:  sepals 
5  or  6,  oval,  usually  bluish  outside:  achenes  12 — 20,  oblong,  2  lines  long, 
pubescent,  the  fruiting  pedicel  coiled  into  a  ring — Coast  Range,  in 
moist  shades.  March — May. 

3.  MYOSURUS,    Lobel,    (MOUSBTATL).       Small  stemless    glabrous 
annual,  with  narrow  entire  leaves,  and  slender  1-flowered  scapes.     Sepals 


RANUNCULACE.E.  O 

5,  spurred  at  base.  Petals  5;  bla.de  oblong,  with  a  pit  or  gland  at  base; 
claw  filiform.  Stam.  5—15.  Pistils  GO,  crowded  on  a  long  slender 
receptacle,  becoming  thin-walled  achenes. 

1.  M.  minimus,  L.— About  San  Francisco,  and  in  the  hills  east  of 
the  Bay,  commonly   in  very  much  reduced  states;  the  spikes  often 
less  than  an  inch  long,  and  very  slender.     March — May. 

2.  M.  alopecuroides,  Greene.     Stouter  and  low :  achenes  with  prom- 
inent spreading  beak,  in  short  thick  spike. — Low  plains  near  Antioch. 

4.  BOUN  CULUS,  Pliny  (BUTTERCUP).  Flowers  solitary  or  scattered, 
regular,  yellow  or  white.  Sepals  5,  commonly  reflexed.  Petals  5  or  10, 
with  nectariferous  scale  or  pit  near  the  base  within.  The  many  pistils 
becoming  beaked  achenes  disposed  in  rounded  heads. 

*  Leaves  undivided;   achenes  not  strongly  flattened.  ^ 

1.  B.  Flam  in  n  la,  L.  var.  in  termed!  us,  Hook.     Stems  slender,  even 
to  the  filiform,  rooting  at  the  lower  joints:  leaves  lanceolate,  entire:  fl. 
2 — 5  lines  broad:  achenes  few,  with  a  very  stout  straight  but  short  beak. — 
Small  herb,  found  along  the  margins    of  lakes  and  pools. 

2.  B.    pu  si  11  us,    Poir.?      Annual,  slender,  2 — 10  in.  high,  glabrous 
except  the  villous-ciliate  sheathing    stipules:    leaves    round- ovate    to 
lanceolate  and  linear,  the  radical  ones  coarsely  toothed,  3^ — %  in-  l°n/? : 
stem  simple  and  scapiform  or  with  a  few  branches:  fl.  minute;  sepals 
subscarious,    not    reflexed;    achenes    many    in  a  small  globose  head, 
delicately  tuberculate,  neither  margined  nor  beaked. — -Moist    places    in 
Mario,  Sonoma  and  Napa  Counties. 

*  *  Leaves  ternately  lobed,  cleft  or  divided;  fl.  yellow;  achenes  flattened 

3.  R.  KEPENS,  L.      Pubescent;  stems  rooting  at  the    lower  joints: 
leaves  ternately  parted,  often  subdivided:  sepals  spreading:   petals  5; 
achenes  1%  lines  long,  rather  sharply  margined,  the  beak  nearly  straight; 
1^  lines  long.— Frequent  in  lawns;   scarcely  naturalized. 

4.  B.  maximus,  Greene.    Pilose  or  hirsute,  the  stout  stems  2 — 5  ft. 
long,  reclining  but  not  rooting:  leaves  broad,  ternate;  leaflets  laciniately 
lobed:  petals 5— 8,  oblong-obovate,  obtuse,  7—10  lines  long:  head  of  achenes 
roundish  or  broadly  ovoid;  beak  long,  straight  or  slightly  incurved. — 
In  swampy  places;  not  common.     April— June. 

5.  B.  Bloomeri,  Wats.  A  foot  or  two  in  height,  stout,  usually  glabrous, 
sometimes  pilose:  radical  leaves  sometimes  undivided  and  round-cordate 
with  coarse  teeth  or  lobes;  the  later  ones  3 — 9-foliate,  the  leaflets  with 
somewhat   rounded  teeth:  petals  5,  retuse,  %  in.  long:  achenes  long- 
beaked,  forming  a  subglobose  head.— Common  in  wet  ground.    Feb.-May. 


4  RANUNCULACE.E. 

6.  R.  Californicus,   Benth.      Erect  or  decumbent,  1 — 2%  ft.    high, 
freely    branching    and  many-flowered:  petals  10 — 15,   obovate-oblong, 
4—5  lines  long:  achenes  much  flattened,  1*^  lines  long,  the  beak  short, 
recurved;  head  dense,  globose.    Var.   hHus.    Greene.      Strictly  erect, 
stoutish  and  fistulous,  hirsute,  glaucescent  below;  herbage  light  green; 
leaflets  much  dissected.    Var.  cauesceus,  Greene.    Low  and  stout,  the 
basal  parts  canescently    long-villous :    leaves    less  dissected:  fl.  large 
(fully  1  in.  broad).    Var.  cnneatus,  Greene.     Slender,  decumbent,  the 
growing  parts  silky-pubescent:    leaves  cleft  into  3  cuneate  lobes  or 
segments,  these  incisely  toothed:  fl.  small:  achenes  very  many,   in  a 
dense  round-ovoid  head.— Type  abundant  on  open  hills.    Var.  Ixtus,  in 
lowlands  not  far  from  salt  marshes.    Var.  canescens,  in  the  Oakland 
Hills  southward,  towards  Livermore.     Var.  cuneatus,  on  the  San  Fran- 
cisco peninsula  southward.    Feb. — June. 

7.  R.  occidentalis,  Nutt.,  var.  Eiseni,   Gray.    Distinguished  from 
the  last  by  more  slender  habit,  broad  leaf -segments,  small  petals,  always 
5,  and  broader  thinner  achenes.    Var.  Rattan! ,  Gray.    Achenes  smaller, 
hairy  and  papillose.— Higher  hill  country  both  north  and  south  of  the 
Bay,  on  dry  open  or  sparsely  wooded  slopes.    April,  May. 

8.  R.  canus,  Benth.    Stout  and  tall,  with  the  habit  of  R.  Calif ornicus 
but  herbage  more  or  less  silky-canescent;  leaves  cut  into  narrow  acute 
segments;  petals  5  only,  round-obovate. — Hills  near  Antioch.    April,  May. 

9.  R.  hebecarpns,  Hook.  &  Arn.     Slender,  erect,  leafy,  5—15  in.  high, 
pilose-pubescent:  radical  leaves  rounded  or  reniform,  deeply  lobed  or 
cleft,  the  segments  3-lobed:  fl.  minute,  on  filiform  pedicels:  achenes  few* 
rounded,    flattened,   papillose    and    short-hairy,    the    beak  very  short, 
recurved. — Moist  shades  among  the  lower  hills;  not  common.  April,  May- 

10.  R.  MUBICATUS,  L.      Stout  and  fistulous,  yellow-green,  glabrous: 
leaves  round-reniform,  slightly  lobed:  fl.  small:  achenes  very  large,  with 
stout  ensiform  beak  and  coarsely  muricate-prickly  sides. — Rather  common 
in  wet  soils,  especially  on  the  outskirts  of  San  Francisco;   naturalized 
from  Europe;  flowering  throughout  the  year. 

*  *  *    Aquatics;  leaves  mostly  capillaceous-multifid  and  submersed;  petals 

white,  with  naked  nectariferous  pit;   achenes  little  flattened, 

transversely  rugose. 

11.  R.   aqnatilis,   Dodoens.    Perennial,  the  emersed    and    floating 
leaves,  when  present,  roundish,  3-lobed:  styles  subulate;  achenes  slightly 
rugose,  usually  hispidulous,  12—20  in  a  compact  globose  head. — Common 
in  ponds;  sometimes  terrestrial  on  muddy  shores.     May— Dec. 

12.  R.  Lobbii,  Gray.     Annual;  floating  leaves  always  present,  deeply 
3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  usually  elliptical  and  entire,  the  laterals  larger, 


R  ANUNCULACE.E.  5 

oblong,  obcordate  at  summit:  style  filiform:   achenes   few  (4 — 6),  rather 
sharply  rugose. — Common  as  the  last,  but  of  short  duration.     April,  May. 

5.  DELPHINIUM,  Diosc.,  (LARKSPUR).  Erect  herbs.  Leaves  pal- 
mately  cleft  or  divided.  Flowers  irregular,  in  terminal  racemes.  Sepals 
5,  colored  and  petaloid,  the  upper  one  produced  backward  into  a  long 
hollow  spur,  the  others  plane.  Petals  2—4,  two  of  them  developed  back- 
wards and  intruded  into  the  spurred  sepal.  Pistils  mostly  3,  becoming 
x  -seeded  follicles. 

#  Flowers  blue,  varying  to  pink  or  flesh  color  (never  scarlet}. 
•J—  Root  a  cluster  thickish  half-woody  fibres. 

1.  I).  Californicum,  Hook.  &  Am.    Stout,  strict,  3—5  ft.  high,  pubes- 
cent: leaves  ample,  deeply  5-cleft,  the  segments  variously  lobed:  raceme 
dense,  1 — 1%  ft.  long:  fl.  smallish,  dull  greenish  or  whitish  or  with  a 
purplish  tinge,  scarcely  expanded,  externally  rather  densely  velvety-pubes- 
cent:  follicles  oblong,  turgid,  erect. — Plentiful  on  Mt.  Diablo;  also  near 
Belmont;  otherwise  not  common.    April — June. 

2.  D.  hesperium,  Gray.    Stoutish,  1^— 2%  ft.  high :  canescent  with 
a  short  and  close  pubescence:  leaves  much  dissected,  the  lobes  linear 
obtuse:  raceme  dense,  elongated:  fl.  well  expanded,  deep  blue  (occasion- 
ally pink);  spur  stout,  straight,  about  as  long  as  the  sepals:  follicles 
erect,  pubescent. — Common  on  dry  slopes;  late  in  flowering.     June,  July. 

3.  D.  variegatum,  Torr.  &  Gray,  var.  apicnlatum,  Greene.    A  foot 
high  or  more,  coarsely  and  retro rsely  pubescent :   leaves  few,  3-parted  or 
-cleft  into  broad  linear  lobes:   raceme  short,  dense,  cylindrical:   fl.  large, 
dark    blue:    follicles    pubescent.  —  Plains  near    Suisun    and    Antioch. 
March — May. 

H—  -J—  Hoots  more  fieshy,  often  grumose  or  tuberiform. 

4.  D.  Menziesii,    DC.     Root  a  cluster  of  short  roundish  or  com- 
pressed connected  tubers :  stem  1  ft.  high  or  less,  leafy  below,  but  leaves 
few,  long-petioled,    palmately    parted,   pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous: 
raceme  loose;  fl.  few  and  large,  on  long  ascending  pedicels;  spur  short, 
stout,  straight:  follicles   divergent. — Hills   toward  the  sea,  from   San 
Mateo  Co.  northward.     April— July. 

5.  D.  decorum,  Fisch.  &  Mey.      Eoot-cluster  short,  grumose,  the 
tuberiform  branches  producing  many  long  fibres:  stem  solitary,  slender, 
simple,  seldom  1  ft.  high:  herbage  pale  green,  pubescent  or  glabrate: 
leaves  parted  into  3 — 5  widely  sundered  segments,  these  broad  cuneiform, 
3-lobed  in  the  radical  ones,  entire  in  the  cauline:  fl.  rather  small,  in  an 
open  raceme,  deep  blue  except  the  uppermost  petals,  these  white :  spur 


6  K  AN  UNO  U  LACE  33. 

straight:  follicles  glabrous,  widely  divergent. — Borders  of  thickets,  and 
in  open  stony  ground  near  hilltops.    April. 

*  *    /Scarlet-flowered  species;   roots  not  fleshy. 

6.  I),  nndicanle,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Leafy  at  base  of  stem  only,  1—2  ft. 
high:  raceme  very  lax,  somewhat  pyramidal:  calyx  1  in.  long  or  more, 
bright  scarlet,  not  widely  expanding,  the  spur  straight:  petals  yellow: 
follicles  glabrous,  divergent  at  summit,  often  narrowed  below  to  a  short 
stipe.  —Rocky  slopes  and  summits  of  the  higher  hills.  April,  May. 

6.  A(JUILEGIA,  Tragus  (COLUMBINE).     Perennials.    Leaves  mostly 
radical  and  twice  terrate;  leaflets  thin,  their  lobes  rounded.     Flowers 
large,  nodding,  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  branches.     Sepals  5,  plane, 
colored.    Petals  5,  tubular,   projecting  behind  the  sepals.      Pistils  5, 
becoming  follicles. 

1.  A.  truncata,  Fisch.  &  Mey.  Usually  glabrous,  1—3  ft.  high:  fl. 
\% — 2  in.  broad,  scarlet  tinged  with  yellow:  sepals  widely  spreading  or 
reflexed:  petals  with  very  short  truncate  limb.— Borders  of  moist  shady 
thickets;  common.  April — June. 

7.  THALICTRUJff,  Diosc.  (MEADOW  RUE).     Dioecious  tall  perennials 
with  fibrous  roots,  hollow  stems,  bi-  or  triternately  compound  leaves  and 
many  panicled  greenish  apetalous  flowers.     Sepals  4 — 7,  small,  deciduous. 
Stamens  oo ,  with  linear  anthers  on  capillary  filaments.    Pistils  several, 
becoming  ribbed  or  veined  achenes  tipped  with  the  persistent  style. 

1.  T.  polycarpum,  Wats.    Stout,  3 — 4  ft.  high,  glabrous,  not  glaucous, 
aromatic-scented:    leaflets  with   acute   or  acuminate   lobes:   sepals  lan- 
ceolate, not  scarious:   achenes  very  many  in  the  head,  broadly  obovoid, 
short-stipitate,  compressed,  turgid,  the  sides  marked  with  low  more  or 
less  anostomosing  veins.— Open  places  near  streams,  in  the  first  Coast 
Range.    May,  June. 

2.  T.  hesperium,  Greene.     Glabrous,  except  the  growing  parts,  and 
lower  face  of  leaves,  which  have  a  sparse  glandular  pubescence;  herbage 
ill-scented  (not  aromatic):  lobes  of  leaflets  rounded:   sepals  5,  not  scarious: 
achenes  fewer,  obliquely  oval  or  semi-obovate,  substipitate,  the  ribs  or 
veins    mostly   distinct  and  parallel.— Oakland  Hills  and  inner  Coast 
Range  generally. 

8.  ACTJSA,  Linn.    Perennial.    Leaves  few,  ample,  ternate  and  fern- 
like.    Flowers  small,  white,  in  a  single  terminal  short  raceme.     Sepals 
about  4,  caducous.    Petals  1  or  more.     Stamens  GO.     Pistil  1.    Berry- 
like  pericarp  with  a  false  suture  running  down  one  side;   seeds  flattened 
and  semiorbicular,  packed  in  two  vertical  rows. 

1.  A.  arguta,  Nutt.  Stem  2—3  ft.  high;  leaves  1  or  more,  with  acute 
coarsely  and  incisely  serrate  leaflets :  raceme  1 — 2  in.  long,  oblong,  often 


BERBEEIDEJ5.  I 

with  one  or  more  short  branches  at  base :  sepals  obovate,  concave :  petal 
with  rhombic-ovate  acute  limb  and  almost  filiform  claw:  stamens  25—30; 
filaments  filiform  or  slightly  thickened  under  the  roundish  anthers: 
berries  obliquely  oval,  as  large  as  peas,  the  polished  and  shining  surface 
cherry-red,  or  occasionally  snow-white.  —  Wooded  northward  slopes 
under  hazel  bushes,  etc.  Feb. — April. 

ORDER  II.      B  E  R  B  E  R  I  D  E  /E. 

Shrubs  or  herbs  with  alternate  or  radical  usually  compound  leaves. 
Sepals  and  Petals  3  or  6  each.  Stamens  6  or  9,  hypogynous;  anthers 
opening  by  valves  hinged  at  top.  Pistil  1.  Fruit  a  berry  or  a  1-celled 
capsule. 

1.  BERBEBIS,  Brunfels  (OREGON  GRAPE.  BARBERRY).  Ours  low 
evergreen  shrubs,  with  unequally  pinnate  coriaceous  prickly  leaves,  and 
yellow  inner  bark  and  wood.  Flowers  yellow,  in  clustered  terminal  and 
axillary  racemes.  Sepals  6,  subtended  by  3  or  more  bractlets.  Petals  6, 
opposite  the  sepals.  Stamens  6.  Berries  (in  ours)  dark  blue  and 
glaucous. 

1.  B.  -ncrvosa,  Pursh.     Simple,  the  stem  1  ft.  high  or  less,  at  summit 
bearing  a  crown  of  very  large  leaves,  and  many  dry  persistent  chaffy 
bracts:  leaves  1 — 2  ft.  long;  leaflets  11 — 17,  ovate,  acuminate,  somewhat 
palmately  nerved:  racemes  elongated:  berries  ovoid. — In   deep  woods 
near  the  coast. 

2.  B.  piimata,    Lag.     Branching  1—6  ft.  high:   leaflets   7 — 9  very 
prickly,  the  lowest  pair  near  the  base  of  the  petiole :  racemes  profuse, 
clustered  in  the  axils  of  all  the  leaves,  as  well  as  terminal :  fr.  ovoid. — 
Rocky  hills;  common.     April,  May. 

2.  VANCOUVEKIA,  Morr.  &  Dcsne.  Perennial.  Leaves  all  radical, 
2 — 3-ternate.  Scapes  racemose  or  paniculate ;  the  flowers  small,  nodding. 
Sepals  6,  obovate,  reflexed,  subtended  by  6 — 9  small  bracts.  Petals  6, 
deflexed,  but  with  cucullate  incurved  tips.  Stamens  6,  erect,  closely 
appressed  to  the  pistil.  Carpel  1;  ovules  10  or  fewer,  in  two  rows  along 
the  suture.  Capsule  dehiscent  by  a  dorsal  valve. 

1.  V.  parviflora,  Greene.  More  or  less  villous  with  brownish  hairs, 
1  ft.  high  or  more:  leaves  dark  green,  coriaceous,  enduring  through  the 
year;  leaflets  1  in.  broad,  petiolulate,  subcordate,  obtusely  3-lobed, 
emarginate:  fl.  small,  25—50  in  a  panicle,  white,  or  with  a  lavender 
tinge:  ovary  glabrous. — Wooded  hills  at  considerable  elevations,  both 
back  of  Oakland  and  in  Marin  Co.  April,  May. 


LAURINE.E. 

ORDER  III.      L  A  U  R  I  N  E  /£  . 

Represented  by  a  single  and  monotypical  genus. 

1.  UMBELLULA.RIA.,  Null.  (CALIFORNIA  LAUREL).  An  evergreen 
tree,  with  alternate  coriaceous  entire  aromatic  foliage,  and  perfect 
flowers  in  peduncled  terminal  and  axillary  small  capitate  umbels;  these 
in  bud  covered  by  an  involucre  of  about  4  broad  caducous  bracts. 
Perianth  with  no  tube;  segments  6,  the  3  outer  enfolding  the  others, 
all  deciduous.  Stamens  9;  the  outer  series  (6)  spreading,  the  inner  (3) 
erect  and  near  the  pistil;  a  circle  of  6  stout  stipitate  glands  intervening 
between  the  2  series;  anthers  4-celled,  of  valvate  dehiscence,  those  the 
outer  series  introrse,  of  the  inner  extrorse.  Fruit  drupaceous. 

1.  U.  Californica,  (Arnott),  Nutt.  Tree  10—75  ft.  high,  the  growing 
twigs  and  inflorescence  minutely  puberulent:  leaves  oblong-lanceolate, 
2 — 4  in.  long,  short-petioled,  bright  green:  peduncles  % — 1  in.  long; 
pedicels  of  the  5 — 10  greenish  yellow  flowers  1 — 5  lines:  drupe  dark 
purple,  ovoid  or  subglobose,  1  in.  long,  the  pulp  and  putamen  thin. 
Common  along  streams  and  on  northward  slopes  of  hills.  Jan. — May. 

ORDER  IV.      NYMPH>£E>£. 

Water-Lily  Family;   represented  by  one  species. 

1.  NYMPHJEA,  Theophr.  (YELLOW  POND-LILY).  Aquatic:  rootstock 
stout,  creeping  at  the  bottom  of  ponds  and  streams.  Leaves  large, 
leathery,  cordate,  entire,  either  floating  or  raised  above  the  water. 
Sepals  6 — 12,  imbricated,  rounded  and  concave,  yellow  or  reddish.  Petals 
and  stamens  oo,  short,  hypogynous;  filaments  short,  anthers  truncate, 
extrorse.  Ovary,  oblong  or  ovate  12— 20-celled;  the  sessile  broad  flat 
stigma  with  as  many  radiating  striae.  Seeds  without  aril. 

1.  X.  polysepala(Engelm.),  Greene.  Sepals  9 — 12,  all  but  the  greenish 
and  small  outer  ones  of  a  rich  brownish  red:  rays  of  stigma  15 — 21,  the 
margin  somewhat  crenate.— Not  rare  in  Marin  Co. ;  also  in  some  lakes  or 
ponds  in  the  outskirts  of  San  Francisco. 

ORDER  V.      PAPAVERACE/E. 

Herbs  (Dendromecon  shrubby)  with  a  colored  or  milky  narcotic  juice, 
commonly  glaucous  foliage,  and  mostly  solitary  showy  4-merous  or  6- 
merous  flowers.  Sepals  1,  2  or  3,  caducous.  Petals  4 — 6,  crumpled  in  the 
bud.  Stamens  6— GO,  usually  hypogynous;  anthers  innate.  Pistil  com- 
pound and  the  ovary  becoming  a  capsule,  or  the  carpels  nearly  distinct, 
maturing  as  almost  follicular  pods.  Seeds  oo ;  albumen  fleshy  or  oily; 
embryo  minute,  straight. 


PAP AVERAGES.  9 

1.  PAP  AVER,  Pliny  (POPPY).  Sepals  2.  Petals  4.  Ovary  with  4  or 
more  intruded  placentae  which  partially  divide  the  interior  of  the  obovoid 
or  subglobose  capsule,  this  opening  by  short  roundish  or  triangular 
apertures  near  the  summit  between  the  parietal  ribs :  stigma  4— 8-lobed, 
sessile  and  the  lobes  radiating  over  the  summit  of  the  ovary  and  capsule, 
or  raised  on  a  short  style  and  the  lobes  capitate-recurved.  Seeds  oo , 
small,  scrobiculate  or  reticulate. 

1.  P.  Californicum,  Gray.    Sparsely  pilose-pubescent,  1 — 2^  ft  high 
leafy  below;  leaves  pinnately  parted  or  divided  into   acutish   toothed  or 
3-lobed  or  entire  segments:  peduncles  elongated;  corolla  2  in.  broad; 
petals  brick-red,  with  a  green  spot  at  the  base  bordered  with  rose-red: 
capsule  %  in-   long  or  more,  clavate-turbinate,  6 — 11-nerved;  stigmas 
sessile  and  radiating,  forming  a  flat  cap  to  the  pod;  the  short  valvular 
openings  somewhat  quadrate:  seeds  coarsely  and  faintly  reticulate. — 
Marin  Co. 

2.  P.  Lemmoiii,  Greepe.    Near  the  preceding,  but  larger,  1 — 3  ft. 
high :  corolla  1—3  in.  broad,  apparently  of  a  deeper  red,  the  base  of  the 
petals  green:  capsule  broader  and  merely  obovate;  stigmas  7 — 10,   their 
lower  half  sessile  and  radiant  upon  the  pod,  the  upper  half  coherent  and 
forming  a  conical  apiculation. — Marin  Co.  and  southward. 

3.  P.  heterophyllum  (Benth.),  Greene.    Aspect  and  size  of  the  two 
preceding,  but  the  segments  of  the  pinnately  divided  leaves  singularly 
variable  upon  the  same  leaf,  some  linear,  others  in  close  juxtaposition 
oval;  stigmas  capitate,  raised  on  a  slender  style:  red  flowers  large,  nodding, 
the  stamens  declined. — On  wooded  slopes. 

4.  P.  erassifolium  (Benth.).      Smaller  than  the    preceding,    much 
more  branching  and  florif erous,  the  foliage  smaller  and  more  fleshy :  ji. 
small,  erect,  the  stamens  not  declined. — In  dry  fields  of  the  interior;  never 
with  P.  heterophyllum  or  even  near  it. 

2.  PLATYSTEMOX,  Benth.  Annual  glaucescent  glabrous  or  hirsute 
herbs  with  entire  leaves;  the  cauline  opposite  or  verticillate.  Flowers 
rather  small,  white  or  cream-colored,  on  slender  peduncles.  Sepals  3, 
caducous.  Petals  6.  Stamens  6 — oo  ;  filaments  filiform  or  flattened; 
anthers  oblong  to  linear.  Carpels  3 — oo ,  in  maturity  variously  more  or 
less  united,  or  quite  distinct.  Seeds  smooth  and  shining. 

*Carpels  6—25,  torulose,  jointed  between  the  seeds. 

1.  P.  Californicus,  Benth.  Branching  from  the  base  6—12  in.  high, 
sparingly  hirsute:  lowest  leaves  alternate;  cauline  opposite,  all  linear, 
entire,  2—4  in.  long,  sessile  or  clasping,  obtuse:  flower-buds  ovoid;  sepals 
hirsute :  petals  %  in.  long  or  more,  pale  yellow  with  a  deep  greenish- 
yellow  spot  at  base,  sometimes  reddish  tinged  on  the  outside;  stamens  oo  ; 


10  PAPAVEEACE^. 

filaments  flattened  and  ligulate,  carpels  breaking  transversely  into 
1-seeded  indehiscent  joints. — Throughout  the  western  parts  of  the  State. 
April — June. 

*  Carpels  3  only,  partly  united  and  forming  a  3-lobed  1-celled  ovoid 
capsule  open  at  top. 

2.  P.  linearis  (Benth.),  Curran.    Acaulescent,  3—12  in.  high,  sparsely 
hirsute:  leaves  narrowly  linear,  1 — -3  in.  long,  acutish:  peduncles  scapi- 
form,  very  slender:  fl.  %—\  in  broad:  petals  as  in  the  last:  stamens  oo  ; 
filaments  filiform  or  flattened:  capsule  ovate-triquetrous,  %  in.  long  or 
more. — Gravelly  hills.    March — May. 

*  *  *  Carpels  3  only,  united,  forming  a  slender  elongated   and  twisted 
1-celled  capsule;  stamens  few  and  definite;  stigmas  linear. 

3.  P.  Torreyi,  Greene.    Erect,  slender,  dichotomous  from  the  base, 
3— 8  in.  high,  glabrous:  lowest  leaves  ovate-spatulate  or  oblanceolate; 
upper  linear,  acute,  entire,  ^ — 1  in.  long:  fl.  % — 1  in.  broad,  white: 
stamens  (usually  12)  in  two  circles;  filaments  dilated  upwards,  those  of 
the  outer  circle  conspicuously  shorter  than  those  of  the  inner:  capsule 
linear,  %—!%  in-  long.    Feb.— May. 

3.  DENDROMECOX,  Benth.    Shrubs  with  alternate  coriaceous  entire 
leaves,  and  solitary  rather  large  yellow  flowers.    Sepals  2.    Petals  4. 
Stamens  oo  ;  filaments  filiform,  short;  anthers  linear.    Ovary  linear;  style 
short;  stigmas  2,  short  and  erect.    Capsule  linear,  many-nerved,  1-celled, 
2-valved,  the  valves  dehiscent  somewhat  elastically  from  base  to  apex. 

1.  D.  rigidnm,  Benth.  Shrub  2 — 8  ft.  high,  with  many  rigid  ascend- 
ing branches  and  slender  branchlets;  bark  whitish:  leaves  ovate-  to  linear- 
lanceolate,  1 — 3  in.  long,  very  acute  or  mucronate,  vertical,  the  very  short 
petiole  being  twisted,  the  margin  scabrous-denticulate:  fl.  1 — 3 in.  broadT 
the  petals  nearly  rotate-spreading;  capsules  slightly  arcuate,  \% — 2^  in. 
long. — In  clayey  or  gravelly  soil  on  higher  hills.  March — June. 

4,  ESCHSCHOLTZIA,   Chamisso.    Nearly  or  quite  glabrous   glau- 
cous flaccid  herbs,  with  colorless  bitter  juice  (that  of  the  roots  reddish) 
and  ternately  dissected  leaves.   Flowers  solitary,  yellow  or  orange-colored. 
Calyx  an  oblong  or  conical  mitre-like  organ  deciduous  from  the  more  or 
less  funnelform-dilated  torus  which  bears  the  4  petals.    Stamens  mostly 
x  ;  filaments  very  short,  attached  to  the  base  of  the  petals ;  anthers  linear 
or  oblong,  usually  longer  than  the  filaments.     Ovary  linear;  style  very 
short;  stigmas  2  or  more,  subulate-filiform.    Capsule  10-nerved,  l-celledt 
oo  -seeded,  2-valved,  the  valves  elastically  dehiscent  from  base  to  apex, 
forcibly  ejecting  the  seeds;  these  spherical,  reticulate  or  muricate. 


PAP  AVEKACE2E.  11 

*  Torus  broadly  rimmed;  cotyledons  bifid. 
•H-  Perennials. 

1.  E.  Californica,  Cham.    Glabrous,  glaucescent,  the  stems  decum- 
bent   or    at  length  procumbent,  1—2    ft.  long,  regularly  dichotomous 
below,  above  bearing  a  flower   opposite    each   leaf:    leaves    ternately 
dissected,  the  ultimate  segments  linear,  obtuse:  calyx  oblong  or  ovoid, 
abruptly  short-pointed;  torus-rim  broad:   petals  about  %  in.  long,  light 
yellow  with  an  orange  spot  at  base :  pods  small  for  the  size  of  the  plant 
(2  in.  long):  seeds  conspicuously  reticulate. — Only  along  the  seaboard  in 
sandy  soil. 

2.  E.  Douglasii  (H.  &  A.),  Walp.    Size  of  the  last  but  less  depressed, 
not  obviously  dichotomous:  calyx  ovate-acuminate:  outer  rim  of  torus 
narrow,  not  exceeding  the  erect  inner  one,  in  age  deflexed:  petals  1  in. 
long  or  more,  yellow,  shading  into  orange  at  base. — Plains  of  Solano  and 
Contra  Costa  counties. 

3.  E.  crocea,  Benth.    Stouter,  erect  or  decumbent,  the  herbage  of  a 
deeper  green  and  scarcely  glaucescent:  calyx  very  large,  often  1  in.  long 
or  more,  long-conical:  outer  rim  of  torus  very  broad,  more  or  less  undu- 
late: petals,  1% — 2  in.  long,  deep  orange. — The  most  common  species  in 
our  district,  and  very  showy. 

•»—  -H-  Annuals. 

4.  E.  compacta,  (Lindl.),  Walp.  Annual  erect,  1 — 2ft.  high,  glabrous, 
light  green,  more  or  less  glaucescent:  leaves  finely  dissected,  the  ulti- 
mate segments  linear  cuneiform,  3-toothed  or  cleft  at  the  broad  apex : 
calyx  very  thin  and  partly  diaphanous,  slender-conical;  outer  torus-rim 
broad,  thin :  petals  % — 1^  in.  long,  light  yellow,  shading  into  orange 
below  the  middle. — Dry  plains  of  Contra  Costa  Co.,  and  southward,  but 
not  in  the  typical  form. 

5.  E.  ambigna,  Greene.    Slender,  branching  from  the  base,  decum- 
bent, glaucous  and  scabrous  puberulent  throughout,  1  ft.  high  or  less: 
leaves  small,  ternately  dissected,  the  ultimate  segments  short,  approxi- 
mate in  threes:  calyx  ovate  acuminate,  about  4  lines  long  or  5:  torus 
small,  but  with  ample  rim:  petals  deep  yellow,  1  in.  long  or  less. — Near 
the  summit  of  Mt.  Diablo  (not  typical)  and  southward. 

*  *  Torus  without  rim;  cotyledons  entire;   annuals. 

6.  E.  hypecoides,  Benth.    Scabrous  or  even  hirsute-pubescent  below, 


12  FUMARIACE.E. 

glabrous  above,  glaucescent:  branches  many  from  the  annual  root, 
decumbent  at  base,  1  ft.  high  or  less,  slender,  sparingly  leafy :  leaves 
small,  segments  rather  few,  linear-cuneiform:  calyx  oblong-conical,  %  in. 
long,  abruptly  slender-pointed:  torus  short-tubular,  1J£  lines  deep;  outer 
margin  a  mere  herbaceous  ring,  the  inner  erect,  hyaline:  petals  1  in. 
long:  seeds  with  a  faint  irregular  reticulation.— Vaca  Mts.  to  Tamalpais. 

7.  E.  rhombipetala,  Greene.  Glaucous  and  tuberculate- scabrous 
throughout;  stemless  or  the  stems  stout,  depressed,  very  leafy,  the  stout 
4-angled  peduncles  little  exceeding  the  subradical  leaves:  torus  sub- 
cylindrical,  with  2  minute  approximate  scarious  margins:  petals  %  in. 
long,  rhombic-ovate,  fugacious:  capsules  very  large  for  the  plant  (3—4  in. 
long):  seeds  large,  very  distinctly  and  regularly  favose-reticulate.— 
In  grain  fields  along  the  eastern  foothills  of  the  Mt.  Diablo  Range. 

ORDER  VI.     FUM ARIACE/E. 

Glabrous  often  glaucous  herbs,  with  watery  juice,  alternate  pinnately 
or  ternately  divided  or  dissected  leaves  without  stipules,  and  racemose 
flowers.  Sepals  2,  small,  deciduous.  Petals  4,  in  2  dissimilar  pairs;  one 
or  both  of  the  outer  ones  saccate  at  base;  inner  pair  cohering  by  the 
callous  apex  and  enclosing  the  anther's  and  stigma.  Stamens  6, 
hypogynous;  filaments  in  2  parcels  placed  opposite  the  outer  petals, 
usually  diadelphous;  anther  of  the  middle  stamen  in  each  parcel  2-celled, 
those  of  the  lateral  1-celled.  Fruit  a  several-seeded  siliquose  2-valved, 
1 -celled  capsule,  or  in  dehiscent. 

1.  CAPNORCHIS,  Boerhaave.  Perennials,  with  tuberiferious  or 
granular  or  scaly  subterranean  stem  or  crown,  fibrous  rootlets,  ternately 
or  pinnately  compound  leaves,  and  racemose  or  paniculate  flowers. 
Corolla  flattened  and  cordate;  the  two  outer  petals  larger,  saccate  or 
spurred  at  base. 

1.  C.  formosa  (Andr.),  O.  Ktze.  Rootstock  rather  large,  creeping, 
nearly  naked:  leaves  and  scapes  2  ft.  high,  the  former  twice  or  thrice 
pinnately  compound,  the  final  divisions  incisely  pinnatifid:  fl.  compound- 
racemose  at  summit  of  the  naked  scape:  corolla  rose-purple,  ovate-cordate, 
with  short  spreading  tips  to  the  larger  petals. — Common  in  the  woods  of 
Marin  Co.  April— June. 

*  2.  C.  chrysantha  (H.  &  A.),  Planch.  Very  glaucous:  leaves  bipin- 
nate,  the  larger  a  foot  long,  the  divisions  cleft  into  few  and  narrow 
lobes:  stem  leafy,  2 — 5  ft.  high,  ending  in  a  large  racemose  panicle  of 
yellow  flowers:  corolla  linear-oblong,  only  slightly  cordate.— Santa  Cruz 
Mt  s.  and  Mt.  Diablo.  May —July. 


13 


ORDER  VII.     CRUCIFER/E. 


Herbaceous  or  rarely  suffruitescent  plants  with  watery  pungent  juice, 
alternate  exstipulate  leaves,  and  usually  racemose  white  or  yellow  or 
sometimes  purple  flowers.  Sepals  4,  imbricate,  deciduous.  Petals  4, 
often  unguiculate,  the  laminae  spreading  in  the  form  of  a  cross  (unequal, 
and  differently  arranged  in  many  of  our  Streptanthi),  hypogynous, 
deciduous.  Stamens  almost  always  tetradynamous,  i.  e.,  4  long,  2  short 
(except  in  some  Streplanthi,  where  they  are  in  3  unequal  pairs,  and  in 
Athysanus  and  Heterodraba,  which  have  them  all  of  equal  length);1  in 
some  species  reduced  to  4  and  even  2,  hypogynous.  Fruit  usually  a 
silique  or  silicle  of  2  valves  which  separate  from  a  central  partition 
formed  by  the  united  placentae.  Seeds  attached  to  the  outer  edge  of  the 
partition  all  around,  usually  forming  a  single  row  under  the  valves. 

*  Pods  indehiscent. 

Pods  l-seeded,  not  wing-margined  ................................  ATHYSANUS  3 

"          "         wing-margined  ....................................  THYSANOCARPUS  17 

••    se.eraLseeded,  flattened  {  f^r^ted^.Y  :::::.  V.  •.•".SSSESSJSi.  2? 

"         "          "       terete  and  pointed  ............................  RHAPHANUS  19 

T    .   >.      (2  dissimilar  1-seeded  joints  .  .  CAKILE  20 

breaking  transversely  into   |  8everal  1-seeded  joints  .......  RHAPHANUS  19 

"    formed  of  2  opposite  1-seeded  nutlets  .......................  CORONOPUS.  18 

*  *  Pods  dehiscent  from  below. 

Pods  obovoid,  scarcely  compressed  ..............................  CAMELINA  4 

"    orbicular,  flattened  parallel  with  the  partition  .............  ALYSSUM  1 

"    flattened  contrary  to  the  partition{  ES83!??.  V^:.'.  :;S,mDM  W 

"    oblong,  linear-oblong,  or  slender-  5  fl.  white  ...............  NASTURTIUM  9 

conical,  turgid,  slightly  curved  (  fl.  yellow  ..............  KORIPA  10 

thin-walled,  straight  ......................................  SISYMBRIUM  14 

i  j  (  leaves  lyrate  ...  .............  BARBAREA  11 

linear,  4-angled  \  leayes  eyntire  or  runcinate  .................  EBYSIMUM  12 

„    (beaked  .....................................  BRASSICA  13 

9    ^beakless  ............  .  ........................  THELYPODIUM          7 

"       "       compressed;  valves  elastically  dehiscent  .............  CARDAMINE  8 


*  *  *  Pods  dehiscent  from  the  apex.    TROPIDOCARPUM    21 

1.  ALYSSUM,  Diose.  Low  herbs  with  simple  leaves  and  more  or 
less  of  a  stellate  pubescence.  Sepals  equal.  Petals  white  or  yellowish. 
Pod  orbicular;  valves  convex,  nerveless.  Seeds  1  or  2  in  each  cell. 

1.  A.  alyssoides  (L.),  Gouan.  Annual,  branching  from  the  base, 
decumbent,  ^  —1  ft.  high,  canescent:  leaves  linear-spatulate,  %  —  1  in. 
long:  raceme  rather  slender,  the  white  or  pale  yellow  petals  little  exceed- 
ing the  sepals:  pod  slightly  emarginate,  little  exceeding  the  persistent 
sepals,  4-seeded.  —  Naturalized  about  San  Francisco. 


14  CRUOIFER.E. 

2.  A.  iiiiirit imiiin  (L.),  Lam.  Perennial,  ostensibly  glabrous,  but  a 
few  appressed  hairs  are  revealed  by  a  lens:  broad  white  petals  twice  the 
length  of  the  deciduous  sepals:  pod  2-seeded. — Naturalized  more  exten- 
sively than  the  last. 

2.  HETERODRABA,  Greene.    Slender  diffuse  annual,  leafy  only  near 
the  base,  the  elongated  branches  unilaterally  racemose    throughout. 
Leaves  simple,  toothed.    Sepals  equal.     Petals  without  claw.    Stamens 
6  but  equal,  3  on  either  side  of  the  orbicular  compressed  ovary.     Pod 
several-seeded,  2-celled  by  a  very  thin  and  filmy  partition,  indehiscent. 

1.  H.  unilateralis  (Jones),  Greene.  Pubescent  with  rigid  short 
branching  hairs:  leaves  cuneate-obovate,  coarsely  few-toothed  above  the 
middle,  ^ — 1  in.  long:  branches  horizontal  and  trailing  or  prostrate, 
% — 2  ft.  long,  in  age  rigid  and  wiry:  pods  on  short  rigid  defiexed 
pedicels,  2  lines  long,  1^  lines  wide,  stellate-pubescent  and  hispidulous, 
twisted  when  mature. — In  fields  among  growing  grain,  along  the  eastern 
slopes  of  the  Mt.  Diablo  Eange.  Feb. — May. 

3.  ATHYSANUS,    Greene.    Habit  and  character  of  the  preceding, 
save  that  the  very  small  orbicular  and  straight  pods  are  1 -celled  and 
1 -seeded. 

1.  A.  pusi llus  (Hook.),  Greene.  Stems  filiform,  branching  from  the 
base,  the  branches  mostly  ascending,  unilaterally  racemose  throughout: 
leaves  few,  ovate,  sparingly  toothed,  %  in.  long:  fl.  minute,  often  apeta- 
lous:  pods  lenticular,  more  or  less  uncinate- hispid,  scarcely  a  line  long, 
rather  acute  at  base.— Common  on  hillsides.  March,  April. 

4.  CAMELIXA,  Rmlliux.    Erect  herbs,  sparingly   branching,  with 
clasping  or  sagittate  leaves,  and  terminal  loose  racemes  of  small  yellow- 
ish flowers.    Sepals    equal.    Petals  entire.    Filaments  without    teeth. 
Silicle  obovate  or  globose,  beaked  with  a  persistent  style.     Seeds  several 
in  each  cell,  oblong,  marginless;  cotyledons  incumbent. 

1.  G.  SATIVA  (L.),  Crantz.  Pubescent,  % — 2  ft.  high:  leaves  lanceolate, 
sagittate  at  base,  nearly  entire:  pods  pyriform  with  acute  base. — A  weed 
in  fields  of  grain  in  many  countries;  found  at  Berkeley  by  Mr.  Chesnut 
in  1887. 

5.  ARABIS,   Linn.    Sepals  erect,  equal,  or  two  of  them  slightly 
saccate  at  base.    Petals  white  or  purple  with  narrow  claw  and  flat  blade. 
Anthers  short,  straight,  ovate  or  oblong,  scarcely  emarginate  at  base. 
Stigma  entire  or  2-lobed.     Pod  linear,  compressed;  valves  nerveless  or 
lightly  1-nerved.    Seeds  in  one  or  two  rows,  flattened,  often  winged. 

1.    A.  glabra  (L.),  Weinm.  Stout  biennial,  usually  simple,  2  to  5  ft. 


high;  lowest  leaves  and  base  of  stem  hirsute  or  hispidulous,  the  plant 
otherwise  glabrous,  glaucous :  lower  leaves  spatulate,  2—4  in.  long,  sinuate- 
pinnatifid  or  toothed,  ciliate  at  least  on  the  petioles;  cauline  ovate  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  entire,  clasping  by  a  sagittate  base:  petals  dull  white  or 
greenish  white,  2— 3  lines  long,  little  exceeding  the  sepals:  pods  erect, 
usually  even  appressed  to  the  stem,  2 — 4  in.  long,  less  than  a  line  wide, 
straight,  on  pedicels  3—4  lines  long:  style  short:  seeds  in  2  rows,narrowly 
winged  or  wingless. — Common.  March — May. 

2.  A.  hirsuta  (L.),  Scop.    Seldom  2  ft.  high,  deep  green,  not  glaucous, 
hirsute  throughout  with  a  branched  pubescence:  cauline  leaves  oblong- 
ovate  or  ovate  lanceolate,  sagittate  or  auricled  at  the    clasping  base, 
coarsely  toothed  or  entire:  fl.  small,  white:  pods  very  slender,  erect. — 
Near  Tocaloma,  Biolelti. 

3.  A.  blepharophylla,  Hook.  &  Arn.    Stoutish,  4—12  in.  high,  deep 
green,  glabrous  or  sparsely  pilose-pubescent:  lower  leaves  obovate  to 
broadly  spatulate,  1 — 2  in.  long,  entire  or  sinuate- toothed,  strongly  ciliate; 
cauline  oblong,  sessile:  sepals  usually  purplish:  petals  %  in.  long,  rich 
red-purple:   pods  1%  in.  long,  1^  lines  wide,  suberect,  beaked  with  a 
short  stout  style :  seeds  in  one  row,  a  line  wide. — Kooky  hills  about  San 
Francisco.    Feb.— May. 

4.  A.  Breweri,   Wats.  Low,  tufted  perennial,  rather  rigid,  2 — 10  in 
high,  canescent  with  dense  stellate  pubescence:  radical  leaves  spatulate,  1  in. 
long,  short-petioled,  entire;  cauline  ovate-oblong,  sessile,  not  sagittate: 
petals  rose-purple,  1 — 4  lines  long:  pods  spreading  or  recurved,  \}4.~^A 
in.  long,  scarcely  a  line  wide. — Mt.  Diablo  Range,  on  rocks.    Apr. — June. 

5.  A.  Ludoyiciana  (Nutt.),  C.  A.  Mey.    Nearly  glabrous,  branched 
from  the  base  and  branches  ascending,  6—10  in.  long:  leaves  all  pinnate- 
ly  parted  into  oblong  or  linear  few-toothed  or  entire  segments :Ji.  small, 
white:  pods  spreading  on    short  pedicels,  flat,  rather  broad-linear,  1  in. 
long:  seeds  orbicular,  wing-margined. — Banks  of  the  lower  San  Joaquin. 

6.  STREPTANTHUS,   Nutt.      Mostly  annuals,    the    few    branches 
loosely  racemose    throughout.    Leaves    pinnatifid  or  toothed,  rarely 
entire,  except  the  cauline,  and  these  mostly   sagittate   and  clasping. 
Calyx  whitish  or  colored,  open  or  closed,  often  irregular,  2  or  all  of 
sepals  saccate  at  base.    Petals  with  broad  channelled  claw  and  (in  our 
species)  a  narrow  usually  more  or  less  undulate  limb.     Stamens  either 
tetradynamous  or  in  3  unequal  pairs,  the  uppermost  pair  often  with-  fila- 
ments united;  anthers  elongated,  sagittate  at  base,  curved  in  age.    Pod 
from  flat  and  thin  to  subterete;  valves   1-nerved  or  rarely   carinate. 
Seeds  more  or  less  flattened,  margined  or  marginless. 


16  CRUCIFEE^. 

* 'Calyx  not  irregular. 

1.  S.  barbiger,   Greene.    Slender,  1—1^  ft.  high,  pubscent  or  gla- 
brous;   cauline  leaves  linear,  entire,  scarcely  auriculate:    fl.  subsessile, 
3  lines  long:    sepals  greenish,  the  rather    acuminate  tips  becoming 
whitish-petaloid  and  recurved,  the  whole  calyx  commonly  bristly-hairy, 
but     often    glabrous:    petals   white:    filaments  dark  purple,   the  three 
pairs  very  unequal,  the  uppermost  connate  almost  to  the  summit,  their 
anthers  much  reduced  and  seemingly  sterile :    pods  1—2  in.   long,  nar- 
rowly linear,  recurved. — In  Napa  Co.,  near  St.  Helena. 

2.  S.  suffrutescens,  Greene.    Perennial,  suffrutescent,  the  stout  leafy 
trunk  6 — 8  in  high;  flowering  branches  1 — 2  ft.  long:    herbage   glabrous, 
glaucous:    stem-leaves  cuneate-obovate,  coarsely  serrate-toothed;  floral 
leaves  round-cordate  or  more  elongated:    sepals  purplish-green,  their 
tips  not  reflexed:    one  pair  of  filaments  connate;  all  the  anthers  equal 
and  fertile. — Hood's  Peak,  Sonoma  Co.,  Bioletti. 


Calyx  irregular,  three  sepals  more  or  less  connivent  behind  the  upper 
petals,  the  fourth  separated  from  these  and  somewhat  defiexed; 
1  pair  of  filaments  connate. 

3.  S.  niger,  Greene.    Branching  loosely  from  near  the  base  and  above, 
1 — 3  ft.  high,  glabrous,  glaucous:     leaves  linear,  2 — 3  in.  long,  the  lowest 
with  narrow  pinnate  gland-tipped  lobes  or  teeth,  the  upper  entire,  auric- 
ulate-clasping :    racemes  loose,  fiexuous:     pedicels  ascending,  1  in.  long: 
calyx  3  lines  long,  of  a  very  dark  metallic  shining  purple;  sepals  ovate-cymbi- 
form,  the  3  upper  slightly  separated  from  the  lowest,  and  connivent  at 
apex:    blade    of  petals,  very  slender,  white:    upper  pair  of  filaments 
connate  almost  throughout,  their  anthers  small  and  sterile:    pod  2  in. 
long,  erect  or  ascending,  nearly  straight:    seed  narrowly  winged. — Hills 
at  Tiburon. 

4.  S.  albidns,  Greene.    Stouter  than  the  last,  equally  glabrous  and 
glaucous,  even  the  cauline  leaves  with  callous-tipped  prominent  teeth, 
the    base     sagittate-clasping:    racemes  not  fiexuous:    pedicels  short: 
sepals  .3— 4  lines  long,  white,  with  purple  base:,    petals  %  in-  long,  the 
lamina  ample,  crisped,  white,  with  purple  veins:    upper  pair  of  filaments 
united  to  the  tip,  their  anthers  small  but  polliniferous- — On  hillsides  not 
far  from  San  Jose. 

5.  S.  Mildredae,  Greene.    Slender,  1—1^  ft-  nign> more  or  less  pilose- 
hispid:    lower  leaves  coarsely  and  sinuately  toothed;  cauliue  linear- 
lanceolate,  entire,  clasping:    racemes  somewhat  flexuous,  not  secund: 
fl.  small,  very  dark  metallic-purple:     petals  with  small,  slenderly  atten- 
uate white-margined  purple  blade:  upper  pair  of  filaments  almost  wholly 
united,  their  anthers  mere  rudiments  closely  approximate,  the  other  4 
stamens  much  shorter  and  little   unequal:    pods  3  in.    long,  slender. 


CRUCIFEE^E.  17 

arcuate-spreading  on  the  short  pedicels:    seeds  oval,  the  upper  half 
narrowly  margined. — Mt.  Hamilton. 

6.  S.  glandulosus,  Hook.    Pubescence  and  sinuately  toothed  foliage 
of  the  last,  but  larger,  1 — 2%tt.  high:    racemes  more  or  less  inclined  to 
be  secund:    ji.  very  large,  bright  red-purple:    sepals  %  in.  long,  ovate- 
cymbiform,  carinate,  3  strongly  connivent  at  tip,  the  fourth  hanging 
loosely  apart  from  the   others:    petals  well-exserted,  white-margined: 
upper  pair  of  filaments  connate  above  the  middle,  thence  rather  widely 
divergent,  their  anthers  smaller  than  the  others,  but  not  greatly  reduced, 
apparently  sterile:    pods  3  in.  long,  a  line  wide,  arcuate -recurved:     seed 
narrowly  winged. — On  clayey  hillsides  and  banks,  in  the  Oakland  Hills, 
and  southward. 

7.  S.  Biolettii,  Greene.     Habit  and  pubescence  of  the  last,  but  smaller 
and  more  slender,  the  leaves  glaucous  beneath:     racemes  not  secund:    fl. 
4 — 5  lines  long:    sepals  very  dark  purple:     upper  pair  of  filaments  much 
the  longest,  united  two -thirds    their  length,  thence  divergent,  their 
anthers  half  the  size  of  those  of  the  shorter  stamens,  apparently  pollinifer- 
ous:    pods  slender,  suberect,  hispid. — Hood's  Peak,  Sonoma  Co. 

8.  S.  pulchellus,  Greene.    Low  and  much  branched,  ^ — 1  ft.  high, 
pilose-hispid:    leaves  linear-oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  the    cauline 
sessile  by  a  broad,  partly  clasping  base,  and  with  a  few  coarse  and  very 
salient  teeth:     racemes  rather  dense,  subsecund:    calyx  deep  lilac-purple, 
the  sepals  subequal,  broadest  at  base,  sharply  carinate,  the  keel  with  some 
bristly  hairs:     upper  pair  of  filaments  united  almost  throughout,  their 
subsagittate  anthers  little  reduced,  the  other  4  stamens  in  very  unequal 
pairs:    pods  very  narrow,  hispidulous,  spreading  and  slightly  incurved. 
— Southern  flanks  of  Mt.  Tamalpais. 

9.  S.  hispidus,  Gray.     Stiff-hirsute  or  hispid  throughout,  only  3 — 6  in. 
high,  branching:    lowest  leaves* obovate-  or  cuneate-oblong,  coarsely  and 
somewhat  incisely  toothed,  the  teeth  obtuse;  cauline  narrower,  scarcely 
clasping:    raceme  short,  loose,  the  fl.  at  length   recurved:    sepals   red- 
purple  with  white  petaloid  tips,  half  as  long  as   the  similarly  colored 
petals:    pods   hispid,   1^—2  in.   long,  1  line  wide,  straight,  ascending: 
seeds  winged. — Mt.  Diablo. 

10.  S.  secundus,  Greene.     Slender,  sparingly  branched  above,  1—2  ft. 
high:    the  long  pinnately  toothed  or  lobed  lower  leaves  hispid-strigose; 
cauline  lanceolate,  sagittate,  entire  or  toothed,  and,  with  the  branches, 
pedicels  and  pods,sparsely  hispidulous  with  spreading  short  hairs :  racemes 
rather  dense,  wholly  secund:    fl.  flesh-color,  4  lines  long:   sepals  sharply 
carinate,   the   keel   hispid-ciliolate,  the  short   tips  greenish,  the  remote 
lower  one  distinctly,  the  opposite  uppermost  one  obscurely  unguiculate: 


18  CRUCIFERjE. 

petals  with  ample  purple-veined  crisped  limb:  upper  pair  of  filaments 
connate  to  near  their  tips,  the  free  parts  scarcely  divergent,  the  anthers 
reduced  in  size,  but  polliniferous :  pods  2  in.  long,  very  slender,  falcate- 
recurved,  the  valves  carinate- veined:  seeds  small,  wingless.— Northern 
base  of  Mt.  Tamalpais,  a  rare  and  peculiar  species. 

7.  THELYPODIUM,  Endl  Coarser  than  Streptanthus,  often 
biennial;  the  racemes  often  shorter  and  condensed.  Calyx  green, 
whitish  or  purplish;  sepals  equal  at  base.  Petals  with  narrow  claw  and 
flat  linear  to  obovate  limb,  exserted,  white,  yellowish  or  rose -color. 
Stamens  tetradynamo us;  filaments  never  connate;  anthers  sagittate  at 
base,  curved.  Pod  usually  long,  linear,  terete  or  slightly  compressed, 
sessile  or  short  stipitate.  Seeds  in  1  row,  oblong,  somewhat  compressed, 
not  winged. 

1.  T.  procerum  (Brew.),  Greene.     Annual,  stoutish,  branched  from 
near  the  base,  3—7  ft.   high,   glabrous  except  at  base:    lower  leaves 
petiolate,  coarsely    pinnatifid;  upper    lanceolate,     sessile,  acuminate: 
racemes  long  and  lax :    fl.  greenish  or  yellowish  white,  4  —5  lines  long, 
on  ascending  pedicels  half  as  long:    pod  very  slender,  terete,  3 — 5  in. 
long,  less  than  a  line  wide,  acuminate,  erect  or  somewhat  spreading. — 
In  fields  at  the  eastern  base  of  Mt.  Diablo. 

2.  T.  flavescens  (Torr.),  Wats.    Sparsely  pilose-hispid  below :    lower 
leaves  elongated,  petiolate,  sinuately  toothed;  upper  entire,  sessile,  not 
auricled:  raceme  long  and  lax:  fl.  yellowish  or  rarely  purplish,   4 — 5 
lines  long:  sepals  narrow  and  with  the  pedicels  hispidalous:   petals  long- 
exserted,  with  linear  and  narrow  claw;   the  blade  dilated:  pod  1%  in. 
long,  nearly  terete,  sparsely  hispidulous,  erect  or  somewhat  spreading.— 
Fields  of  the  lower  Sacramento. 

3.  T.  Hookeri,  Greene.     Size,  habit  and  whole  aspect  of  the  pre- 
ceding, but  lower  leaves  often  pinnatifid,  though  as  often  sinuate- 
toothed;  inflorescence  the  same,  also  size  and  color  of  fl.  but  sepals 
broader,  less  spreading,  glabrous:    petals  with  a  rather  broad  claw  and 
relatively  narrow  blade:   pods  2  in.  long,  slender,  terete,  erect.— In  the 
Mt.  Diablo  Range. 

4.  T.  rigidnm,  Greene.     Stoutish  and  very  rigid,  1—3  ft.  high,  with 
few  wide-spread  branches:  hispidulous  below,   glabrous  above,   deep 
green,  not  glaucous:  lower  leaves  somewhat  lyrately  pinnatifid;  upper 
oblong-lanceolate  and    laciniate-toothed :    fl.    yellowish,    small,  rather 
crowded  and  subsessile,  the  fruiting  raceme  long  and  loose:  pods  1%  in. 
long,  nearly  tessile,  ascending  or  somewhat  spreading  or  curved,  rigid, 
sharply  tipped  with  a  short  style. — Eastern  base  of  the  Mt.  Diablo  Range, 
from  near  Antioch  southward,  chiefly  on  clayey  hillsides. 


CKUCIFEK^.  19 

5.  T.  lasiophyllum  (H.  &  A.),  Greene.  Glabrous,  or  more  or  less 
hirsute  below,  3^ — 6ft.  high,  usually  stoutish,  rather  rigidly  erect,  simple, 
or  sparingly  branching  above  the  middle:  leaves  2— 4  in.  long,  pinnatifid 
with  divaricate  toothed  segments,  or  the  upper  only  sinuate-toothed: 
petals  white  or  yellowish  lt£ — 2^  lines  long:  pods  slender,  nearly  terete, 
1—2  in.  long,  short-pedicellate,  straight  or  somewhat  curved,  ascending 
or  strongly  deflexed. — Common  and  variable.  The  sandhill  form  at  San 
Francisco  is  small,  early  flowering,  and  has  suberect  pods.  In  the  Coast 
Kange  the  plant  is  often  a  yard  high  or  more,  late  in  flowering,  with  pods 
strongly  deflexed. 

8.  CARDAMINE,  Diosc.  Annuals  or  perennials  of  woods  or  moist 
places;  rootstock  often  tuberous.  Stems  mostly  simple,  often  very  spar- 
ingly leafy.  Flowers  white  or  purplish,  in  short  racemes.  Sepals  equal. 
Petals  unguiculate.  Silique  eloo  gated,  linear,  compressed,  beaked  or 
pointed,  the  valves  plane,  almost  nerveless,  more  or  less  elastically 
dehiscent.  Seeds  compressed,  not  margined. 

*  Without  fleshy  or  tuberous  rootstocks;  leaves  all  pinnate. 

1.  C.  oligosperma,   Nutt.    Annual,  erect,  slender,   %—\  ft.   high, 
nearly  or  quite  glabrous:  leaflets  small,  in  3—5  pairs,  roundish  1 — 6  lines 
long,  often  obtusely  3 — 5-lobed,  petiolulate:  petals  white,  1 — 1%  lines 
long,  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx:  pods  few,  % — %  in.  long,  %  line 
wide  short-beaked,  not  becoming  dry,  the  mature  valves,  while  yet  green - 
herbaceous,  separating  elastically  and  falling  in  a  close  coil;  cells  about 
8-seeded. — Common  on  shady  banks  along  streams.    March,  April. 

*  *  Stems  from  elongated  or  rounded  and  tuberous  perennial  rootslocks. 

2.  C.  integrifolia  (Nutt.),  Greene.     Bather  robust,  1  ft.   high,   gla- 
brous, some  what  fleshy:  radical  leaves  1 — 5  foliolate,  the  leaflets  usually 
rounded  and  more  or  less  cordate  and  nearly  or  quite  entire,  1—2^  in. 
broad;  upper  deeply  lobed,orpinnately  3-5 foliolate, the  segments  linear 
or  linear-oblong,  entire:   corolla  large,  white,  nodding,  the  petals  only 
campanulately  spreading:  pod  conspicuously  beaked. — Common  in  wet 
meadows,  in  open  ground.    Jan. — May. 

3.  C.  Californica  (Nutt.),  Greene.    Near  the  last,  but  slender,  tall, 
less  fleshy;   the  leaves,  both  radical  and  cauline,  with  broad  and  ample 
repandly    and  mucronulalely  denticulate   leaflets:   fl.   pale  rose-color. — 
Very  common  in  rich  woods,  or  shady  banks.     March — May. 

4.  C.  cardiophylla,  Greene.    Stoutish,   1  ft.  high  or  less:  radical 
leaves  undivided,  round-reniform  to  broadly  cordate,  slightly  and  some- 
what angularly  5-lobed  and  mucronately  denticulate,  1  in.  wide  or  more; 
cauline  nearly  as  large,  broadly  cordate,   acute,  mucronate-denticulate, 


20 


CRUCIFERJi:. 


tapering  from  within  the  broad  sinus  to  a  petiole  %  in.  long:  fl.  white: 
pods  slender-beaked.— In  Weldon  Canon  of  the  Vaca  Mountains,  Solano 
Co.  March,  April.  Je.pson. 

9.  NASTURTIUM,  Bauhin.    Perennials  with  lyrately  compound  or 
simple  and  pinnatifid  or  undivided  leaves.     Flowers  white.     Sepals 
erect.     Petals  unguiculate.    Pods  short,  turgid,  little  compressed,  nerve- 
less.    Seeds  small,  rounded,  somewhat  flattened,  impressed  punctate. 

1.  N.  OFFICINALE,  E.  Br.  (WATERGEESS).    Stems  rooting  at  the  de- 
cumbent base,  the  branches  ^—5  ft.  long,  stoutish,  hollow;  roots   all 
fibrous;  leaves  pinnate,  leaflets  rounded  or  elongated,  the  terminal  one 
largest:  pods  ^  in.  long  or  more,  acute  at  each  end,  equalling  the 
pedicels:  style  short,  thick. — Plentiful  in  sluggish  streamlets,  and  cool 
springy  places. 

2.  N.  ARMORAOIA,  Fries  (HORSERADISH).    Erect  from  a  stout  perpen- 
dicular perennial  root,  2 — 4  ft.  high:  earlier  radical  leaves  pinnatitid; 
later  ones  very  large,  not  cleft,  crenate:  pods  (seldom  formed)  ellipsoid 
or  subglobular:  style  very  short. — Escaped  from  cultivation. 

10.  RORIPA,  Gesner.    (FALSE  CRESS).    Annuals  or  biennials,  com- 
monly referred  to  Nasturtium,  but  the  flowers  yellow,  the  sepals  greenish- 
yellow,  ascending  or  spreading,  the  petals  only  short-unguiculate  and 
ascending. 

1.  R.  pal  list  ris    (Leyss.).    Erect,  stoutish,  1—3  ft.  high,  branching 
above,    glabrous:    leaves    oblong-lanceolate,  coarsely    and   irregularly 
toothed  or  pinnatifid,  2—6  in.  long:   fl.  1  line  long:  pods  linear-oblong, 
3 — 5  lines  long,  on  slender  pedicels. — Margins  of  ponds;   Oakland  Hills; 
and  a  rank  form  in  marshes  of  Sonoma  Co. 

2.  R.  lyrata  (Nutt.).     Branching  from  the  base,  the  branches  decum- 
bent or  ascending,  seldom  a  foot  long,  glabrous  or  sparsely  hispidulous: 
leaves  quite  regularly  pinnatifid  into  divaricate  linear-  or  oblong-lan- 
ceolate entire  segments:  pods  % — %  *»•  long,  linear,  more  or  less  curved; 
pedicels  half  as  long:  seeds  in  2  rows. — Along  streams  in  Marin  Co. 

3.  R.  dictyota  (Greene).     Stout,  erect,  2—4  ft.  high,  hirsute-pubes- 
cent: racemes  rather  dense:  pods  ovate-lanceolate;   valves  firm  in  text- 
ure, with  strong  tortuous  midvein  and  anastomosing  veinlets;  partition 
thick,  favose-reticulate. — Marshes  of  the  lower  Sacramento. 

11.  BARBAREA,  Dodonxus  (WINTER  CRESS).    Erect  branching  gla- 
brous biennials  or  perennials  of  rather  low  stature,  with  angular  stems 
and  more  or  less  distinctly  lyrate  or  pinnatifid  leaves.     Flowers  rather 
small,  bright  yellow.    Sepals  equal  at  base,  erect.      Pods  linear,  either 
somewhat  flattened,  or  more  distinctly  quadrangular,  pointed;  valves- 
more  or  less  carinate.    Seeds  in  1  row,  oblong,  turgid,  marginless. 


CRUCIFERvE.  21 

1.  B.  vulgaris,  R  Br.  Stoutish,  1— 3  ft.  high;  herbage  bright  green 
and  glossy:  leaves  mostly  radical,  the  very  lowest  sometimes  simple, 
oftener  with  1  or  more  pairs  of  relatively  small  lobes  below  a  very  large 
terminal  one;  cauline  either  simple  and  toothed,  or  pinnately  parted: 
fl.  2—3  lines  long:  pods  1 — 2  in.,  erect,  ascending,  or  even  arcuate- 
spreading. — Common  in  moist  shady  places.  March — June. 

12.  ERYSIMUM,  Dlosc.    Biennials  or  perennials;  ours  stout,  simple 
or  with  few  branches.    Leaves  narrow,  entire  or  runcinately  toothed, 
not  clasping.     Flowers  large,  yellowish  or  orange.     Sepals  erect,  one 
pair  strongly  gibbous  at  base.    Petals  with  low  claw  and  flat  blade. 
Anthers  sagittate.     Pod  4-angled  or  flattened,   and  the  valves  merely 
nerved.     Seeds  in  1  row,  not  margined,  oblique. 

1.  E.  aspernm  (Nutt.),  DC.     Canescent  with  short  straight  closely 
appressed  hairs:  stems  solitary,  rarely  with  a  few  branches  above,  1—3 
ft.  high,  angular:  leaves  narrowly  spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  entire  or 
runcinate-toothed,  1 — 3  in.  long:  fl.  large,  fragrant:  sepals  narrow,  4 — 6 
lines  long:  petals  from  light  yellow  to  deep  orange,  8—12  lines  long: 
pods  slender,  spreading,  quadrangular,  commonly  3—4  in.  long,   1  line 
wide,  beaked  with  a  stout  style. — Common  in   the  mountains   almost 
everywhere.     April — July. 

2.  E.  capital  um  (Dougl.),  Greene.    Stout  and  low,  ^— 1^  ft.  high, 
sparingly  pubescent  with    appressed    bifid  or  2-parted    hairs;    leaves 
narrow,  entire,  or  sinuately  or  angularly  toothed  or  lobed:  fl.   large, 
cream-color  or  yellowish,  in  a    depressed  terminal  corymb,  scarcely 
fragrant:  pods  nearly  flat,  with  a  strong  midvein,  1%  lines  wide,  the 
whole  li-£— 2^  in.   long,    abruptly    and    stoutly  short-pointed:  seeds 
flattened. — Among  the  sandy  or  rocky  hills  of  the  seaboard  only.     Feb. — 
May. 

13.  BBASSICA,  Pliny.     Large  annuals  or  biennials,  with  erect  often 
widely  branching  stems,  lyrate  or  pinnatifid  lower  leaves,  and  yellow 
flowers.      Sepals  equal  at  base.      Petals  unguiculate;  limb  obovate. 
Pods  linear  or  oblong,  terete  or  quadrangular,  with  a  stout  1-seeded  or 
seedless  beak;  valves  1— 5-nerved.     Seeds  in  1  row,  globose;  cotyledons 

incumbent. 

/ 
*  Sepals  erect,  enfolding  the  claws  of  the  petals. — BEASSICA  proper. 

1.  B.  CAMPESTRIS,  L.  Glabrous  and  glaucous,  2 — 3  ft,  high :  lower 
leaves  somewhat  rough-hairy,  lyrate  with  large  terminal  lobe;  cauline 
oblong  or  lanceolate  with  a  broad  auriculate-clasping  base:  fl.  3 — 4  lines 
long:  pods  nearly  terete,  2  in.  long  or  more,  on  ascending  or  spreading  pedi- 
cels, the  stout  beak  8—10  lines  long. — Abundant  in  fields,  flowering  in 
the  late  winter  and  early  spring  months;  commonly  but  erroneously 
called.  Mustard,  Jan. — April. 


22  CBUCIFEK^. 

*  *  Sepals  spreading,  releasing  the  claws  of  the  petals. 

2.  B.  NIGRA  (L.),  Koch.    (BLACK  MUSTARD).     Not  glaucous  but  dark 
green,  roughish  with  scattered  stiff  hairs,  stout,  3—12  ft.  high:  leaves  all 
petiolate;  the  lower  lyrate,  with  a  very  large  and  lobed  terminal  lobe; 
the  uppermost  lobed  or  toothed  or  entire :  petals  3 — 4  lines  long,  twice 
the  length  of  the  yellowish  sepals:  pods  closely  appressed  to  the  rachis  of 
the  raceme,  4-angled,  %—%.   in.  long,  sharply  beaked  with  the  long 
style. — Common  as  the  preceding,  but  taking  more  exclusive  possession 
of  fence  corners  and  rich  waste  lands.    June,  July. 

3.  B.  SINAPISTRUM,  Boiss.     Annual,  2 — 5  ft.  high,  the  herbage  light 
green,  rough  with  spreading  hairs:    lower  leaves  usually  with  a  large 
coarsely  toothed  terminal  lobe  and  smaller  ones  of  angular  outline  on 
the  rachis:  fl.  4 — 6  lines  long:  pods  1 — \%  in.  long,  ascending,  nearly 
cylindrical,  with  a  stout  somewhat  2-edged  beak  a  third  as  long  as  the 
prominently  nerved  valves,  often  containing  a  seed,  the  seeds  under  each 
valve  3—8. — Common  by  waysides  in  the  vicinity  of    Berkeley    and 
Oakland;  flowering  later  than  B.  cainpestris,  but  earlier  than  B.  nigra. 

14.  SISYMBRIUM,  Diosc.  Erect  and  rather  slender  annuals. 
Leaves  not  clasping,  lyrate-pinnatifid,  or  (in  our  species)  finely  dissected. 
Flowers  small,  yellow.  Sepals  scarcely  gibbous  at  base.  Petals  unguic- 
ulate.  Anthers  mostly  linear-oblong,  sagittate.  Pods  linear  or  oblong- 
linear,  terete  or  nearly  so,  obtuse  or  short  pointed;  valves  slightly  1 — 3- 
nerved.  Seeds  usually  numerous,  small,  oblong  and  teretish;  cotyledons 
incumbent. 

*  Seeds  in  2  rows;   leaves  finely  dissected. 

1.  S.  multifidmn   (Pursh),  MacM.     Simple  or  with  few  branches, 
% — 2^  ft.  high,  canescent  with  short  branching  hairs:  leaves  1 — 2-pin- 
nate,  the  segments  more  or  less  deeply  toothed  or  pinnatifid:  petals  1 
line  long  or  less,  about  equalling  the  sepals:  pods  oblong  to  linear,  or 
subclavate,  % — %  in-  long*  on  slender  spreading  pedicels   of  equal  or 
greater  length,  acute  at  each  end,  and  beaked  with  a  very  short  style. — 
Plains  near  Livermore. 

*    *    Seeds  in  1  row;  leaves  pinnatifid  or  entire. 

2.  S.  OFFICINALE  (L.),  Scop.    (HEDGE  MUSTARD).    Rigid,  erect,  spar- 
ingly and  divaricately  branching  above,  somewhat  hirsute;  lowest  leaves 
depressed  and  rosulate,  lyrately  and  somewhat  runcinately  pinnatifid,  3 
— 6  in.  long:  pods  terete,  %  iQ  l°ng»  tapering  from  base  to  summit,  nearly 
sessile,  closely  appressed  to  the  rachis  in  a  long  slender  raceme. — By 
waysides  and  in  waste  grounds. 

3.  S.  ACUTANGULUM,  DC.    Hirsute  with  scattered  simple  hairs,  1 — 2 
ft.  high,  with  ascending  branches:  leaves  2—6  in.  long,  runcinate-pin- 


CRUCIFEKjE.  23 

natifid:  pods  terete,  1 — 1%  in.  long,  less  than  a  line  wide,  erect  or  ascend- 
ing on  very  short  pedicels. — Not  as  common  as  the  last. 

15.  BURSA,  Siegesb.    Slender  nearly  glabrous  annuals,  with  simple 
or  pinnate  leaves,  and  small  white  flowers.     Pods  oblong  or  obcordate, 
more  or  less  obcompressed,  oo  -seeded;  valves  carinate,  1-nerved.     Seeds 
not  winged;  cotyledons  incumbent. 

1.  B.  PASTORIS,  Wigg.    Usually  hirsute  at  base,  otherwise  glabrous, 
erect,  }•£-— 2  ft.  high,  the  stems  racemose  almost  from  the  base,  simple  or 
with  few  branches :  radical  leaves  usually  in  a  depressed  rosulate  tuft, 
runcinate  pinnatifid,  or  oblanceolate  with  coarse  teeth;  cauline  sagittate, 
entire  or  toothed:  pods  cuneate-triangular,  rtluse,  1 — 2  lines  long  and 
broad,  on  rather  long  spreading  pedicels. — Cosmopolitan  weed,  flourish- 
ing with  us  at  all  seasons. 

2.  B.  divaricata  (Nutt.),  O.  Ktze.     Slender,  often  diffusely  branching 
and  decumbent  or  procumbent,  3 — 8  in.  high :  lowest  leaves  sinuate-pin- 
natifid;  cauline  entire  or  nearly  so:  petals  minute,  barely  equalling  the 
sepals:  pod  oblong  or  ovoid,  little  flattened,  2  lines  long  or  less,  obtuse,  the 
valves  rather  thin;    Pedicels  slender,  longer  than  the  pods — Borders 
of  salt  marshes.     March — May. 

16.  LEPIDIUM,  Diosc.    Low  herbs  with  pinnatifid  or  toothed  leaves^ 
and  small  white  or  apetalous  and  greenish  flowers.     Stamens  only  4,  or 
even  2.    Pod  orbicular  or  ovate,  strongly  obcompressed,  emarginately  2- 
winged  at  summit;  valves  acutely  carinate;  cells  1-seeded.     Seeds  not 
winged;  cotyledons  usually  incumbent,  rarely  accumbent. 

*   Annuals;  pedicels  flattened. 
•>i—  Pods  reticulated, 

1.  L.  latipes,  Hook,    Branches  stout  and  depressed,  far  surpassed  by 
the  leaves;  these  several  inches  long,  irregularly  and  coarsely  pinnatifid, 
the  segments  linear,  entire  or  lobed;   pubescence  scanty  on  the  leaves, 
more  dense  on  the  branches,  hispidulous:  racemes  short,  dense;  pedicels 
1 — 2  lines  long:  sepals  very  unequal:   petals  broadly  spatulate,  ciliate, 
greenish,  exceeding  the  sepals:  pod  broadly  oval,  2  lines  broad,  sparingly 
pubescent,  strongly  reticulate,  the  broad  acute  wings  nearly  as  long  as  the 
body  of  the  pod. — In  saline  soils  at  Martinez,  Alameda,  etc.      March 
—May. 

2.  L.  dictyotum,  Gray.    Habit  and  pubescence  of  the  preceding,  but 
much  smaller,  the  branches  at  length  ascending:  leaves  narrowly  linear, 
entire  or  with  a  few  narrow  divaricate  linear  lobes :  petals  little  exceed- 
ing the  sepals  or  wanting:   pods  rounded,  1%  lines  broad,  emarginate, 


24  CRUCIFER^E. 

with  short  acute  wings,  finely  reticulated  and  pubescent,  exceeding  the 
thick  erect  pedicels. — Liverinore  Valley;  also  along  the  borders  of 
marshes  at  Alameda. 

3.  L.  oxycarpum,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Very  slender,  the  elongated  and 
racemose  branches  decumbent  or  assurgent,  nearly  glabrous:   leaves 
linear,  with  a  few  linear  segments  or  entire:  sepals  caducous:  petals  0: 
stamens  2:  pods  on  slender  dejiexed  pedicels,  glabrous,  rounded,  1%  lines 
broad,  the  terminal  wings  tooth-like,  short,  acute,  divergent. — Borders  of  salt 
marshes  at  Vallejo,  Greene;   also  in  subsaline  soils  east  of  Wild  Cat  Creek 
in  the  Berkeley  Hills,  and  near  Alameda. 

4.  L.  Oreganmii,   Howell.     Erect,  simple  or  with  a  few  ascending 
branches,  3—6  in.  high,  ostensibly  glabrous  (more  or  less  hispidulous 
under  a  lens):  leaves  linear,  with  a  few  linear  segments  or  entire;  sepals 
and  petals  less  fugacious:  stamens  4:  pods  round-ovoid,  2  lines  broad, 
the  terminal  teeth  more  or  less  prominent  and  divergent,  the  body  some- 
what hispidulous  or  glabrate.— Plentiful  in  subsaline  soil  in  the  Liver- 
more  Valley.     March — May. 

•J-  -i—  Pods  faintly  or  not  at  all  reticulate. 

5.  L.    nil  uhiin,  Nutt.    Erect  and  with  few  ascending  branches,  or 
more  diffusely  branching  from  the  base,  % — 1%  ft.  high,  rather  slender, 
almost  glabrous,  or  the  branches  distinctly  hirsutulous;  these  racemose 
almost  throughout:  lower  leaves  loosely  pinnatifid,  segments  linear;  cau- 
line  often  entire:  stamens  2  or  4:  pods  rounded,  glabrous  and  shining, 
often  of  a  dark  purple,  or  with  purple  dots,  1^  lines  broad,  with  a  small 
abrupt  sinus  between  the  short  terminal  teeth.     Var.  insigne,  Greene. 
Stout,  mostly  simple,  4 — 8  in.  high;  fruiting  raceme  shorter  and  denser: 
pod*  twice  as  large,  round-obovoid. — Very  common,  especially  towards 
the  seaboard.    The  variety  is  of  the  Mt.  Diablo  Range.    Jan. — June. 

6.  L.  Menziesii,  DC.     Low  and  diffuse,  herbage  light  green,  hispid- 
puberulent  or  glabrate;    branches  3—6  in.   long;    racemes  numerous, 
rather  narrow  and  dense :  leaves  of  oblong  outline,  pinnatifid,  the  seg- 
ments usually  3-cleft  or  -toothed:   petals  0:  pods  rounded,  1 — 1%  lines 
broad,  glabrous,  or  around  the  margin  more  or  less  hispidulous,  faintly 
reticulate:  teeth  at  the  summit  very  short  and  obtuse;  pedicels  short, 
ascending  or  spreading,  often  very  little  flattened. — Common,  especially 
by  waysides  and  in  hard  clayey  soil;  late  flowering,  i.  e.,  April — June. 

*   *   Stouter  and  taller;  pedicels  terete. 

7.  L.  intermedium,  Gray.     Erect,  branching  above  the  middle,  %— 
1%  ft.  high,  puberulent  or  glabrous:  lower  leaves  1—2  in.  long,  toothed 
or  pinnatifid:  upper  entire  or  only  sparingly  toothed,  oblanceolate  or 


CKUCIFER.E.  25 

linear:  petals  0:  pods  glabrous,  rounded,  I — 1^£  lines  broad  very  shortly 
winged,  the  obtuse  teeth  slightly  divergent;  pedicels  2  lines  long.— Only 
occasionally  met  with  in  western  California. 

8.  L.  DRABA,  L.  Biennial  or  perennial,  erect,  a  foot  high  or  taller, 
the  several  stems  corymbosely  branched  at  summit;  herbage  canescently 
pubescent:  lower  leaves  oblong-obovate,  1 — 3  in.  long,  sparingly  serrate 
or  entire;  cauline  narrower,  sagittate  and  clasping:  petals  white,  con- 
spicuous: pods  cordate,  not  winged,  turgid,  acutish,  tipped  with  a  slender 
short  style. — In  old  fields  at  Berkeley. 

17.  THYSAtfOCARPUS,  Hook.  (LACE-POD).  Erect,  slender  sparingly 
branched  annuals,  with  minute,  white  or  rose-colored  flowers,  in 
slender  elongated  racemes.  Petals  cuneate-obovate,  or  linear-oblong. 
Stamens  6,  tetradynamous,  or  sometimes  4  only.  Pistil  a  compressed 
rounded  uniovulate  ovary,  short  slender  style,  and  small  obtuse  stigma, 
becoming  a  plano-convex  or  concavo-convex  samara;  the  hard  substance 
of  the  body  of  the  fruit  branching  into  several  (12  to  16)  radiating  lines 
with  diaphanous  spaces  or  even  complete  rounded  perforations  between 
them,  the  whole  forming  a  crenate  wing.  Seed  solitary. 

1.  T.  curvipes,   Hook.    A  foot  high  or  more;  radical  leaves  pin- 
natifid,  with  short  obtuse  lobes  or  subentire,  hirsute;  cauline  oblong-  or 
linear-lanceolate,  entire,  sagittate-clasping:  fr.  obovate,  seldom  2  lines 
wide,  strongly  concavo-convex,  glabrous  or  slightly  tomentose,  the  mar- 
ginal rays  broad,  dilated  above,  rather  crowded,  with  narrow  diaphanous 
spots  (rarely  a  few  perforations)  between  them.    Var.  (1)  involutus, 
Greene.     Taller  and  more  strict:  fr.  elliptical,  only  a  line  wide;  rays 
nearly  obsolete,  the  purplish  subscarious  margin  closely  involute  all 
around;  style  (rather  prominent  in  fl.)  deciduous.    Var.  (2)  pulchellns, 
Greene.    Eadical  leaves  merely  toothed:  pods  densely  tomentose;  the 
wing  rather  broader.    Common  in  middle  California.    April— June. 

2.  T.  elegans,  Fisch.  &  Mey.    Bather  stouter,  with  fewer  racemose 
branches:  lower  leaves  ascending,  repand- toothed:  fr.  3 — 4  lines  broad, 
of  more  rounded  outline,  nearly  plane,  the  body  densely  tomentose,  the 
rays  separated  by  regularly  ovoid  perforations  and  joined  together  beyond 
them  into  a  very  distinct  diaphanous  nearly  entire  margin. — Common  on 
low  hills  of  the  interior.    March — May. 

3.  T.  I  acini  ill  us.  Nutt.     Glabrous  throughout  and  glaucous:  leaves 
linear,  entire,  or  with  a  few  incised  or  opposite  and  divaricate  narrow 
segments:  fr.  from  elliptical  with  narrow  margin,  to  almost  orbicular 
with  broad  evenly  crenate  border,  scarcely  plano-convex,  1^'  —2^  lines 
broad,  imperf orate,  with  irregular  deep  sinuses  between  the  rays,  or  rarely 
with  a  few  perforations,  glabrous  and  very  distinctly  reticulate-venulose. 
—Lake  Merced;  Mt.  Diablo,  etc. 


26  CRUCIFERJE. 

4.  T.  radians,  Benth.  Glabrous,  1  ft.  high:  lower  leaves  runcinate- 
pinnatifid;  cauline  ovate-lanceolate,  auriculate-clasping:  silicle  round- 
obovate,  almost  plane,  4 — 5  lines  wide,  tomentose,  the  rays  narrowly 
linear,  ending  abruptly  near  the  edge  of  the  broad  diaphanous  margin. 
— Sonoma  Co.  to  Solano. 

18.  CORONOPUS,  Ruellius.    Diffuse  prostrate  heavy-scented  annuals, 
with  pinnatifid  leaves,  and  the  general  aspect  of  some  species  of  Lepidium. 
Flowers  minute,  greenish.    Stamens  often  2  only.    Pods  small,  short, 
didymous,  2-celled;  cells  indehiscent,  subglobose,  when  ripe  separating 
from  the  persistent  linear  axis,  strongly  rugose,  1-seeded. 

1.  C.  DIDYMUS  (L.)  Smith.    Stems  diffuse,  % — \YZ  ft.  long;  the  heavy- 
scented  somewhat  aromatic  herbage  more  or  less  hirsute;  leaves  with 
small  narrow  segments:  pod  a  line  broad  or  more,  emarginate  at  base 
and  at  summit,  strongly  reticulate. — Plentiful  on  bluffs  overhanging  the 
sea  at  Point  Lobos;  occasional  at  Berkeley,  etc. 

2.  0.  BUELLII,  Gaertn.      Pods  cristate-muricate,    not  emarginate  at 
summit,  but  tipped  with  a  stout  style. — San  Francisco. 

19.  RAPHANUS,  Pliny  (BADJSH).   » Coarse  annuals,  with  large  some- 
what fleshy  lyrate  lower  leaves,  and  loose  racemes  of  purple  or  yellowish 
large  flowers.    Sepals  erect,  the  two  outer  gibbous  at  base.    Petals  entire 
or  emarginate,  unguiculate.      Pod    indehiscent,   elongated,  somewhat 
moniliform  or  at  least    constricted  between  the    seeds,    long-beaked. 
Cotyledons  enfolding  the  radicle. 

1.  B.  SATIVUS,  L.    More  or  less  hispid  with  scattered  stiff  hairs:  fl. 
8—10  lines  long:  petals  purplish,  with  veinlets  of  darker  color,  rarely 
white  or  yellowish:  pod  thick,  fleshy  when  young,  spongy  in  maturity, 
1 — 2%  in.  long,  2 — 5- seeded. — One  of  the  prevalent  and  troublesome 
weeds  in  Calif ornian  fields  everywhere. 

2.  B.  BAPHANISTBUM,  L.      Petals    yellow:   poofs   moniliform,    long- 
beaked,  breaking  transversely  into  1-seeded  joints. — San  Francisco. 

20.  CAKILE,  Serapio  (SEA  BOCKET).    Glabrous  very  succulent  sea- 
side annuals,  with  simple  leaves  and  short  racemes  of  smallish  purple 
flowers.    Sepals  suberect,  the  two  outer  gibbous  at  base.    Petals  entire, 
unguiculate.    Pod  of  2  unequal  joints,  each  1-seeded,  the  upper  and 
larger  joint  deciduous  from  the  other.    Seed  in  the  upper  cell  erect;  in 
the  lower  pendulous;  cotyledons  usually  accumbent. 

1.  C.  edeutula  (BigeL),  Hook.  A  foot  high  or  more,  the  stout  stem 
and  few  ascending  branches  somewhat  flexuous:  leaves  obovate,  sinu- 
ately  toothed:  lower  joint  of  silicle  oblong,  3 — 4  lines  long;  upper  twice 
as  large,  ovate,  compressed  and  emarginate  at  apex. — Common  along 
Bandy  beaches. 


RESEDACE.E.  27 

21.  TROP1DOCARPUM,  Hook.  Annuals,  with  light  green  pubescent 
herbage,  pinnatifid  leaves,  and  loose  leafy-bracted  racemes  of  middle- 
sized  yellow  flowers.  Sepals  concave,  spreading,  equal  at  base.  Petals 
spatulate-obovate.  Stamens  tetradynamous;  anthers  rounded.  Silique 
sessile,  elongated,  more  or  less  obcompressed,  flat  or  inflated,  without 
partition,  indehiscent  or  the  valves  (2—4  !)  opening  from  above. 

1.  T.  gracile,  Hook.    Erect,  very  slender,  usually  only  a  few  inches 
high,  nearly  glabrous :  leaves  linear,  with  opposite  pairs  of  linear  se'g- 
ments,  the  floral  similar  but  reduced:  stamens  very  unequal,  all  exceed- 
ing the  short  pistil:  silique  linear,  2  in.  long,  glabrous,  flat,  indehiscent: 
seeds  in  2  rows.    Var.  scabriusculnm,   Greene.    Much  larger,  with 
many  decumbent  branches,  and  roughish-pubescent  throughout,  even  to 
the  pods. — Foothills  of  Mt.  Diablo  Kange  and  on  the  plains. 

2.  T.  capparideum,  Greene.    Usually  erect,  less  than  a  foot  high, 
simple,  or  with  few  ascending  branches,  the  stem  stoutish  but  hollow : 
pods  % — %  in.  long,  linear- oblong,  inflated,  2  lines  wide,  slightly  obcom- 
pressed (the  cross  section  transversely  elliptical),  conspicuously  6-nerved; 
valves  4,  2  deciduous  and  2  persistent,  the  dehiscence  beginning  at  the 
apex:  seeds  in  4  rows,  i.  e.,  1  row  along  either  margin  of  each  of  the  2 
persistent  valves. — -Abundant  in  alkaline  soil  about  Byron  Springs. 

OBDEBVIII.     RESEDACE^E. 

Herbs  with  alternate  exstipulate  leaves,  and  terminal  racemes  or  spikes 
of  small  flowers.  Sepals  4 — 6,  often  somewhat  united  at  base,  unequal, 
herbaceous,  persistent,  open  in  the  bud.  Torus  bearing  a  rounded  and 
glandular  hypogynous  disk  which  is  produced  posteriorly  between  the 
petals  and  the  stamens.  Petals  4—6,  open  in  the  bud,  the  lamina  often 
lacerate  or  palmately  parted.  Stamens  3—20,  inserted  on  the  disk; 
anthers  oval,  fixed  by  the  middle,  introrse.  Ovary  1-celled,  3 — 4-lobed, 
of  3—4  carpels  at  apex  distinct  and  divergent;  stigmas  sessile,  minute- 
Fruit  membranous,  1-celled,  open  before  maturity.  Seeds  reniform. 

1.  RESEDA,  Pliny  (MIGNONETTE.  DYER'S  WEED).  Characters  of 
the  genus  almost  those  of  the  order.  Three  Old  World  species,  fugitives 
from  the  flower  gardens,  are  here  and  there  spontaneous  with  us. 

1.  K.  ALBA,  L.    A  tall  stout  sparingly  branching  perennial,  with  long 
spikes  of  whitish  flowers:  leaves  deeply  pinnate:  sepals  5  or  6:  petals  as 
many,  all  equal,  3-cleft. 

2.  B.  ODOBATA,  L.    Annual;  leaves  oblanceolate  or  spatulate,  often 
undulate:  spike  or  raceme  short  in  fl.,  elongated  in  fr. :  fl.  greenish,  the 
.arge  anthers  dull  red:    petals  parted  into   about  6  spatulate-linear 
segments. 


28  DATISCE^. 

ORDER  IX.     D  A  T  I  S  C  E  XE  . 

"With  us  represented  by  a  species  of 

DATISCA,  Linn.  Stout  glabrous  dioecious  perennials.  Leaves  lacin- 
iate-pinnatifid;  the  segments  coarsely  toothed.  Flowers  axillary,  sub- 
sessile,  fascicled.  Calyx  of  sterile  fl.  very  short,  with  4 — 9  unequal  lobes. 
Stamens  10 — 25;  filaments  short.  Calyx  of  pistillate  fl.  with  ovoid  tube 
somewhat  3-angled,  3-toothed,  the  stamens  when  present  3,  alternate 
with  the  teeth.  Styles  3,  bifid,  opposite  the  teeth,  the  linear  lobes  stig- 
matic  on  the  inner  side.  Capsule  oblong,  coriaceous,  1-celled,  opening 
at  apex  between  the  styles.  Seeds  oo,  small,  in  several  rows  on  the  3 
parietal  placentae;  embryo  cylindrical,  in  the  axis  of  small  albumen. 

D.  glomerata  (Presl.),  Brew.  &  Wats.  Erect,  3—6  ft.  high,  simple  or 
sparingly  branching:  leaves  of  ovate  or  lanceolate  outline,  acuminate,  6 
in.  long;  the  floral  shorter:  fl.  4 — 7  in  each  axil  of  the  long  leafy  raceme, 
the  fertile  mostly  perfect:  anthers  subsessile,  2  lines  long,  yellow:  styles 
exceeding  the  ovary :  capsule  oblong-ovate,  3 — 4  lines  long,  slightly  nar- 
rowed toward  the  truncate  triangular  3-toothed  summit. — Along  moun- 
tain streams. 

ORDER  X.     CISTOIDE/E. 
In  Asia  an  extensive  family,  of  which  we  have  one  species. 

HELIANTHEMUM,  Valerius  Cordus.  Low,  branching,  suffrutescent. 
Leaves  alternate,  simple,  entire.  Flowers  perfect,  regular.  Sepals 
mostly  5,  unequal,  persistent.  Petals  5,  yellow,  fugacious.  Stamens  oo , 
hypogynous;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  short.  Style  1,  short,  decid- 
uous. Capsule  ovoid,  1-celled,  few-  or  many-seeded;  the  seeds  borne  on 
the  middle  of  the  valve. 

H.  scoparinm,  Nutt.  Plant  a  bushy  tuft  1  ft.  high,  glabrate,  or 
stellate-pubescent:  leaves  narrowly  linear,  % — 1  in.  long:  fl.  on  slender 
pedicels,  solitary  or  cymose  at  the  ends  of  the  branches:  sepals  3  lines 
long,  acuminate,  the  2  outer  linear  and  much  shorter:  petals  4  lines: 
stamens  about  20: 'capsule  equalling  the  calyx. — Common  on  dry  hills. 

ORDER  XI.    V  I  0  L  A  R  I  E  /E  . 

Eepreseuted  by  a  fair  number  of  species  of  the  principal  genus  of  the 
order. 

VIOLA,  Pliny  (VIOLET).  Low  perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves 
of  involute  vernation,  foliaceous  persistent  stipules,  and  1-flowered 
axillary  peduncles.  Flowers  5-merous.  Sepals  unequal,  more  or  less 
auricled  at  base,  persistent.  Petals  unequal,  the  lower  one  often  spurred 


VIOLARIE^:.  29 

at  base.  Stamens  hypogynous,  the  adnate  anthers  connivent  over  the 
pistil,  broad,  often  coherent,  the  connectives  of  the  two  lower  often  bear- 
ing spurs  which  project  into  the  spur  of  the  petal.  Ovary  1-celled,  with 
3  parietal  placentae;  style  clavate;  stigma  1-sided.  Capsule  3-valved;  the 
valves  bearing  the  seeds  along  the  middle. 

*  Acaulescent. 

1.  V.  ODOBATA,  Eenealm.     Eootstock  stout,  branching,  stoloniferous; 
leaves  round-cordate,  obtuse,  crenate,  more  or  less  villous  or  glabrate,  on 
petioles  3 — 10  in.  long:  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves:   fl.  large, 
violet,  fragrant. — Occasionally  spontaneous,  as  an  escape  from  gardens. 

*    *  Stems  short  or  elongated,  leafy. 
•i—  Leaves  undivided;  flowers  not  yellow. 

2.  Y.  canina,  L.,  var.  adunca,  Gray.    Scarcely  stoloniferous,  mostly 
tufted  and  low,  2—6  in.  high,  glabrous  or  puberulent:  leaves  ovate  or 
ovate-oblong,  with  subcordate  or  almost  truncate  base,  obtuse,  or  rarely 
acutish,  obscurely  crenate,  % — 1^  in.  long;  stipules  narrowly  lanceolate, 
lacerate-toothed :  fl.  rather  large,  violet,  turning  to  red-purple;   lateral 
petals  bearded;  spur  variable,  much  shorter  than  the  petals,  or  quite  as 
long,  usually  straight  and  obtuse.     Common  on  grassy  hilltops  along  the 
seaboard.    Feb.— May. 

3.  V.   ocellata,    Torr.   &  Gray.     Erect  or  ascending,  % — 1  ft.  high, 
nearly    glabrous,    or    pubescent:     leaves    cordate    or    cordate-ovate, 
acutish,    crenate,  1 — 2  in.  long;    stipules  scarious,  entire  or   slightly 
lacerate:  petals  5—7  lines  long,  the  upper  ones  white  within,  deep  purple 
without,  the  others  pale  yellow-veined  with  purple,  the  lateral  ones  with 
a  purple  spot  near   the  base,  and  slightly   bearded.— Woods    of  the 
Coast  Range.    Apr. — June. 

-i—  H—  Leaves  undivided;  fl.  yellow  within,  often  brown-purple  without. 

4.  V.   glabella,   Nutt.     Stems  slender  from  a  creeping  roofstock, 
nearly  or  quite  leafless  below,  5—12  in.  high;  minutely  pubescent  or 
glabrous :  radical  leaves  on  long,  the  cauline  on  short  petioles,  reniform- 
cordate  to  cordate,  acute,  crenately  toothed  or  crenulate,  1 — 4  in.  broad; 
stipules  usually  small  and  scarious,  entire  or  serrulate:  fl.  bright-yellow, 
Yz  in.  long;  petals  more  or  less  purple-nerved,  the  lateral  ones  bearded: 
capsule    obovate-oblong,  4 — 5    lines    long,  abruptly  beaked. — In  wet 
shades  among  the  higher  hills. 

5.  V.  peduuculata,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Stems  2—6  in.  long,  prostrate  or 
assurgent ;    almost    glabrous  or  puberulent :    leaves    rhombic-cordate, 
usually  almost  truncate  at  the  broad  base,  obtuse,  coarsely  crenate,  % — 1^ 
in.   long;    stipules  foliaceous,  narrowly  lanceolate,   entire  or  incised: 


30  CARYOPHYLLEJ;. 

peduncles  erect,  greatly  exceeding  the  leaves,  4—8  in.  high :  fl.  1  in.  broad 
or  more,  golden-yellow,  the  upper  petals  dark-brown  on  the  outside,  the 
others  purple-veined  within;  lateral  petals  bearded:  capsule  oblong- 
ovate,  4—6  lines  long,  glabrous.— On  low  hills,  in  open  ground. 

6.  V.  sarmentosa,  Dougl.    Stems  prostrate,  more  or  less  creeping, 
slender,  sparsely  leafy;  slightly  pubescent:  leaves  rather  thick  and  per- 
sistent, reniform,  round-cordate  or  ovate,  % — 1%  in.  broad,  finely  cre- 
nate,  deep  green  above,  often  rusty  beneath,  usually  punctate  with  dark 
dots:  peduncles  slender,  elongated:  fl.  light-yellow,  not  large. — In  woods 
of  the  Coast  Eange. 

7.  V.  purpurea,  Kell.     Stems  clustered,  from  a  branching  perpen- 
dicular root,  2 — 6  jn.  high:  pubescence  very  scant  but  under  a  lens 
hispidulous,  somewhat  retrorse  or  at  least  spreading:  herbage  rather 
succulent,  in  early  stages  purple,  except  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaves : 
leaves  from  broadly  ovate  to  lanceolate,  tapering  to  the  petiole,  entire  or 
more  or  less  coarsely  and  often  somewhat  crenately  toothed:  peduncles 
little  exceeding  the  leaves:  petals  3— 5  lines  long,  light  yellow  within, 
dark  purple  externally:  capsule  almost  globular,  3  lines  long,  pubescent. 
— Mt.  Diablo  Eange. 

•H-  +-  -i—  Leaves  divided  or  lobed;  fl.  yellow. 

8.  V.  lobata,  Benth.     Stoutish,  erect,  %—l  ft.  high,  from  an  erect 
roots tock,  leafy  at  the  summit;  puberulent  or  nearly  glabrous;  leaves  of 
reniform  or  cordate  outline,  2—4  in.  broad,  the  cauline  short-petioled,  all 
palmately  cleft  into  5 — 9  narrowly  oblong  lobes,  the  central  lobe  largest  or 
longest;  some  of  the  radical  leaves  less  lobed  or  only  coarsely  toothed: 
petals  6  lines  long,  yellow,  the  upper  brownish  externally,  the  lateral 
slightly  bearded:  capsule  5—6  lines  long,  acute.    Var.  integrifolia, 
Wats.    Leaves  deltoid,  acuminate,  evenly  crenate-serrate,  not  at  all 
lobed.— Inner  Coast  Eange. 

ORDER  XII.     CARYOPHYLLE/E. 

Herbs  or  suffrutescent  plants  with  inert  watery  juice,  mostly  opposite 
leaves  and  swollen  nodes.  Inflorescence  usually  dichotomous.  Flowers 
mostly  5-merous,  complete  and  regular.  Sepals  united  or  distinct,  im- 
bricate in  bud,  persistent.  Petals  imbricate  or  convolute,  often  bifid, 
sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  usually  10,  occasionally  5,  distinct,  hypo- 
gynous  around  a  ring-like  disk,  or  perigynous  by  cohesion  of  disk  with 
calyx-tube.  Styles  2 — 5,  mostly  distinct  and  with  decurrent  stigmas. 
Fruit  a  capsule  opening  by  valves  or  teeth. 

*  Sepals  joined  into  a  tubular  calyx. 

Calyx  prominently  5-angled VAGCARIA  1 

"     10-ribbed:  capsule  coriaceous,  5-toothed AOROSTEMMA      2 

"     many-striate;  capsule  6-toothed SILENE  3 


CARYOPHYLLE^E.  31 


*  Sepals  distinct. 
>-  Stipules  none. 


Petalsentire  or  only  emarginate  {  «">.!<"«      8JJ 

H—  H—  Stipules  present,  scarious  or  setaceous. 
Petals  conspicnons    -I*-*  ••  "I 


n  j  leaves  flat,  not  pungent  .  .  .................  POLYCARPUM    10 

Petals  minute  or  0  |      „      rigid,  pungent  .........  .  ..................  IXEFLINGIA       11 

1.  YACCARIA,  Dodoens.  A  glabrous  glaucous  annual.  Calyx  syn- 
sepalous, pyramidal,  with  5  prominent  angles.  Petals  5,  unguiculate,  not 
appendaged.  Stamens  10.  Styles  2.  Capsule  ovate,  1-celled,  but  with 
rudimentary  partitions  at  base,  4-toothed  at  apex. 

1.  V.  VULGARIS,  Host,     Erect,  1  —  2  ft.  high,  simple  below,  cymose- 
paniculate  above:  leaves  cordate-ovate,  acute,  entire,  sessile:  petals  red; 
blade  obcordate;  claw  linear:  styles  short:  seeds  dark-colored.  —  An  Old 
World  weed  of  grain-fields. 

2.  AGROSTEMMA,    L.    (  CORN-COCKLE  ).     Tall    annual,    sparingly 
branched  above;  pubescent,  not  viscous.     Calyx  synsepalous,  tubular, 
coriaceous,  10-ribbed,  5-toothed.    Petals  5,  unguiculate.    Capsule  coria- 
ceous, 1-celled,  5-toothed. 

1.  A.  GITHAGO,  L.  Erect,  2  —  4  ft.  high,  soft-hirsute:  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  connate  at  base:  fi.  solitary  on  long  upright  peduncles:  calyx 
1^  in.  long,  the  linear  teeth  as  long  as  the  tube,  deciduous  from  the 
mature  fruit:  petals  purple,  not  equalling  the  calyx-teeth;  limb  broad, 
obtuse,  entire;  claw  un  appendaged.  —  A  weed  of  the  grain-fields,  not  yet 
common  in  California. 

3.  SILENE,  Lobel,  (CATGHFLT).    More  or  less  viscid  herbs.     Calyx 
synsepalous,  membranaceous,  striate,  5-toothed.     Petals  (usually  ves- 
pertine), commonly  with  cleft  limb  and  appendaged  claw.    Stamens  10. 
Styles  3.    Pod  dehiscent  at  summit  by  3  or  6  teeth. 

*  Annuals. 

1.  S.  antirrhina,  Linn.  Erect,  slender,  glabrous,  glandless  except  a 
viscid  belt  of  an  inch,  more  or  less,  in  the  middle  of  each  internode  of  the 
branches:  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  1  in.  long:  pedicels  erect:  mature 
calyx  oval,  3  lines  long,  the  teeth  short:  petals  red,  the  blade  emarginate, 
a  line  long;  crown  inconspicuous:  seeds  minutely  papillose.  —  In  sandy 
soil,  both  along  the  seaboard  and  in  the  interior.  March,  April. 


32  GARYOPHYLLE^:. 

2.  S.  GALLICA,  Linn.     Slender,  1  ft.  high,  sparingly  branched  or 
nearly  simple,  hirsute:  leaves  spatulate,  1 — \%  in.  long:  fl.  racemose  on 
very  short  pedicels,  rose-color:  petals  with  obovate  entire  blade  and  small 
appendages.— The  commonest  weed  of  fields  and  waysides;  the  small 
flowers  usually  forming  a  one-sided  spike  or  raceme;  the  petals  not 
withering  so  early  in  the  day  as  in  other  species.    Mar.— June. 

3.  S.  RACEMOSA,  Otto.    Stoutish,  rather  roughly  pubescent,  1^—2  ft. 
high,  dichotomously  racemose  from  near  the  base:  leaves  lanceolate:  fl. 
white,  fragrant,  %  in.  broad,  unilateral:   blade  of  petal  cuneate-obovate, 
deeply  bifid. — Occasional  in  fields  about  Berkeley;  flowers  pure  white, 
very  fragrant,  strictly  vespertine,  about  twice  as    large  as  those  of 
S.  Gallica  and  quite  showy. 

4.  S.  multinervis,  Wats.    Erect,  1  ft.  high,  pubescent  throughout, 
viscid-glandular    above  :     leaves    oblong-linear,    acute :     inflorescence 
cymose:  calyx  ovate,  5  lines  long,  conspicuously  20—25  nerved:  petals 
small,  purplish,  unappendaged,  not  exceeding  the  subulate  spreading 
calyx-teeth.— Mt.  Tamalpais  and  southward. 

*  *  Perennials. 

5.  S.  INFLATA,  Smith.    Bather  slender,  2  ft.  high,  glabrous:  leaves 
obovate  and  oblanceolate  to  lanceolate-acuminate:  cyme  dichotomous 
and  loose:  calyx  inflated,  ovoid,  with  deltoid  teeth,  the  nerves  fine  and 
numerous:  petals  large,  white,  bifid:  capsule  round-ovoid. — Naturalized 
about  Vallejo,  Mr.  Towle, 

6.  S.  Californica,  Durand.    Puberulent  and  more  or  less  glandular, 
4  in.  to  4  ft.  high,  simple  or  sparingly  branched  above :  leaves  ovate  to 
oblanceolate,  1^ — 4  in.  long,  acute  or  acuminate:  fl.  large,  on  short  pedi- 
cels: calyx  7 — 10  lines  long:  petals  scarlet,  deeply  parted,  the  segments 
bifid,  their  lobes  2 — 3-toothed  or  entire,  often  with  a  linear  lateral  tooth; 
appendages  oblong-lanceolate:  capsule  %  in.  long,  ovate,  short-stipitate. 
— Coast  hills. 

7.  S.  verecunda,  Wats.    Pubescent  and  viscid  throughout:  stems 
1^ — 1^  ft.  high,  erect  or  decumbent:  leaves  oblanceolate,  acute,  1—2  in. 
long:  fl.  few,  erect,  on  stoutish  pedicels  ^ — 1  in.  long:  calyx  oblong- 
cylindric,  %  in.  long;  teeth  triangular,  acutish:  petals  %  in.  long,  rose- 
color;  limb  bifid  to  the  middle;  lobes  linear,  the  inner  entire,  outer  com- 
monly with  a  tooth  near  the  base;  appendages  notched  at  apex;  claw 
narrowly  auricled :  capsule  oblong-ovate :  seeds  strongly  tubercled  on  the 
back.— San  Francisco  peninsula  from  near  the  Presidio  and  the  Mission 
Hills  to  Point  San  Pedro;  also  on  Mt.  Diablo. 

4.  CERASTITJM,  Dillen.  (MOT?SE-EAR  CHICKWEED).  Soft-pubescent 
and  slightly  clammy  low  herbs,  with  white  flowers  in  leafy-  or  scarious- 
bracted  dichotomous  cymes.  Sepals  5,  neither  carinate  nor  3-nerved. 


CARYOPHYLLE^E.  33 

Petals  5,  bifid  or  emarginate.  Stamens  10.  Styles  5,  rarely  4  or  3. 
Capsule  cyliDdric,  often  incurved,  thin  and  translucent,  1-celled,  oo  -seeded, 
dehiscent  at  apex  by  about  10  teeth.  Seeds  roundish -reniform. 

1.  C.  VISOOSUM,  L.  Annual,  soft  pubescent  and  somewhat  clammy,  the 
branches  erect  or  ascending  from  a  decumbent  base,  % — 1  ft.  high:  leaves 
ovate,  obovate,  or  oblong-spatulate,  % — 1  in.  long:  cymes  in  early  state 
rather  dense:  pedicels  even  in  fruit  only  2  lines  long;  the  calyx  as  long, 
the  sepals  acute :  petals  shorter  than  the  calyx :  capsule  nearly  straight, 
much  longer  than  the  calyx.  Common  weed  in  early  spring;  corolla  ex- 
panding only  in  sunshine. — Native  of  Europe.  Feb. — May. 

3.  C.  arvense,  L.    Perennial,  cespitose,  downy  with  reflexed  hairs,  the 
inflorescence  somewhat  viscid:  branches  4 — 8  in.  high:  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  4— 10  lines  long,  acutish:  cyme  contracted,  bearing  about  3 
flowers  (sometimes  5;   as  often  1  only),  the  branches  ascending,  often 
little  exceeding  the  pedicel  of  the  first  flower;  sepals  ovate-oblong, 
obtuse,  scarious-margined,  1% — 2  lines  long;  the  obcordate  petals  twice 
as  long:  capsule  little  exceeding  the  calyx. — San  Francisco,  and  in  Marin 
County.    March— June. 

4.  C.  pilosnm,  Ledeb.     Perennial,  erect,  stout,  more  or  less  densely 
pilose,  the  inflorescence  glandular- viscid :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  % — 1 
in.  long,  1—6  lines  broad,  acute,  almost  sheathing  at  base:  fl.  few,  large, 
in  a  terminal  leafless  cyme:  sepals  3 — 4  lines  long,  obtuse;  petals  longer: 
capsule  6 — 10  lines  long,  the  slender  teeth  at  length  circinate-revolule.—A. 
Siberian  and  Alaskan  species,  said  to  have  been  found  on  Point  Eeyes. 

5.  ALSINE,  Diosc.  (CHICKWEED).     Low  herbs  with  mostly  quadran- 
gular stems,  no  stipules,  and  small  axillary  and  solitary,  or  terminal  and 
cymose  white  flowers.     Flowers  as  in  Cerastium,  but  styles  usually  3 
only,  sometimes  2  or  4.     Capsule  globose  or  oblong,  cleft  below  the 
middle  into  twice  as  many  valves  as  there  are  styles. 

1.  A.  MEDIA,  Camerarius  (1558).     Weak,  procumbent,  rooting  at  the 
lower  joints;  stems  marked  by  a  pubescent  line:  leaves  ovate,  % — %  in. 
long,  on  slender  petioles,  or  the  upper  sessile:  floral  bracts  foliaceous; 
pedicels  slender,  deflexed  in  fruit:  calyx  pubescent:  stamens  3—10:  cap- 
sule oblong-ovate,  2—3  lines  long,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  calyx. — A 
very  common  weed  of  shady  places.    Dec. — June. 

2.  A.  iiilens  (Nutt).    Stems  almost  capillary,  diffuse,  sparingly  leafy, 
3—6  in.  high,  the  whole  plant  very  glabrous  and  shining,  or  with  a  slight 
pubescence  below:   leaves  lanceolate,  % — ^  in.  long,  acute,  the  lower 
short-petiolate :  fl.  erect,  on  short  pedicels,  in  a  very  lax  bractless  cyme: 
sepals  3-nerved,  narrow,  acuminate,  2  lines  long :  petals  deeply  bifid,  only 
half  as  long,  sometimes  0;  capsule  oblong,  shorter  than  the  calyx. — Very 
common,  yet  so  delicate  and  inconspicuous  as  to  be  easily  overlooked. 


34  GARYOPHYLLEJE. 

3.  A.  littoralis  (Torr.)    Pubescent,  ascending,  stoutish,  1  ft.  high: 
leaves  1  in.  long,  ovate,  acute,  rounded  at  base,  rather  thick:  fl.  in  a  ter- 
minal compound  cyme :  sepals  lanceolate,  acute,  3  lines  long,  obscurely 
3-nerved,  shorter  than  the  2-parted  petals:  capsule  included  within  the 
calyx. — Point  Reyes  and  Point  Lobos. 

6.  AREXARIA,  Chabrseus  (SANDWORT).  Mostly  low  tufted  herbs 
with  sessile  often  rigid  leaves  and  no  stipules;  flowers  white,  cymose- 
panicled.  Sepals  5  or  4.  Petals  as  many,  entire,  emarginate,  or  0. 
Styles  3,  opposite  as  many  sepals.  Capsule  globose  or  ovoid,  dehiscent 
into  as  many  entire,  2-cleft,  or  2-parted  valves  as  there  are  styles.  Seed 
reniform-globose,  or  laterally  compressed. 

*  Low  annuals;  cymes  foliaceous-br acted;  valves  of  capsule  3,  entire. 

4.  A.  Donglasii  (Fenzl),  Torr.  &  Gray.      Sparsely  pubescent  with 
spreading  gland-tipped  hairs,  or  glabrous,  slender,  branching,  3—12  in. 
high:  leaves  filiform,  % — 1^  in.  long,  ascending  or  spreading,  slightly 
connate  at  base :  fl.  large,  on  long  slender  pedicels :  sepals  oblong-ovate, 
acute,  \y2  lines  long,  1—3  nerved:  petals  obovate,  2  lines  long  or  more: 
capsule  globose,  equalling  the  calyx:  seeds  large,  smooth,  compressed 
and  acutely  angled.— On  stony  hill- tops  and  sandy  or  gravelly  plains. 
March — May. 

5.  A.  Califomica,  Brewer.     Glabrous,  very  slender,  2—3  in.  high: 
leaves  lanceolate,  obtusish,  1 — 2  lines  long:  fl.  small,  on  slender  pedicels: 
sepals  oblong-ovate,  acute,  3-nerved.  1 — 1^  lines  long;  petals  spatulate, 
2  lines:  capsule  oblong,  as  long  as  the  calyx:  seeds  small,  sharply  muri- 
culate.— Napa  and  Livermore  valleys.     April,  May. 

6.  A.  palustris  (Kell.),  Wats.    Glabrous,  flaccid,  decumbent,  leafy 
throughout,  ^ — 2  ft.  high:  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  % — 1  in.  long: 
fl.  few,  large,  long-pedicelled:  sepals  elliptic,  obtuse  or  acutish,  nerve- 
less, herbaceous,  but  with  a  narrow  scarious  margin,  1J^ — 2  lines  long: 
petals  oblong,  twice  longer:  capsule  oblong,  shorter  than  the  calyx: 
seeds  numerous. — Dr.  Kellogg,  writing  of    this  from    San  Francisco 
almost  thirty  years  ago,  says :  "A  plant  very  abundant  in  swamps  in  this 
vicinity,  known  to  us  for  the  last  ten  years."    Probably  now  extinct. 

#  *  Perennials;  valves  of  capsule  bifid. 

1.  A.  macrophyila,  Hook.  Stems  low,  ascending  from  running  root- 
stocks,  mostly  simple,  leafy,  puberulent  above:  leaves  in  3  or  4  pairs, 
lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  1—2  in.  long,  thin  and  flaccid:  fl.  few,  on 
slender  pedicels:  sepals  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  l^--2^  lines  long, 
1-nerved,  longer  than  the  obtuse  petals:  capsule  ovoid,  nearly  equalling 
the  calyx:  seeds  few,  large,  smooth.— Shady  northward  slopes  of  ML 
Diablo,  Mt.  Hamilton,  etc. 


CARYOPHYLLE^.  35 

7.  ALSItfELLA,    Dillen.    (PEABLWORT).      Diminutive    herbs    with 
subulate  or  filiform  exstipulate  leaves,  and  minute  long-pedicelled  often 
apetalous  flowers.     Sepals  4  or  5,  commonly  rotate-spreading  in  fruit. 
Petals  when  present  as  many,  entire  or  emarginate.     Styles  4  or  5.     Cap- 
sule 1-celled,  oc  -seeded,  dehiscent  to  the  base  into  as  many  entire  valves 
as  there  are  styles:  the  valves  alternate  with  the  sepals. 

1.  A.  occidentalis  (Wats.),  Greene.     Annual,  glabrous  or  nearly  so, 
almost  capillary,  decumbent  at  base  or  ascending,  1 — 6  in.  high:  leaves 
in  pairs  (none  fascicled),  slightly  connate,  acute,  %—%  in.  long:   fl. 
5-merous,  on  long  pedicels,  these  erect  in  fruit:  sepals  1  line  long:  petals 
nearly  as  long:  stamens  10:  capsule  exceeding  the  calyx. — Very  common. 
March — May. 

2.  A.  crassicaulis  (Wats.),  Greene.    Perennial,  stoutish  and  succulent, 
decumbent:  leaves  broadly  linear,  acute,  2—6  lines  long,  scarious  and 
connate  at  base:  pedicels  4—8  lines  long;  fl.  erect  or  nodding,  large, 
the  sepals  more  than  a  line  long.;  petals  smaller:  styles  very  short: 
capsule  ovate,  scarcely  exserted  from  the  closed  fruiting  calyx. — A  little 
known  species  found  at  Dillon's  Beach,  Marin  Co. 

8.  SPERGrULA,  Dodoens  (COBN-SPUBBEY).    Herbs  with  linear  and 
apparently  whorled  leaves;  the  opposite  pair  (subtended  by  a  pair  of 
scarious  stipular  scales)  being  augmented  by  several  crowded  and  spread- 
ing fascicled  ones  of  nearly  their  own  size  which  along  with  them  seem 
to  form  a  verticil.     Flowers  perfectly  symmetrical  (stamens  10  or  5);  the 
5  styles  alternate  with  the  sepals,  the  5  valves  of  the  capsule  opposite  the 
sepals.     Petals  entire.     Seeds  acutely  margined  or  winged. 

1.  S.  ABVENSIS,  L.  Glabrous  or  pilose-pubescent  and  slightly  clammy, 
1—2  ft.  high,  simple  or  with  many  decumbent  basal  branches:  leaves 
almost  filiform,  1 — 2  in.  long.:  cyme  terminal,  ample,  dichotomous,  the 
long  pedicels  nodding  after  flowering,  but  erect  in  flower  and  again  when 
the  capsule  is  mature :  sepals  oblong  or  ovate,  2 — 3  lines  long,  the  white 
petals  rather  long,  unfolding  only  in  sunshine:  capsule  ovoid:  seeds 
acutely  margined.— In  fields  and  by  waysides  everywhere.  Jan.— Sept. 

9.  TISSA,  Adanson  (SAND  SPUBBEY).    More  or  less  succulent  herbs 
of  maritime  districts  or  subsaline  plains  inland.     Leaves  linear  or  sub- 
ulate, with    scarious ;  stipules.      Flowers  arranged    dichotomously  or 
unilaterally.    Sepals  5.    Petals  5,  entire  (sometimes  fewer  than  5  or  even 
0).      Stamens  2—10.     Styles  3,  rarely  5.      Capsule  3-valved.      Seeds 
winged  or  wingless.    Embryo  annular. 

*  Perennials  with  fusiform  fleshy  roots. 
Jr—  Internodes  not  short  (about  1  in.);  fascicled  leaves  few. 

1.  T.  macrotheca  (Hornem.),  Britt.  Stems  ascending,  stoutish, 
terete,  often  1  ft.  high;  whole  herbage  deep  green  and  rather  densely 


36  CARYOPHYLLE.E. 

rise  id-pubescent:  leaves  semiterete,  linear-subulate,  acute,  dften  longer 
than  the  internodes  (1 — 2  in.);  stipules  ovate-triangular,  2  lines  long: 
pedicels  %  in.  long  or  more,  subtended  by  leafy  bracts  often  nearly  as 
long:  sepals  %  in.  long,  with  narrow  scarious  margins:  petals  as  long, 
lilac :  capsule  ovoid,  about  equalling  the  calyx :  seeds  triquetrous-obovate, 
smooth,  dark-brown,  with  a  very  narrow  or  sometimes  obsolete  scarious 
wing. — Maritime  only,  and  common  in  sandy  soil  along  the  borders  of 
salt  marshes.  April — Dec. 

3.  T.  lencantha,  Greene.  Habit  of  the  preceding,  but  glabrous  ex- 
cept a  glandular  pubescence  on  the  more  ample  and  loosely  dichotomous 
inflorescence;  branches  more  or  less  distinctly  quadrangular:  leaves 
linear,  acute,  little  exceeding  the  internodes  (1  in.  or.  more);  stipules 
deltoid-ovate,  acuminate,  2—3  lines  long:  pedicels  1  in.  long  or  more,  at 
length  abruptly  deflexed,  subtended  by  reduced  and  linear-subulate 
bracts:  sepals  2 — 3  lines  long,  with  broad  scarious  margins:  corolla  %  in. 
broad  or  more,  pure  white:  filaments  broadly  subulate  and  almost  peta- 
loid:  apex  of  capsule  exserted,  distinctly  triquetrous:  seed  brown,  smooth, 
of  round-obovate  outline  and  with  a  broad  scarious  wing. — Confined  to 
clayey  subsaline  or  alkaline  plains  of  the  interior;  plentiful  on  the  east- 
ern side  of  the  Livermore  Valley.  March — May. 

H—  -i—  Internodes  short;  axillary  leaf-fascicles  conspicuous. 

3.  T.  palUda,  Greene.    Prostrate,  diffusely   branching  and  densely 
cespitose,  the  geniculate  stems  stoutish  below,  often  naked  an cf  appearing 
suffrutescent;  herbage  pale,  densely  pubescent  and  very  viscid:  primary 
leaves  oblong-linear,  very   acute,   }&  in.   long  or  more;   those  of  the 
fascicles  shorter  and  relatively  broader;  stipules  ovate-acuminate,  often 
4 — 5  lines  long:  fl.  either  scattered  singly  on  short  branchlets,  or  in  re- 
diiced  terminal  cymes:  pedicels  %  in.  long:  calyx  %  in-  long:  petals  lilac: 
capsule  equalling  the  calyx:  seeds  obliquely  orbicular,  light  brown,  very 
smooth,  broadly  margined. — On  high  and  dry  clayey  bluffs  overhanging 
the  ocean  in  San  Francisco  Co.,  also  in  Marin.    April — July. 

4.  T.  Cleveland,  Greene.    Prostrate,  slender,  very  diffuse,  forming 
deep  green  mats  % — lj£ft.  broad;  herbage  pubescent  but  only  slightly 
viscid:  leaves  narrowly  linear,  the  fascicled  ones  subulate,  all  equalling 
or  exceeding  the  internodes:  fl.  in  terminal  cymes  only,  small  (^  in, 
broad),  pure  white.— Only  on  high  and  dry  sandy  ground,  back  from  the 
sea-bluffs.     April — June. 

*  *  Annuals;  flowers  usually  lilac  or  lavender-color. 

5.  T.  RUBRA.  (L.),  Britt.     Stems  slender,  terete,  prostrate,  a  few  inches 
long,  glabrous  below,  pubescent  and  more  or  less  glandular  above; 


CARYOPHYLLE.E.  37 

leaves  narro.wly  linear  or  subulate,  acute  or  mucronate,  }£—  %  in.  long; 
stipules  lanceolate,  acuminate,  1—2  lines  long:  pedicels  slender,  2—3 
lines  long:  sepals  oblong,  obtuse,  scarious-margined :  petals  reddish, 
about  equalling  the  sepals:  capsule  ovate,  obtuse,  not  exserted:  seeds 
brownish,  tuberculate,  wingless,  triquetrous-obovate,  with  a  marginal 
elevation. — Roadsides;  frequent,  and  sometimes  perennial.  April— Oct. 

6.  T.  marina   (Wahlb.),  Britt.    Boot  thickish,  not  much  branched, 
sometimes  perennial:  stems  ascending,  3 — 8  in.  high,  somewhat  com- 
pressed or  angular,  glabrous  or  somewhat  glandular-pubescent:  leaves 
semiterete,  narrowly  linear,  acute,  light  green,  glabrate,  seldom  exceeding 
the  internodes;    stipules    broadly  ovate,   abruptly   acuminate :    cymes 
scarcely  leafy:  pedicels  about  twice  as  long  as  the  capsules:  sepals  acute 
or  acuminate,  with  a  broad  or   narrow  scarious  margin :  petals  broadly 
ovate,  obtuse,  scarcely  equalling  the  sepals,  whitish  or  pale  rose-color: 
capsule  ovate,  obtuse,  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx :  seeds  orbicular, 
with  an  elevated  margin,  reddish-brown,  smooth,  winged  or  wingless. — 
Common  and  variable,  occurring  mostly  near  the  sea. 

7.  T.  salina  (Presl.),  Britt.     Roots  slender  and  tufted,  simple  or 
much  branched:  stems  6  in.  high,  much  branched,  usually  ascending, 
rarely  divaricate  and  prostrate:  herbage  glabrous  or  pubescent:  leaves 
flat,  linear-filiform,  obtuse  or  acutish,  glabrous,  light  or  livid  green,  sel- 
dom longer  than  the  internodes;  stipules  broadly  ovate,  short-acuminate, 
not  shining:  pedicels  leafy-bracted,  or  the  upper  bractless,  none  of  them 
longer  than  the  capsules:  sepals  oblong  or  oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  scar- 
ious-margined: capsule  acute,  much  longer  than  the  calyx:  seeds  round- 
obovale,  tuberculate  or  muriculate,  the  marginal  elevation  distinct;  hyaline 
wing  narrow  or  wanting.    Var.   sordid  a,    Greene.     Stems  ascending; 
herbage  very  viscid  and  hairy;  fl.  in  unilateral  leafless  racemes:  seeds 
nearly  black,  sharply  muriculate,  wingless.     Var.   Saufortli,   Greene. 
Stems  erect  repeatedly  dichotomous:  herbage  scarcely  viscid  and  only 
slightly  pubescent:  inflorescence  partly  dichotomous,  only  the  ultimate 
branchlets  unilaterally1  racemose:    seeds  dark  brown,  nearly  smooth, 
wingless. — Common  on  the  seaboard.     The  first  variety  is  very  abundant 
in  low  rich  soil  above  the  salt  marshes  on  the  "  Island,"  near  Alameda. 
The  second  belongs  to  the  plains  in  the  interior.     March — May. 

9.  T.  tennis,  Greene.  Slender,  prostrate,  very  diffuse,  the  whole 
plant  1  ft.  broad,  glabrous,  or  the  inflorescence  sparsely  glandular- 
pubescent:  leaves  linear-filiform,  1  in.  long,  equalling  the  internodes; 
stipules  broader  than  long,  acute,  but  small  and  inconspicuous:  fl.  very 
numerous,  crowded  and  often  subsessile  on  the  countless  dichotomous- 
cymose  branchlets,  apetalous:  stamens  2:  capsule  triquetrous,  acute,  more 
than  twice  the  length  of  the  oblong  obtuse  scarious-margined  sepals:  seeds 
reddish  brown,  obliquely  obovate,  compressed,  smooth,  margined,  wing- 
less.— Alameda. 


38  CARYOPHYLLE.E. 

10.  POLYCARPON,  Lwfling.    Low  annuals,  diffusely  dichotomous, 
with  flat  leaves,  small  scarious  stipules  and  minute  cymose  flowers. 
Sepals  5,  carinate-concave.    Petals  5,  minute,  hyaline.    Stamens  3—5. 
Ovary  1-celled;  style  short,  3-cleft.     Capsule  3-valved,  several-seeded. 

1.  P.  TETBAPHYLLUM,  Linn.  Branched  from  the  base  and  depressed, 
the  branches  3—7  in.  long:  leaves  %  in.  long,  obovate,  short-petiolate, 
the  lower  pairs  with  a  second  rather  smaller  pair  at  right  angles  to  them 
so  as  to  appear  whorled:  stipules  triangular-lanceolate:  cymes  many- 
flowered,  dense,  the  small  flowers  short-pedicelled :  sepals  green  or  pur- 
plish, scarious-margined:  petals  scarious,  shorter  than  the  sepals:  cap- 
sule about  equalling  the  calyx:  seeds  yellowish  brown,  semiorbicular, 
compressed,  with  a  sharp  muriculation  disposed  in  irregular  striae. — Nat- 
uralized in  Napa  and  Solano  counties.  Bioktli,  Jepson. 

11.  LCEFLINGIA,  Linn.     Low   much  branched  rather    rigid    and 
pungent-leaved  annuals;  the  leaves  with  adnate  and  connate  setaceous 
stipules.    Flowers  small,  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  and  branches. 
Sepals  5,  rigid,  cariuate.    Petals  minute  or  0.     Stamens  3—5.     Ovary 
1-celled;  style  very  short  or  0.    Capsule  3-valved,  several-seeded. 

1.  L.  sqnarrosa,  Nutt.  The  numerous  prostrate  or  erect-spreading 
branches  2 — 6  in.  long;  herbage  glandular-pubescent:  leaves  and  sepals 
subulate-setaceous,  rigid  and  recurved,  the  leaves  2—3  lines  long,  the 
sepals  somewhat  shorter:  capsule  elongated,  triquetrous,  at  length  ex- 
serted,  oo  -seeded. — Plains  of  the  lower  San  Joaquin,  and  Sacramento. 

OEDEB  XIII.     FRANKENIACE/E. 
An  order  embracing  scarcely  more  than  the  genus 

FRANCA,  Micheli.  Herbs  or  undershrubs  with  opposite  entire  small 
exstipulate  leaves  usually  sessile  and  even  united  at  base  by  a  slight 
membranous  continuation  of  the  blade.  Fl.  small,  solitary  and  sessile 
in  the  axils  of  the  very  numerous  branches  and  branchlets,  usually 
5-merous  and  complete.  Calyx  tubular,  furrowed;  the  lobes  valvate  and 
induplicate  in  bud.  Petals  hypogynous,  narrowed  to  a  claw  which  bears 
an  appendage  on  its  inner  face.  Style  cleft  into  2 — 4  filiform  divisions; 
ovary  1-celled.  Capsule 'in vested  by  the  persistent  calyx;  the  few  seeds 
attached  to  the  margins  of  the  2 — 4  valves. 

1.  F.  graudifolia  (Esch.).  Somewhat  woody  at  base,  erect,  much 
branched  and  slender,  % — 1  ft.  high,  glabrous  or  soft-pubescent,  very 
leafy:  leaves  obovate  to  narrowly  oblanceolate,  revolute,  %—%  in-  l°ng» 
of  a  dull  green:  calyx  linear,  }^  in.  long,  strongly  furrowed,  the  lobes 
short,  acute :  petals  small,  red,  the  blade  1  line  long  or  more,  erose  at 
summit,  the  appendage  of  the  claw  bifid:  stamens  4—7:  style  3-cleft: 
capsule  shorter  than  the  calyx,  linear,  angiilar:  seeds  numerous. — A 
homely  plant  of  the  salt  marshes  along  the  seaboard. 


ILLECEBKE^.  39 

OKDEBXIV.    ILLECEBRE/E. 

Differing  from  the  Caryophyllese  only  in  having  a  1-seeded  and  utric- 
Ular  fruit. 

1.  PAROXYCHIA,  Clusius.  Herbs  with  opposite  entire  leaves  and  a 
pair  of  scarious  stipules  at  each  node;  flowers  (in  ours)  clustered  in  the 
axils.  Sepals  5,  imbricate,  somewhat  cucullate  under  the  apex  and  aris- 
tate  or  mucronate  at  the  very  tip.  Stamens  5  or  fewer,  inserted  on  the 
base  of  the  sepals,  these  often  slightly  united.  Petals  represented  by  5 
small  setiform  organs  alternating  with  the  stamens.  Ovary  1-celled, 
1-ovuled;  ovule  attached  by  a  slender  basal  funicnlus,  ascending  or  sub- 
pendulous.  Utricle  enclosed  in  the  persistent  calyx,  at  length  bursting 
longitudinally.  Seed  smooth.  Embryo  annular. 

1.  P.  Cliileusis,  DC.     Perennial,  diffuse,  cespitose,  the  tough  and 
pliable  short- jointed  stems  suff rutescent :  leaves  oblong-linear,  1% — 3 
lines  long,  membranaceous,  pungent  at  tip,  minutely  appressed  pubes- 
cent; stipules  thin-hyaline,  ovate-lanceolate,  1 — 2  lines  long:  fl.  few  in 
the  axils,  very  shortly  pedicelled :  calyx  scarcely  %  line  long,  purplish; 
sepals  spinulose- tipped  and  only  slightly  cucullate:  seed  reddish-brown. 
Frequent  on  grassy  hillsides  and  summits  at  the  Presidio;  evidently 
indigenous;  otherwise  known  only  as  South  American. 

2.  HERMARIA,  Dodoens.     Differing  from  Paronychia  in  habit,  and 
in  that  the  sepals  are  united  at  base. 

1.  H.  CINEREA,  DO.  Annual,  slender,  parted  from  the  base  into  a  few 
ascending  branches,  these  with  many  short  distichous  branchlets;  herb- 
age canescent  with  setulose  straight  or  uncinate-tipped  hairs:  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  sessile,  1—2  lines  long;  stipules  hyaline,  minute, 
broadly  ovate :  fl.  crowded,  sessile,  .minute,  the  calyx  ^  line  long :  seed 
black,  smooth  and  lustrous. — Eastern  base  of  Mt  Diablo;  native  of  S. 
Europe.  (Paronychia  pusilla  of  Fl.  Fr.)  April. 

3.  PENTACJSNA,   Bartling.      Perennials  of    cespitose    habit,  with 
alternate  subulate  rigid  and  pungent  leaves,  silvery -hyaline  stipules,  and 
sessile  flowers  clustered  in  the  axils.     Sepals  5,  united  at  base,  very 
unequal,  cucullate,  the  3  outer  large  and  with  a  stout  divergent  terminal 
spine,  the  2  inner  much  smaller  and  with  but  a  short  awn.    Petals 
minute,  scale-like.    Stamens  3—5:  staminodia  0.     Style  very  short,  bifid. 
Utricle  enclosed  in  the  rigid  persistent  calyx.     Embryo  curved. 

1.  P.  ramosissima  (Weinm.),  Hook.  &  Am.  Stems  prostrate,  form- 
ing mats  5  in.  to  2  ft.  broad,  woolly-pubescent:  leaves  3—5  lines  long, 
squarrose  when  old;  stipules  lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  leaves,  1 -nerved: 
calyx-tube  nearly  a  line  long,  the  divergent  outer  lobes  2  lines:  utricle 
apiculate. — On  sandy  plains  and  dry  gravelly  hilltops  toward  the  sea 
throughout  our  district. 


40  POLYGONE^. 

OBDEB  XV.     POLYGONExE. 

Herbs,  or  rarely  shrubs,  with  alternate  or  whorled  leaves  of  revolute 
vernation;  stipules  when  present  cohering  around  the  stem  and  forming 
a  sheath.  Inflorescence  various,  but  commonly  racemose  and  terminal. 
Calyx  of  4—9  nearly  or  quite  distinct  sepals,  often  colored  and  petaloid, 
persistent.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  sepals,  or  fewer,  perigynous.  Styles 
2 — 4,  distinct  or  somewhat  connate,  opposite  the  angles  of  the  lenticular 
or  triquetrous  1-ovuled  ovary.  Fruit  a  compressed  or  triquetrous 
achene.  Seed  erect;  embryo  straight,  in  the  midst  of  a  farinaceous  albu- 
men, or  curved  around  it. 

Leaves  alternate,  stipulate: 

Sepals  4  —6,  equal,  appressed  to  the  achene POLYGONUM  1 

the  outer  smaller RUMEX  2 

Perianth  tabular  below,  ti-lo bed  above VIBO  3 

Leaves  often  verticillate,  exstipulate: 
Involucre  tubular  or  campanulate,with  4—8  ) 

teeth >•  achenes  triquetrous ERIOGONUM  4 

)                lenticular OXYTHECA  5 

with  3—8  cuspidate  teeth CHORIZANTHE  6 

Involucre  2-lobed,  1-flowered PTEROSTEQIA  7 

1.  POLYGONUM,  Columna.  Herbs  or  undershrubs  with  alternate 
entire  leaves  and  sheathing  stipules.  Flowers  small,  in  axillary  fascicles 
or  terminal  spikes  or  racemes.  Perianth  of  5  or  6  nearly  distinct  often 
colored  and  petaloid  sepals.  Petals  0.  Stamens  4 — 9,  commonly  in  2 
sets  or  circles.  Styles  2  or  3,  distinct,  or  connate  below,  often  very 
short;  stigmas  capitate.  Fruit  a  triangular  or  lenticular  achene,  usually 
closely  invested  by  the  persistent  perianth. 

*  Leaves  jointed  upon  a   short  petiole  adnate  to  the  2-lobed  or   lacerate 

sheath,'  flowers  axillary  to  leaves  or  bracts;  filaments  of  the  3 

inner  stamens  broad  at  base;  achenes  triquetrous. 

•H-  Glabrous  and  su/rutescent;  sheaths  conspicuous;  sepals  colored. 

1.  P.  Paronychia,  Ch.  &  Schl.    Stems  stoutish,  ascending  or  pros- 
trate, 1 — 2  ft.  long,  leafy  above,  below  clothed  with  the  scarious  sheaths, 
these  %  in.  long,  brownish  and  5  nerved  below,  lacerate  above:  leaves 
sub-coriaceous,  1  in.  long,  linear-lanceolate,  revolute:  fl.  densely  crowded 
at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  the  spikes  more  or  less   leafy-bracted  i 
perianth  white  or  rose-color  veined  with  green  or  brown,  %  in.  long: 
achene  2  lines  long,  smooth  and  shining. — In  sandy  soil  near  the  sea; 
flowering  almost  all  the  year  through. 

2.  P.  Bolanderi,  Brew.    Stems  slender,  tufted  and  strictly  erect, 
^—2  ft.  high:  sheaths  much  shorter  than  the  nodes,  herbaceous  below, 
scarious  and  lacerate  above,  persistent:  leaves  narrowly  linear  or  sub- 
ulate, acute  or  cuspidate,  }£ — ^  in.  long,  not  revolute:  fl.  solitary  or  few 


POLYGONE^.  41 

in  the  axils  of  short  leafy  branchlets,  each  involucrate  with  a  sheath-like 
scarious  bract  on  the  joint  of  the  short  pedicel:  sepals  1^  lines  long, 
rose-color  or  white,  slightly  spreading. — Plentiful  near  the  Soda  Springs 
above  Napa;  also  in  Sonoma  Co.  Aug. — Oct. 

•»—  -H-  Annuals,  with  striate  stems  andless  conspicuous  sheaths;  branches 
leafy  to  the  summit,  floriferous  throughout. 

3.  P.  AVIOULAKE,  L.     Stoutish,  much  branched,  prostrate,  the  branches 
1—3  ft.  long:  herbage  glabrous,  bluish-green:  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate, 
acutish,  % — 2}£  in.  long:  fl.  on  very  short  pedicels:  sepals  1  line  long, 
green,  with  white  or  rose-colored  margin:  achene  broadly  ovate,  1  line 
long  or  less,  dull  black  and  minutely  granular. — A  prevalent  weed  in 
summer  fields  and  vineyards.    April — Oct. 

4.  P.   coarctatum,   Dougl.    Erect,  freely  branching,  the  herbage 
more  or  less  scabro-puberulent  throughout:  leaves  firm  in  texture,  acute: 
fl.  spicate-crowded  and  on  erect  pedicels :  sepals  rose-color  or  white  with 
only  a  broad  midvein  of  green :  achenes  very  minutely  punctate  toward 
the  apex. — Petrified  Forest,  Sonoma  Co.    July — Sept. 

*  *  Leaves  not  jointed  with  the  petiole,  striately  3-nerved;  sheaths  2-lobed 

orfimbriate;  stamens  8,  the  inner  3  scarcely  dilated. 

5.  P.  Californicum,  Meisn.    Erect,  slender,  3—6  in.  high,  panicled- 
spicate,  the  stem  and  branches  glabrous,  dark  brown:  leaves  rigid,  linear 
or  filiform,  %— \%  in.  long,  pungently  acute :  spikes  very  slender,  elon- 
gated, the  subulate  bracts  1 — 2  lines  long;  sheaths  1  line  long,  deeply 
lacerate-f ringed,  nearly  equalling  the  pale  rose-colored  flowers:  achene 
narrow,  slightly  exposed;  styles  slightly  divergent. — Valleys  and  dry 
hills  of  the  interior,  near  Napa,  etc.  •  July — Sept. 

*  *  *  Leaves  not  jointed,  more  ample,  pinnately  veined;   sheaths  cylin- 

drical, oblique  or  truncate;  fl.  in  dense  spikes  or  loose  cymelets; 

stamens  4—8,  all  the  filaments  filiform;  styles  deciduous, 

often  only  2  and  the  achene  lenticular. 

•}—  Weedy  annuals  of  fields  and  gardens. 

6.  P.  nodosum,  Pers.     Stoutish,  erect  or  ascending,  1 — 4  ft.  high, 
freely  branching,  glabrous  except  the  rough  glandular  peduncles,  and 
scabrous    leaf-margins   and  veins  beneath;  stem  often  purple-dotted 
throughout:  leaves  lanceolate,  2—5  in.  long,  acuminate,  short-petioled ; 
sheaths  naked  in  age,  glandular-ciliolate  when  young:   spikes  linear, 
usually  drooping,  1  in.  long  or  more:  fl.  white  or  pale  rose,  1  line  long: 
stamens  6:  styles  2:  achene  lenticular,  ovate. — Very  common  in  culti- 
vated lands,  preferring  moist  places.     July — Oct. 


42  POLYGONE^E. 

7.  P.  Persicaria,  L.    Much  like  the  last  but  the  sheaths  and  bracts 
conspicuously  ciliate:   leaves  less  acuminate,  subsessile:  spikes  shorter 
and  erect:  fl.  rose-color:  achenes  often  triquetrous. — Not  common. 

•»—  -i—  Perennials,  either  aquatic  or  of  wet  places. 

8.  P.  acre,  HBK.     Decumbent,  rooting  at  the  lower  joints,  2 — 5  ft. 
high;  herbage  light  green,  pellucid-punctate  and  acrid,  glabrous  or  a  little 
scabrous:   leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  short-petioled;    sheaths  bristly- 
ciliate:  spikes  narrow  and  lax,  1—3  in.  long,  erect:  sepals  greenish  and 
glandular-dotted,  1  line  long:  stamens  8:  achene  commonly  triquetrous. 
—Very  common  in  marshy  places,  along  streamlets,  etc.    June— Nov. 

9.  P.  Hartwrightii,  Gray.    Stems  stout  and  simple,  rooting  at  the 
decumbent  base,  above  equably  leafy  to  the  summit;  herbage  more  or 
less  strigose-hirsute :  leaves  broadly  lanceolate,  acute,  2 — 7  in.  long,  on 
very  short  petioles;  stipules  with  an  abruptly  spreading  foliaceous  bor- 
der: fl.  rose-red,  in  a  dense  ovate  or  oblong  terminal  spike:  stamens  5: 
style  2-cleft:  achene  lenticular. — In  low  ground;  not  common. 

10.  P.   Mnhlenbergii,  Wats.    Stoutish,  erect,  2—3  ft.  high,  leafy 
throughout;  scabrous  with  short  appressed  or  glandular  hairs,  with  more 
or  less  of  a  softer  pubescence:  leaves  broadly  lanceolate,  narrowly  acumi- 
nate, 4—7  in.  long,  on  petioles  of  nearly  1  in. ;  sheaths  with  no  spreading 
margin:  spikes  1  or  2,  elongated  and  narrow,  1 — 3  in.  long:  fl.  and  fr.  as 
in  the  last. — Shore  of  the  lakelet  in  front  of  the  U.  S.  Marine  Hospital, 
San  Francisco;  rare  in  California. 

11.  P.  a  in  phi  hi  u  in .  L.  Aquatic  and  with  floating  leaves,  or  geniculate 
and  rooting  in  the  mud  along  the  shores  of  ponds  and  lakes;  herbage 
glabrous  or  nearly  so:    leaves  elliptical  or  oblong,  obtuse  or  acutish,  very 
smooth  and  shining  above,  2 — 5  in.  long,  on  petioles  half  as  long:  spike 
mostly  solitary,  dense,  ovate  or  oblong,  1 — 1^  in.  long:  fl.  rose-color:  fr. 
lenticular. — Common  in  mountain  lakes. 

*  *  *  *  Twining  or  climbing  annuals  with  broad  leaves,  and  flowers  in  loose 
axillary  panicles  or  racemes;  achenes  triquetrous. 

12.  P.  CONVOLVULUS,  L.     Twining  or  trailing,  1—3  ft.  high,  minutely 
scabrous:  leaves  1—2  in.  long,  hastate-cordate,  acuminate:  fl.  in  axillary 

'interrupted  racemes:  fruiting  perianth  1^—2  lines  long,  equalling  the 
somewhat  opaque  granulate -striate  achene. — A  weed  in  cultivated  lands; 
native  of  Europe,  not  yet  prevalent  in  California,  but  already  met  with 
near  Berkeley.  July— Sept. 

2.  RUMEX,  Pliny  (DooK.  SORREL).  Coarse  perennials  (rarely 
annual  or  biennial),  with  leafy  stems,  and  cylindrical  obliquely  truncate 
scarious  stipules;  the  small  green  or  reddish  perfect  or  unisexual  flowers 
fascicled  or  verticillate,  forming  panicled  racemes.  Perianth  of  6  nearly 


POLYGONE^E.  43 

or  quite  distinct  sepals;  the  outer  herbaceous,  spreading  or  reflexed; 
inner  larger,  in  some  becoming  greatly  enlarged  in  fruit,  appressed  to 
the  3-angled  achene.  Stamens  6;  filaments  very  short.  Styles  3  (or  2); 
stigmas  tufted.  Embryo  lateral,  slender,  slightly  curved. 

*  Fl.  perfect  or  polygamous;  valves  accrescent,  often  with  a  grain-like  pro- 
tuberance on  the  back;  leaves  elongated,  never  hastate,  pinnately 
many-veined;   herbage  scarcely  acidulous. 

•K-  Valves  small  (2  lines,  more  or  less),  one  or  more  of  Ihem  grain-bearing. 
•M-  Valves  with  slender  awned  teeth;  herbage  pubescent  or  scabrous. 

1.  B.  OBTUSIFOLIUS,  L.    Tall  (3— 5  ft.),  slender,  somewhat  scabrous: 
radical  leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  cordate  or  truncate  at  base,  long-petioled, 
the  blade  6—15  in.  long:   fl.  in  loose  whorls,  on  long  pedicels,  these 
jointed  below  the  middle:  valves  ovate-deltoid,  2—3  lines  long,  with  1—3 
setaceous  teeth  on  each  side,  usually  only  one  valve  grain-bearing. — 
Naturalized,  but  rather  sparingly,  and  in  low  lands  only. 

2.  E.  PULCHEB,  L.     Erect,  2—3  ft.  high,  with  rigid  branches  divari- 
cately and  widely  spreading:  leaves  scabrous  beneath,  the  radical  oblong 
or  lanceolate  (sometimes  panduriform),  acute,  at  base  cordate  or  obtuse : 
fl.  on  short  stout  rigid  pedicels:  valves  ovate,  2—3  lines  long,  with  4 — 6 
rigidly  awned  teeth  on  each  side. — Very  abundant  by  way-sides. 

3.  K.  polygonoides,  L.    Low  (about  1  ft.),  erect,  stout,  from  an 
annual  or  biennial  root:  herbage  minutely  pubescent  and  of  a  pale  or 
yellowish  green :  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  the  margin  somewhat  crisped 
or  undulate,  short-petioled,  the  blade  1—4  in.  long:  inflorescence  com- 
pact, the  verticils  dense:  valves  1  line  long,  ovate-lanceolate,  all  grain- 
bearing,  and  with  2  or  3  long-awned  t'eeth  on  each  side. — Common  in 
brackish  marshes,  and  on  lake  shores. 

•M-  ++ Valves  entire  or  only  denticulate;  herbage  glabrous. 

4.  E.  CONGLOHEBATUS,  Murr.     Stoutish,  3 — 4  ft.  high,  leafy-paniculate 
above:  radical  leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate,  cordate,  slightly  undulate: 
pedicels  short,  stout  and  geniculate  in  fruit,  jointed  near  the  base :  valves 
small,  all    grain-bearing,   ovate-lanceolate,  acute. — In  wet  places. 

5.  E.  CBISPUS,  L.    Size  and  habit  of  the  last,  but  panicles  less  leafy 
and  more  condensed:  leaves  long-petioled,  truncate   at   base,  strongly 
undulate  or  crisped:  pedicels  2 — 4  lines  long,  rather  slender:  valves  all 
grain-bearing,  ovate  or  cordate,  strongly  reticulate. — In  waste  lands. 

6.  K.  Berlandieri,  Meisn.    Stout,  erect,  2—4  ft.  high:  leaves  nar- 
rowly lanceolate,  very  undulate,  more  or  less  acuminate,  narrowed  below 
to  an  abruptly  cuneate  or  almost  truncate  base,  6  in.  long,  short-petioled: 


44  POLYGONE^E. 

pedicels  1 — 2  lines  long,  jointed  below  the  middle:  valves  ovate-lanceo* 
late,  1%  lines  long,  finely  reticulate,  all  grain-bearing. — Said  to  have 
been  found  at  San  Francisco. 

7.  R.  salicifolius,Weinm.     Stems  clustered,  ascending,  1—3  ft.  high: 
lowest  leaves  oblong,  upper  linear-lanceolate,  3—6  in.  long,  acuminate, 
narrowed  to  a  short  petiole,  not  undulate,  pale  green:  panicle  open, 
somewhat  leafy,  the  flowers  crowded:  pedicels  slender,  1—3  lines  long: 
valves  ovate-rhomboid  or  broadly  deltoid,  1^—2  lines  long,  entire   or 
denticulate,  one  or  two  of  them  with  large  whitish  grains. 

-i—  4—  Valves  % — ^  in.  long,  not  grain-bearing;  herbage  glabrous. 

8.  E.  occiden tails,  Wats.    Erect,  3—6  ft.  high,  sparingly  branched: 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  usually  narrowing  upward  from  the  truncate  or 
somewhat  cordate  base,  not  decurrent  upon  the  petiole,  1  ft.  long  or 
more,  scarcely  undulate,  usually  acute :  panicle  narrow,  elongated,  nearly 
leafless:  pedicels  slender,  % — J£  in.  long,  obscurely  jointed  near  the 
base:  valves  broadly  cordate,  with  a  very  shallow  sinus,  becoming  about 
%  in.  broad,  often  denticulate  near  the  base:  achenes  1%  lines  long. — 
Frequent  in  marshy  places. 

*  *  Glabrous  perennials   wilh  reddish  usually  dioecious  flowers;   valves 

not  grain-bearing;  leaves  mostly  either  broad  and  rounded,  or 

hastate,  sparingly  veined;  herbage  tender  and  acid. 

9.  E.  ACETOSEI/DA,  L.    Stems  erect  from  running  rootstocks,  slender, 
6 — 18  in.  high:  leaves  oblong-  to  linear-lanceolate,  or  oblanceolate,  1 — 3 
in.  long,  usually  hastate,  the  lobes  often  toothed:  panicle  naked,  long  and 
narrow;  fl.  dioecious,  small,  red,  in  loose  fascicles;  pedicels  short,  jointed 
at  top:  achene  small,  ovate- triquetrous,  %  line  long. — Very  common. 

3.  VIBO,  Medic.  Annual  herbs  with  alternate  leaves,  and  axillary 
solitary  or  clustered  unisexual  flowers.  Staminate  perianth  5—6  parted; 
segments  equal,  spreading.  Stamens  4 — 6;  filaments  filiform.  Fertile 
perianth  with  urceolate  tube  and  6  unequal  lobes  in  2  series,  the  whole 
accrescent  in  fruit  and  indurated;  the  outer  lobes  spreading  and  spines- 
cent,  the  inner  plane,  erect-connivent.  Fruit  a  triquetrous  achene 
enclosed  in  the  tube  of  the  perianth  but  free  from  it.  Seed  subterete. 

1.  V.  AUSTRAI/LS  (Steinh.).  Glabrous;  the  stout  and  rigid  prostrate 
branches  1—2  ft.  long:  leaves  triangular-ovate,  entire,  2  in.  long;  at  base 
abruptly  narrowed  to  a  long  petiole:  staminate  $.  often  clustered  at  the 
end  of  a  peduncle;  the  pistillate  sessile:  fructiferous  perianth  }>$—%  in. 
long,  thick  and  almost  woody;  outer  lobes  broadly  subulate  and  thorn  - 
liker  the  inner  broadly  ovate,  mucronate. — Native  of  S.  Africa  and 
Australia;  adventive  on  our  sea-beaches* 


POLYGONE^.  45 

4.  E  R10GONUM,  Michaux.  Annual,  perennial  or  suffrutescent  plants 
with  radical  or  alternate  or  verticillate  exstipulate  leaves  and  a  greatly 
diversified  inflorescence  of  involucrate,  mostly  small  and  dense  primary 
flower-clusters.  Involucre  campanulate,  turbinate  or  oblong,  4—8- 
toothed  or  -lobed  without  awns;  the  pedicels  few  or  many,  more  or  less 
exserted,  subtended  by  scarious  and  narrow  or  quite  setaceous  bractlets. 
Perianth  6-cleft  or  -parted,  colored,  enclosing  the  achene.  Stamens  9, 
upon  the  base  of  the  perianth.  Styles  3;  stigmas  capitate.  Achene 
3-angled,  rarely  3-winged. 

*  Plants  with  scape-like  peduncles,  from  a  more  or  less  woody  and  leafy 
base;  involucres  umbellate  or  capitate,  not  virgately  disposed. 

H—  Perianth  narrowed  to  a  slender  stipe-like  base. 

1.  E.  stellatnm,  Benth.     More  or  less  tomentose,  the  stems  diffuse 
and  leafy:  leaves  ovate-spatulate  to  oblanceolate :  peduncles  % — 1  ft. 
high,  bearing  an  umbel  of  2 — 4  usually  elongated  and  cymosely  divided 
rays;  the  nodes  all  leaf y-bracted :  fl.  yellow:  stipitate  base  of  perianth 
elongated. — On  Mt.  Diablo  and  Mt.  Hamilton. 

2.  E.  compositum,  Dougl.     More  or  less  white-  or  yellowish-tomen- 
tose,  the  leaves  densely  so  beneath;  these  oblong-ovate,  cordate  at  base, 
acute  or  acutish,  1—3  in.  long  on  rather  long  petioles:  peduncles  stout, 
naked,  % — \%  ft.  high,  nearly  glabrous:  umbel  of  6 — 10  long  rays,  each 
bearing  a  short  several- rayed  umbellule,  subtended  by  whorls  of  linear- 
oblanceolate  leaflets:  fl.  2—4  lines  long,  cream-colored  or  yellow,  the 
stipe-like  base  relatively  short. — Napa  and  Sonoma  counties,  at  middle 
elevations  of  the  Coast  Range. 

-t-  -i—  Perianth  abruptly  contracted  at  base. 

3.  E.  1  at  i  folium,  Smith.     Stout,  tomentose  throughout,  the  short  cau- 
dex  sparingly  branched  and  leafy :  leaves  oblong  or  oval,  obtuse  or  acute, 
1 — 2  in.  long,  rounded  or  cordate,  or  rarely  cuneate  at  base,  commonly 
undulate,  often  glabrate  above,  1—2  in.  long,  the  stoutish  petiole  often 
short  and  margined:  peduncles  stout,  6—20  in.  high:  bracts  triangular: 
involucres  very-many-flowered,  crowded  in  1 — 3  large  terminal  heads,  or 
the  peduncles  more  than  once  forked  above  and  the  heads  smaller: 
bractlets  densely  villous-plumose :  fl.  whi^e,  the  sepals  broadly  obovate. 
In  rocky  or  sandy  places  near  the  sea. 

4.  E.  ii  iidum,  Dougl.    Much  taller  and  more  slender  than  the  last, 
the  ovate  or  oblong  leaves  (%— 2  in.  long)  densely  tomentose  beneath, 
glabrate  above:  peduncle  and  loose  panicle  1 — 2  ft.  high,  glabrous  and 
glaucescent,  or  somewhat  floccose-tomentose :  involucres  2—3  lines  long, 
nearly  or  quite  glabrous,  3 — 6  in  each  cluster:  fl.  glabrous  or  villous,  1 — 
\%  lines  long,  white.— Clayey  banks  and  dry  hills;  a  more  inland  species 
than  the  last.    July — Oct. 


46  POLYGONE^:. 

*  *  Annuals,  leafy  near  the  base  only;  panicles  dichotomous;  involucre* 

sessile,  not  virgately  disposed. 

5.  E.  t  run cat  urn,  Torr.  &  Gray.    Slender,  floccose-tomentose  through- 
out, 1  ft.  high:  leaves  mostly  rosulate  near  the  base  of  the  stem,  some- 
times a  whorl  subtending  the  lowest  node;  blade  oblanceolate,  1  in.  long, 
attenuate  to  a  slender  petiole,  the  margin  undulate:  inflorescence  very 
lax,  in  a  kind  of  umbel  of  4 — 6  elongated  and  di-  or  trichotomous  rays: 
involucres  few,  oblong-turbinate,  2  lines  long:  fl.  rose-color,  1  line. — 
Seemingly  local,  but  plentiful  at  the  eastern  base  of  Mt.  Diablo. 

6.  E.   Kortoni,    Greene.      Near    E.   truncatum,    but    smaller,  more 
branching,  the  stem  branches  and  involucres  glabrous,  reddish  in  age: 
leaves  small  and  thick,  broadly  obovate  or  somewhat  obcordate,  cuneately 
but  abruptly  narrowed  to  a  long  slender  petiole,  glabrous  above,  white- 
tomentose  beneath:  involucres  terminal  upon  the  dichotomous  branches 
and  sessile  in  the  forks,  solitary,  turbinate,  \%  lines  long,  the  5—7 
angles  conspicuous,  teeth  short  and  blunt:  fl.  very  numerous,  rose-color, 
%  line  long:  sepals  equal,  obovate,  nearly  truncate. — Marin  Co. 

*  *  *  Annuals;  the.  diffusely  di-or  trichotomous  panicle  leafy  at  the  nodes; 

involucres  pedicellate. 

7.  E.  angnlosnm,  Benth.    Grayish-tomentose,  6—18  in.  high,  loosely 
and  widely  branching  from  near  the  base,  the  branches  4 — 6  angled:  low- 
est leaves  ovate  or  rounded,  cuneate  or  somewhat  cordate  at  base,  obtuse, 
often  undulate,  J^— 1  in.  long,  on  rather  short  petioles;  upper  oblong  or 
lanceolate,  subsessile:  pedicels  of  the  involucres  ^ — 1*4  in.  long,  fili- 
form: involucre  hemispherical,  1 — 2  lines  broad,  many-flowered,  smooth 
or  glandular:  bractlets  mostly  dilated   and  rather  firm:   fl.  rose-color, 
purplish,  or  even  greenish- white,  ^  line  long,  not  quite  glabrous;  outer 
sepals  ovate,  concave,  the  inner  lanceolate,  plane,  somewhat  longer.— 
Plains  of  the  interior  of  Solano  Co. 

*  *  *  *  Involucres   sessile,  scattered  up  and  down  the  virgate  branches. 

H—  Annuals;  leaves  mostly  basal  and  rosulate. 
•M-  Involucres  tubular,  2  lines  long. 

8.  E.  virgatum,  Benth.    Usually  white-tomentose  throughout:  leaves 
oblong,  1  in.  long  on  slender  petioles:  peduncle  simple,  or  with  only  a 
few  erect  virgate  branches,  1— 2>£  ft.  high,  the  involucres  remote,  the  5 
teeth  very  short:  perianth   1  line  long,  buff  or  yellow;  outer  sepals 
broadly  obovate,  cuneately  narrowed  at  base,  the  inner  about  as  long, 
spatulate-oblong:  achene  with  a  minutely  puberulent  rather  slender  beak. 
— Banks  of  Putah  Creek,  Solano  Co. 

9.  E.   <  las  van  the  mu  m,    Torr.  &    Gray.      Usually    hoary-tomentose, 
sometimes  nearly  glabrate:   leaves  oval  or  rounded,  5—10  lines  long, 


POLYGONE^:.  47 

abruptly  narrowed  to  a  slender  petiole:  peduncle  1  ft.  high,  mostly 
rather  loosely  but  widely  branching,  the  branches  often  more  or  less 
cymose-dichotomous :  involucres  rather  remote,  not  always  solitary,  nar* 
rowly  tubular,  very  shortly  toothed,  tomentose  except  the  prominent 
ribs,  these  glabrous:  fl.  scarcely  exserted,  erect,  not  numerous,  1  line 
long,  white  or  rose-color;  more  or  less  densely  villous  on  the  outside. 
Var.  Jepsonii,  Greene.  Panicle  ample,  as  broad  as  high,  the  dichoto- 
mous  branches  widely  spreading:  involucres  campanulate-tubular,  very- 
many-flowered,  the  pedicels  exserted  and  recurved;  fl.  rose-red. — The 
type,  along  Putah  Creek;  the  variety,  from  Gate's  Canon,  near  Vaca- 
ville.  Sept.,  Oct. 

•M-  -M-  Involucres  1 — \%  lines  long,  usually  turbinate. 

10.  E.  yiminenm,  Dougl.    Seldom  at  all  tomentose  except  on  the 
lower  face  of  the  ovate  or  orbicular  slender-stalked  leaves:  peduncle  1  ft. 
high,  branched  from  near  the  base,  the  branches  slender  and  virgate: 
involucres  very  narrow  and  rather  prismatic,  the  teeth  very  short:  fl.  few, 
rose-color  or  white,  exserted;  outer  sepals  obovate,  the  inner  obovate- 
oblong  and  only  half  as  broad. — Sonoma  Co. 

11.  E.  gracile,  Benth.    Slender,  1 — 2  ft.  high,  usually  white-woolly 
throughout:  leaves  rosulate  or  scattered,  ovate,  oblong  or  oblanceolate, 
tomentose  on  both  faces:  panicle  of  few  or  many  usually  rather  strict 
and  virga*te  very  slender  branches :  involucres  many-flowered,  turbinate, 
the  5  teeth  stout,  prominent,  acutish:  fl.  white,  rose-color  or  yellowish,  % 
line   long ;    outer  sepals  obovate,-  inner  oblong. — Mt.  Diablo  Range. 

-i—  •*—  Su ffrute scent ;  stems  leafy  up  to  the  base  of  the  peduncles. 

12.  E.  trachygronum,  Torr.    Woody  stems  erect,  rather  slender,  6 — 10 
in.  high,  densely  clothed  with  the  living  and  dead  leaves;  these  narrowly 
oblanceolate,   1  in.  long,  narrowed    to  a    slender    petiole,  the    dense 
tomentum  persistent  on  both  faces:  panicle  short-peduncled,  3 — 5  in. 
high,  twice  or  thrice  dichotomous;  lower  involucres  scattered,  upper 
more  condensed,  sessile,  campanulate-tubular,  prominently  but  obtusely 
angled,  glabrous  except  the  woolly  and  obtusely  toothed  orifice:  sepals 
white  with  a  green  midrib,  the  inner  longer  and  somewhat  narrower  than 
the  outer:  ovary  pubescent  on  the  angles. — Abundant  in  dry  gravel  beds 
along  Putah  Creek,  and  on  Mt.  Hamilton. 

13.  E.  saxatile,  Wats.    Caudex  stoutish,  sparingly  branched,  very 
leafy,  ^—1  ft.  high:  leaves  obovate,  obtuse,  6—8  lines  broad,  1  in.  long, 
cuneate  at  base,  short-petioled,  densely  tomentose  on  both  sides :  branches 
of  the  inflorescence  short,  spreading:  bracts  subfoliaceous,  triangular  or 
oblong  and  acute:  involucres  1J£ — 2  lines  long;  teeth  acute:  fl.  rose- 
colored,  2  lines  long,  the  sepals  all  spatulate-oblong  and  carinate,  about 
equal,  the  inner  appressed  to  the  achene. — Near  the  summit  of  Mt. 
Hamilton. 


48  POLYGONE^:. 

5.  OXYTHECA,  Nutt.    Slender  annuals,   glandular-pubescent  (not 
tomentose),  with  a  rosulate  basal  tuft  of  leaves  and  a  repeatedly  dicho- 
tomous  paniculate  inflorescence.     Bracts  of  the  flowering  branches  foli- 
aceous,  more  or  less  connate.    Involucres  small,  few- flowered,  more  or 
less  distinctly  pedicellate,  the  lobes  awn-tipped  or  unarmed.    Perianth 
6-parted,  usually  glandular-pubescent  on    the  outside,  the   segments 
alike.     Stamens  6.    Achene  commonly  lenticular. 

1.  0.  inermis,  Wats.     Slender  and  low,  3—6  in.  high,  rather  diffuse: 
leaves  broadly  oblanceolate,  1  in.  long,  glabrous  except  the  scabrous- 
ciliate  margins:  bracts  linear-oblong,  acute,  awnless:  involucres  short- 
pedicelled,  4-cleft  almost  to  the  base,  the  oblong-lanceolate  lobes  1  line 
long,  acute  but  awnless:  fl.  rose-color,  ^  line  long:  achenes  obtusely 
triangular. — Supposed  to  have  been  found  originally  on  Mt.  Diablo,  but 
better  known  from  beyond  our  limits. 

2.  0.  hirtiflora.  (Gray),  Greene.     Glandular-puberulent  and  viscid, 
6  in.  high,  erect,  cymose-pauiculate  above:  leaves  1  in.  long,  oblong- 
spalulate,  with  scabrous-ciliate  margins  and  a  broad  red  midvein:  bracts 
hispidulous,  oblong,  %  in-  l°ng  or  less,  acutish:  involucres  awnless,  ^ 
line  long,  on  slender  erect  or  nodding  pedicels  1—3  lines  long:  fl.  3—5, 
very  hirsute,  rose-red,  %  line  long. — Summits  of  Mt.  Diablo  and  Mt. 
Hamilton. 

6.  CHORIZltfTHE,   R.   Er.    Dichotomous  annuals  with  few  and 
mostly  basal  leaves;  the  branches  with  ternate  bracts  at  the  nodes.    In- 
volucres 1 — 3  flowered,  sessile,  more  or  less  tubular,  coriaceous  or  chart- 
aceous,  often  corrugated  or  reticulate,  3 -— 6-angled  or  -ribbed,  with  as 
many  cuspidate  or  rigidly  awned  teeth  or  segments.    Flowers   rarely 
exserted,  6-parted  or  -cleft;   bractlets  minute  or  obsolete.    Stamens  9 
(rarely  6  or  3).    Achenes  triangular. 

*Villous  or  hirsute;  involucres  usually  clustered,  6-angled  and  sulcate, 

the  teeth  cuspidate;  bractlels  obsolete:  perianth  6-cleft,  the 

stamens  inserted  at  or  near  its  base. 

4—  Erect  or  erect-spreading ;  involucres  mostly  in  dense  cymose  clusters. 
•M-  Margins  of  involucral  lobes  scarious. 

1.  C.  membranacea,  Benth.  Floccose-tomentose,  erect,  sparingly 
branched,  with  long  internodes  and  leafy  nodes,  %— 2  ft.  high:  leaves 
linear,  acute,  1—2  in.  long:  bracts  similar  to  the  leaves  but  cuspidate: 
heads  sessile,  solitary  or  few  upon  the  branches:  involucres  tomeutose, 
2 — 2^  lines  long,  the  limb  at  length  dilated  and  with  uucinate  teeth: 
tube  contracted  in  the  middle:  perianth  villous,  becoming  1*£  lines  long, 
6-parted,  the  segments  oblong  or  spatulate:  achene  broadly  triangular 
and  rostrate-attenuate. — In  the  Coast  and  Mt.  Diablo  ranges. 


POLYGONS^:.  49 

2.  C.  robusta,  Parry.      Stout,  erect,  6 — 18  in.   high,  dichotomously 
branched,  the  main  stem  below  with    several  whorls  of  oblanceolate 
petiolate  leaves;  herbage  hirsute,  the  inflorescence  and  growing  parts 
almost  canescently  so:  capitate  cymes  sessile  and  solitary  in  the  lower 
forks,  several  and  peduncled  along  the  upper  branches :  bracts  linear, 
with  acerose  tips:  involucres  oblong-campanulate,  sharply  angled;  seg- 
ments unequal,  the  scarious  margin  very  narrow,  purplish,  the  uncinate 
teeth    not    widely  spreading:    perianth  short-pedicellate;  lobes  nearly 
equal,  erose-denticulate  and  mucronulate. — In  dry   sandy  soil  at  Ala- 
meda.     June — Sept. 

•M-  -M-  Lobes  of  involucre  without  scarious  margins. 

3.  C.  valida,  Wats.    Stout,  6—18  in.  high,  branching  above,  villous: 
lower  leaves  oblanceolate,  1  in.  long,  on  long  petioles:  involucres  in 
dense  heads  2 — 3  lines  long,  the  lobes  nearly  equal,  slightly  spreading, 
the  awns  straight :  perianth  subsessile,  narrowly  tubular,  2%  lines  long, 
villous  or  glabrous,  cleft  one-third  of  the  length,  the  lobes  oblong,  very 
unequal,  the  shorter  ones  erose:  filaments  adnate  to  the  middle  or  even 
higher. — In  Sonoma  Co.,  near  Petaluma,  etc. 

•*—  +-  Of  diffuse  habit;  involucres  scattered,  or  in  loose  clusters. 
•M-  Lobes  of  involucre  with  narrow  scarious  margins. 

4.  C.  pungens,  Benth.     Branches  prostrate,  6 — 12  in.  long,  hirsute- 
pubescent:  leaves  spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  1  in.  long,  mostly  opposite; 
bracts  similar  but    narrower,  acerose  at  apex:  involucres  crowded  on 
short  lateral  branchle  ts,  1% — 2  lines  long,  unequally  toothed,  usually 
margined;  teeth  strongly  uncinate:  perianth  obconic,  subsessile,  shortly 
cleft;  segments  equal,  oblong,  entire:  filaments  more  or  less  adnate  to 
the  lower  part  of  the  tube. — Sandy  hills  about  San  Francisco. 

•M-  -M-  Lobes  of  involucre  without  scarious  margins. 

5.  C.  cuspidata,  Wats.    Habit  of  C.  pung^ns,  leafy-bracted:  leaves 
narrowly  oblanceolate,  1  in.  long;    floral    bracts   acerose:    involucres 
loosely  cymose-clustered,  1  line  long,  6-toothed,  without  scarious  mar- 
gins, the  alternate  teeth  shorter,  all  arme  d  with  hooked  awns :  perianth 
subsessile,  pinkish;  lobes  nearly  equal,  oblong,  acutish,  the  strong  nerve 
excurrent  as  a  short  cusp. — This  was  regarded  by  Dr.  Parry  as  only  a 
form  of  C.  pungtns;  but  by  the  description,  it  should  be  very  distinct. 
Sandy  hills  at  San  Francisco. 

6.  C.  Cleveland!,   Parry.     Prostrate  or  assurgent,  the  rather  few 
branches  2—3  in.  long,  villous-pubescent :  leaves  mostly  radical,  broadly 
oblanceolate,  narrowed  to  a  rather  long  and  slender  petiole:  involucres 
soft-pubescent,  the  triquetrous  tube  contracted  above;  segments  very 
unequal,  3  as  long  as  the  tube,  the  other  3  scarcely  half  as  long,  all  unci- 


50  NYCTAGINE^:. 

nate:  perianth  shortly  cleft;  outer  segments  broadly  ovate,  erose,  retuse 
or  emarginate,  the  inner  narrow  and  lacerate:  stamens  3;  anthers  orbic- 
ular.— Wooded  hills  of  Sonoma  and  Lake  counties.  June— Sept. 

7.  PTEROSTEGIA,  Fisch.  &  Mey.  Our  species  diffusely  dichoto- 
mous  slender  and  flaccid  (or  in  age  somewhat  wiry)  annual  with  oppo- 
site, petiolate,  exstipulate  2-lobed  leaves,  and  small  foliaceous  bracts. 
Involucres  each  of  a  single  bract  shorter  than  the  solitary  sessile  flower, 
rounded  and  2-lobed,  in  age  larger,  reticulated,  loosely  enfolding  the 
achene,  and  gibbously  2-saccate  on  the  back.  Perianth  5-  or  6-parted; 
segments  equal,  oblong-lanceolate.  Stamens  as  many  or  fewer,  inserted 
at  the  base  of  the  segments.  Achene  triquetrous. 

1.  P.  drymarioides,  Fisch.  &  Mey.  Glabrous  or  hirsute-pubescent: 
leaves  obovate,  obcordate  or  reniform-bifid,  often  with  the  lobes  again 
2-lobed,  the  lowest  petiolate,  the  upper  sessile,  % — %  in.  long:  fl.  minute : 
fructiferous  involucre  1^  lines  long,  closely  enfolding  the  minute  light 
brown  achene. — Common  on  rocky  hills,  and  sandy  banks.  June. 

ORDER  XVI.     NYCTAO'lNE/E. 

Herbs  or  suffrutescent  plants  (ours  mostly  coarse  and  fleshy  seaside 
herbs)  with  tumid  joints,  opposite  exstipulate  entire  leaves  and  showy 
perfect  flowers  in  axillary  pedunculate  and  involucrate  clusters.  Invo- 
lucre calyx-like,  closely  subtending  the  flower-cluster.  Perianth  corolla- 
like,  campanulate,  salverform  or  tubular,  the  persistent  base  indurated 
and  constricted  over  the  1-celled  1-seeded  free  ovary.  Stamens  few, 
hypogynous;  filaments  slender;  anthers  small  and  rounded.  Pistil  1, 
simple.  Seed  erect;  embryo  encircling  a  copious  mealy  albumen. 

1.  ABROMA,  Juss.  Viscid-pubescent  rather  succulent  herbs  with 
opposite  and  somewhat  unequal  leaves.  Flowers  in  umbel-like  heads  on 
rather  long  axillary  peduncles.  Involucre  of  5—15  distinct  or  slightly 
united  somewhat  scarious  bracts  enfolding  the  base  of  the  heads.  Peri- 
anth salverform;  limb  of  5  or  4  emarginate  or  obcordate  lobes.  Stamens 
mostly  5,  adnate  to  the  tube  and  not  exserted.  Stigma  linear-clavate. 
Fruit  coriaceous.  3 — 5-winged,  enclosing  a  smooth  cylindric  achene. 
Embryo  with  but  one  cotyledon. 

*  Wings  thin  but  solid;  body  of  fruit  rigid  or  ligneous. 

1.  A.  umbellata,  Lam.  Perennial,  prostrate,  rather  slender,  viscid- 
puberulent,  the  stems  1 — 3  ft.  long:  leaves  almost  glabrous,  ovate  to 
narrowly  oblong,  1 — 1^  in.  long,  narrowed  to  a  slender  petiole,  obtuse, 
the  margin  often  somewhat  sinuate:  peduncles  2 — 6  in.  long:  bracts  of 
the  involucre  narrowly  lanceolate,  %  in.  long;  head  10 — 15  flowered: 


AMAEANTOIDE^.  51 

perianth  rose-purple,  6—8  lines  long:  fr.  4—5  lines  long,  nearly  glabrous, 
the  body  oblong,  attenuate  at  each  end;  wings  thin,  nearly  as  long, 
broadest  above,  narrowing  toward  the  base:  achene  1%  lines  long.— 
Sandy  places  along  the  seaboard.  June— Oct. 

*  *  Wings  thicker,  the  central  cavity  of  the  fruit  extending  through  them. 

2.  A.  latifolia,  Esch.  Perennial,  stout  and  succulent,  very  viscid,  the 
stems  prostrate,  1—2  ft.  long:  leaves  broadly  ovate  or  reniform,  ^—1^ 
in.  long,  obtuse:  peduncles  usually  exceeding  the  leaves:  bracts  5, 
rounded  to  ovate  or  oblong,  2 — 4  lines  long:  perianth  5 — 6  lines  long, 
yellow:  fr.  4 — 6  lines  long,  coriaceous,  acute  at  each  end;  wings  usually 
narrow. — Plentiful  along  the  seashore.  May — Dec. 

OBDEB  XVII.     AMARANTOIDE/E. 

Herbs  with  simple  exstipulate  leaves,  and  small  inconspicuous  (mostly 
greenish)  axillary  solitary  or  clustered  perfect  or  unisexual  flowers. 
Calyx  of  3—5  hypogynous  more  or  less  scarious  persistent  sepals,  occa- 
sionally with  a  pair  of  bractlets  at  base,  generally  enveloped  by  dry  and 
almost  chaffy  bracts.  Corolla  0.  Stamens  usually  5  or  more,  distinct  or 
monadelphous.  Stigmas  2  or  3,  sessile  on  an  undivided  style.  Fruit 
utricular,  sometimes  circumscissile,  or  bursting  irregularly.  Seed  small, 
compressed,  vertical.  Embryo  curved. 

1.  AMAEAKTUS,  Dodoens.  Annual  weeds;  leaves  alternate,  usually 
broad,  veiny,  and  tipped  with  a  short  sharp  mucro.  Flowers  green  or 
purplish,  in  axillary  spiked  clusters  or  spikelets,  the  staminate  usually 
mingled  with  the  pistillate  in  the  same  cluster.  Sepals  distinct  or 
united  at  base,  seldom  less  than  3  or  more  than  5,  more  or  less  scarious, 
erect,  or  the  tips  spreading.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  sepals,  distinct. 
Stigmas  linear.  Utricle  ovate,  2 — 3  beaked,  circumscissile  or  indehiscent 
often  deciduous  with  the  perianth. 

*  Stems  erect;  sepals  5  or  3. 

1.  A.  RETROFLEXUS,  L.     Stout,  1 — 4  ft.  high,  paniculately  branched 
above;  herbage  dull  green,  roughish  and  more  or  less  pubescent:  leaves 
ovate  or  rhombic-ovate,  1 — 4  in.  long,  on  slender  petioles:  fl.  green,  in 
erect  or  somewhat  spreading  nearly  cylindrical  spikes :  bracts  lanceolate- 
subulate,  scarious  except  the  green  carinate  midrib,  attenuate  to  a  rigid 
awn,  \%— 3  lines  long:  sepals  5,  narrowly  oblong,  mostly  acute  or  even 
mucronate,  exceeding  the  utricle:  seed  ^  line  broad,  black  and  shining, 
with  a  rather  obtuse  margin. — Gardens  and  waste  lands. 

2.  A.  ALBUS,  L.    Erect,  ^—2  ft.  high,  rigidly  and  widely  branched 
from  the  base;  herbage  of  a  light  green,  glabrous  or  nearly  so:  leaves 


52  SALSOLACE^:. 


oblong-spatulate  to  obovate,  ^  —  IK  in-  l°ng  including  the  slender 
petiole,  obtuse  or  retuse,  often  crisped:  spikelets  axillary,  4  —  5-flowered: 
bracts  subulate,  rigid,  pungently  awned,  1  —  2^  lines  long,  the  lateral 
ones  reduced  or  wanting:  sepals  3,  oblong-lanceolate,  subulate-mucro- 
nate,  shorter  than  the  somewhat  rugose  utricle:  seed  %  line  broad,  black 
and  shining,  very  sharply  margined. 

*  *  Stems  prostrate;  sepals  3  or  1. 
•*—  Spikelets  small,  axillary. 

3.  A.  BLITOIDES,  Wats.    Somewhat  succulent,  weak  and  prostrate,  the 
branches  often  1  —  2  ft.  long,  whitish,  the  foliage  of  a  rather  deep  shining 
green,  glabrous  or  nearly  so:  spikelets  few-flowered  and  contracted: 
bracts  ovate-oblong,  shortly  acuminate,  about  equal,  1  —  1^£  lines  long, 
little  longer  than  the  oblong  obtuse  and  mucronulate  or  acute  sepals: 
utricle  smooth,  little  surpassing  the  3  sepals:  seed  %  line  broad,  abruptly 
but  rather  obtusely  margined. 

4.  A.  Calif  or  iiicus  (Moq.),  Wats.     Stems  stoutish  and  rather  fleshy, 
branched  from  the  base,  prostrate,  the  branches  1  —  \%  ft.  long,  with 
many  short  lateral  branchlets:  leaves  obovate  or  oblong,  1  in.  long  or 
less,  including  the  short  petiole,  obtuse  or  acutish,  with  white  veins  and 
margins:  fl.  green  or  purplish,  in  many  small  dense  axillary  clusters: 
bract  more  or  less  scarious,  little  exceeding  the  utricle:  sepals  of  stami- 
nate  fl.  %  line  long;  of  the  fertile  (1  only)  shorter:  utricle  slightly  rugose, 
tardily  circumscissile  :  seed  ^  line  broad,  obscurely  margined.  —  In  low 
moist  soils. 

•»—  H—  Spikelets  mainly  in  terminal  clusters. 

5.  A.  DEFLEXUS,  Willd.     Stems  slender,  prostrate,  1  ft.  long:  leaves 
rather    small,    rhombic-lanceolate,    obtuse,    subemarginate,    somewhat 
puberulent,  dull-green:  spikelets  obtuse,  some  glomerate  in  the  axils  of 
the  leaves,  others  forming  a  dense  terminal  thyrsoid  cluster:  sepals  3: 
utricle  surpassing  the  calyx,  marked  with  3  obscure  lines  :  seed  black  and 
shining,  obtusely  margined.—  Native  of  southern  Europe;  common  in 
some  gardens  about  the  Bay. 

ORDER  XVIII.     SALSOLACE/€. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  often  succulent,  glabrous,  pubescent,  mealy  or 
scurfy,  sometimes  leafless.  Flowers  clustered,  apetalous.  Perianth  of  a 
solitary  bract-like  sepal,  or  of  2  which  are  distinct  and  valvate  or  more 
or  less  united,  or  of  five  distinct  or  united  at  base  and  calyx-like,  never 
scarious.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  sepals  and  opposite  to  them,  or 
fewer;  anthers  2-celled.  Ovary  1-celled,  1-ovuled,  becoming  an  utricle 
or  achene  enclosed  in  the  persistent  perianth.  Embryo  annular  or 
spiral;  albumen  mealy  or  wanting. 


SALSOLACE^.  53 

Stems  leafy;  leaves  not  terete; 

Fertile  perianth  5-cleft  or  divided; 

Ovary  superior CHENOPODIUM    1 

"      partly  inferior B  ETA 

Fertile  perianth  of  2  bracts  often  more  or  less  united ATRIPLEX  3 

Stems  leafy;  leaves  terete SUTEDA  5 

Stems  leafless,  terete SALICORNIA        4 

1.  CHENOPODIUM,  Tabernxmontanus  (GOOSEFOOT.  PIG  WEED'). 
Herbs  with  alternate  petiolate  mostly  angular  foliage.  Flowers  small, 
greenish,  sessile,  clustered  in  axillary  or  terminal  spikes  or  cymes,  perfect, 
or  pistillate  only,  bractless.  Perianth  herbaceous,  3— 5-parted;  lobes 
imbricate,  often  carinate  or  crested,  persistent  and  more  or  less  covering 
the  fruit,  remaining  green  and  herbaceous  or  becoming  colored  and 
fleshy.  Stamens  5  or  fewer.  Styles,  2,  3  or  4,  slender.  Pericarp 
membranous,  closely  investing  the  lenticular  horizontal  or  vertical  seed. 
Embryo  annular  or  curved  around  a  copious  albumen. 

*  Annual,  more  or  less  mealy,  not  pubescent;  seed  horizontal. 

1.  C.  ALBUM,  L.    Erect,  stoutish,  more  or  less  paniculately  branching, 
1 — 4  ft.  high;   herbage  pale  green  or  whitish  with  a  mealy  indument: 
leaves  petiolate,  ascending,  rhombic-ovate,  obtuse,  acute  or  cuneate  at 
base,  sinuate-dentate  or  subentire,  1 — 2  in.  long,  whiter  beneath  than 
above :  fl.  densely  clustered  in  close  spikes,  these  forming  a  rather  strict 
leafless  panicle:  sepals  of  fruiting  calyx  carinate,  completely  covering 
the  fruit;    seed  smooth,  shining,   acutely  margined. — A  very  common 
weed  of  fields,  gardens  and  waste  places.    June — Oct. 

2.  C.  MUR\LE,  L.      Stoutish    and    rather    low,    often      with    many 
decumbent  or  ascending  branches  from  the  base;    herbage   dark  green, 
rather  succulent,  the  growing  parts  very  mealy:  leaves  petiolate,  ascend- 
ing, ovate-rhomboid,  unequally  and  sharply  toothed:  fl.  in  rather  dense 
axillary  nearly  leafless  cymes:    fruiting  calyx  nearly  closed,  the  sepals 
slightly   carinate:  seed  opaque,  punctate-rugose,  sharply  margined. — A 
common  weed  flourishing  at  all  seasons. 

*  *  Herbage    not    mealy,   glandular-pubescent  and    aromatic;   seed 
horizontal  (except  in  n.  6.). 

3.  C.  BOTEYS,  L.    Annual,  erect,  often  widely  branching,   1—2  ft. 
high,  glandular-pubescent  and  highly  aromatic:  leaves  ovate  or  oblong, 
1 — 2  in.  long,  sinuate-pinnatifid,  the  lobes  often  toothed:  fl.  scattered  in 
very  numerous  slender  axillary  cymose  panicles:    sepals  acute,  loosely 
investing  the  fruit:    pericarp    persistent:  seed   %    line  broad,    thick- 
lenticular,  black  and  shining. 

4.  0.  ANTHELMINTICUM,  L.    Perennial,  stems    stoutish,    decumbent, 
1—2  ft.  long;  herbage  light  green,  glandular-puberulenl,  pleasantly  aro- 


54  SALSOLACEJE. 

matic :  leaves  thin,  oblong,  narrowed  at  base,  obtuse,  sinuate-serrate  or 
sometimes  remotely  dentate,  1  in.  longer  less:  inflorescence  a  terminal 
leafless  panicle  of  dense  but  slender  spikes :  sepals  not  carinate,  completely 
enclosing  the  fruit:  seed  smooth  and  shining,  obtusely  margined. 

5.  C.  AMBBOSOIDES,  L.     Annual,  erect  or  ascending,  2—3  ft.  high, 
deep    green,    glabrous    or    slightly    scabrous,    the    foliage    occasionally 
puberulent:  leaves  oblong,   attenuate    at  each  end, .  acutish,  remotely 
sinuate-toothed  or  entire,  the  uppermost  and  floral  linear-lanceolate: 
inflorescence   loosely  spicate  and    leafy:    fruiting    perianth    completely 
closed:  seed  smooth  and  shining,  obtusely  margined. 

6.  O.  MULTIFIDUM,  L.    Prostrate,    branching    and    leafy,  aromatic: 
leaves  pinnatifid  into    narrow  lobes;    flowers  glomerate  in  the  axils: 
perianth  deeply  campanulate,   3— 5- toothed,  at   length  saccate  and  con- 
tracted over  the  fruit  and  reticulate-nerved:  pericarp  whitish  and  with 
scattered  glandular  dots:  seed  subrostellate,  obtusely  margined,  dark 
brown,  minutely  punctate-rugose. — Common  in  San  Francisco. 

*  *  *  Glabrous  or  slightly  mealy;  seed  vertical  more  or  less  exstrted. 

7.  C.  Califoruicnm,  Wats.    Stems  from  a  long  fusiform  perennial  root, 
stout,  decumbent,  mostly  simple,  1 — 3  ft.  high;  the  young  parts  a  little 
mealy:  leaves  broadly  triangular-hastate,  2—3  in.  long,  truncate  or  with 
sinuses  at  base,  acuminate,  sharply,  unequally,  and  often  deeply  sinuate- 
dentate:    fl.  in  dense  clusters  in  a  long  simple  terminal  spike:  perianth 
campanulate,  rather  deeply  5-toothed,  enfolding  the  utricle  only  loosely: 
pericarp  persistent:  seed  somewhat  compressed,    % — 1    line    broad. — 
Common. 

8.  C.  rubrum,  L.    Annual,    stout    and    rather    fleshy,    erect    with 
ascending  branches,   ^ — 1  ft.  high:  leaves  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate, 
1    in.  long,  obtuse,    petiolate,  remotely  and  rather  coarsely  dentate, 
glabrous  and  green  above,  paler  and  mealy  beneath:    fl.  in  axillary 
spiked  clusters :  perianth  small,  with  rounded  lobes,  not  quite  concealing 
the  vertical,  or  as  often  horizontal  utricle. — In  the  Suisun  marshes  on 
elevated  and  dry  ground;  apparently  indigenous,  though  possibly  intro- 
duced from  Europe,  where  it  is  a  common  weed. 

2.  BETA,  Columna  (BEET).  Bather  coarse  glabrous  biennials,  with 
alternate  leaves,  the  radical  large  and  long-petioled,  the  floral  reduced 
and  sessile.  Flowers  fascicled  in  the  axils  and  spicate-congested  along 
the  paniculate  branches,  connate  at  base,  perfect.  Sepals  5,  inserted  on 
the  margins  of  a  concave  receptacle,  imbricate.  Stamens  5,  opposite  the 
sepals,  filaments  subulate.  Ovary  partly  inferior  and  encircled  by  a 
disk-like  margin  of  the  receptacle:  style  short,  the  2  or  3  branches 
stigmatose  on  the  inside.  Fruit  partly  adnate  to  the  receptacle,  and 
enclosed  by  the  thicked  and  somewhat  fleshy  sepals. 


SALSOLACE^E.  55 

1.  B.  VIILGARIS,  L.  Stout,  2—4  ft.  high:  radical  leaves  often  1  ft. 
long  including  the  stout  petiole,  commonly  with  prominent  nerves  and  a 
more  or  less  undulate  margin,  the  outline  oblong  or  oval:  inflorescence 
1 — 3  ft.  long. — Escaped  from  gardens;  in  some  places  a  common  weed. 

3.  ATRIPLEX,  Pliny  (OBACHE.)  Herbs  or  shrubs,  mealy  or  scurfy, 
monoecious  or  dioecious;  inflorescence  axillary  and  glomerate,  or  terminal 
and  spicate  or  panicled.  Staminate  perianth  bractless,  3— 5-parted, 
enclosing  as  many  stamens.  Pistillate  fl.  bibracteate,  without  perianth 
or  rarely  with  2 — 4  distinct  hyaline  sepals;  the  bracts  erect,  appressed, 
distinct  or  more  or  less  united,  their  margins  often  becoming  dilated,  the 
surface  sometimes  in  age  thickened,  indurated  and  muricate.  Fruit 
compressed,  utricular.  Seed  vertical.  Embryo  annular. 

*  Monoecious  annuals,  somewhat  succulent  and  mealy;  bracts  distinct  or 

nearly  so,  ovate-oblong  to  broadly,  triangular  or  hastate. 

1.  A.  hastata,  L.    var.    oppositifolia,    Moq.    Bather  slender,  with 
divaricate  and  somewhat  decumbent  branches;  2 — 3  ft.  long,  or  stouter 
and  erect  with  ascending  branches;  herbage  mealy,  not  very  succulent: 
leaves  triangular-hastate  or  deltoid,  mostly  entire,  all  the  lower  opposite: 
flower-clusters  small,  spicate:  bracts  small,  triangular,  entire  or  denticu- 
late ^  in.    long:  seed  1  in.   long,   dark-colored.— Common  along  the 
borders  of  brackish  marshes  at  Petaluma,  and  elsewhere. 

2.  A.  patnla,  L.    Stout  and  succulent,  mostly  erect,  1  ft.  high,  with 
few  ascending  branches;  herbage  deep  green,  only  the  growing  parts  some- 
what mealy:  lowest  leaves  often  opposite,  broadly   lanceolate,  sometimes 
with  hastate  base:  inflorescence  more  or  less  leafy  at  base:  bracts  rhom- 
bic-ovate, thick  and  subcoriaceous,  often   %  in.  long.— Very  common  in 
salt  marshes  and  near  beaches. 

3.  A.  spicata,  Wats.     Stout,  erect,  1 — 2  feet  high,  sparingly  branch- 
ing, mealy:  leaves  alternate,  rhombic- ovate,  acute,  coarsely  and  irregularly 
sinuate-toothed,  2  in.  long,   attenuate  to  a  short  petiole:  fl.  densely 
spicate,  the  4-sepalous  calyx  usually  staminate,  but  not  rarely  pistillate 
and  with  a  horizontal  seed:  bracts  of  pistillate  fl.   ovate,  acute,  little 
enlarged  in  fruit,  partly  coherent  at  base,  \%  lines  long:  seed  black,  % 
line  broad;  radicle  inferior. — Alkaline  soil  among  the  foothills  of  the 
Mt  Diablo  Range. 

*  *  Herbs  or  shrubs  seldom  mealy,  but  silvery-scurfy;  bracts  mostly  rounded 

and  more  or  less  completely  united,  naked  or  variously  appen- 
daged  or  winged,  frequently  hard  and  nut-like  in  fruit. 

+-  Monoecious  annuals. 

4.  A.  verna,  Jepson.     Only  3 — 4  in.   high;  the  branches  simple  or 


56  SALSOLACE.E. 

nearly  so,  two  or  three  pairs  opposite  at  base,  the  upper  alternate ;  the  plant 
loosely  scurfy  throughout;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  ovate,  sessile, 
3 — 5  lines  long;  flowers  from  the  axils  of  the  leafy  stems  in  clusters  of 
two  or  three;  calyx  deeply  4-cleft,  stamens  4;  fruiting  bracts  orbicular, 
compressed,  2  lines  long,  the  margins  crenate-dentate. — Near  Collins- 
ville,  on  the  lower  Sacramento.  May. 

5.  A.  depressa,  Jepson.   Diffuse,  grayish-scurfy,  decussately  branched 
throughout,  the  branches  1 — 4  in.  long:  leaves  opposite,  sessile,  broadly 
ovate,  acute,  a  line  or  two  long;  flowers  in  the  axils  of  the  opposite 
leaves  in  clusters  of  four,  these  and  the  leaves  crowded  on  the  branch- 
lets,  the  internodes  at  time  of  flowering  a  line  long  or  less;  fruiting 
bracts  ovate    hastate,    acute,   wingless,    or  the  pair  of  hastate  lobes 
representing  the  wing. — In  low  saline  spots,  at  the  base  of  the  Pelevo 
Hills,  west  of  Vanden,  Solano  Co.    Sept. 

6.  A.  cordulata,  Jepson.    Rigid,  virgate,  8—15  in.  high,  widely  and 
oppositely  branched  at  the  base,  alternately  and  sparingly  so  above; 
herbage  scurfy  throughout;  leaves  sessile,  cordate-ovate,  three  or  some- 
times four  lines  long;  flower-clusters  in  all  the  axils;  calyx  tomentosely 
scurfy  and  deeply  4-cleft;  fruiting  bracts  semi-orbicular,   1^ — 2  lines 
broad;  much  compressed,  sessile  or  shortly  stipitate,  the  margin  with 
acute  teeth,  the  terminal  tooth  commonly  the  largest,  the  sides  smooth 
or  with  one  or  two  tooth-like  projections. — Near  Little  Oak,  Solano  Co. 
August. 

7.  A.  iiodosa,  Greene.    Stout,  branched  from  the  base,   1  ft.  high* 
mealy  and  apparently  scabrous:  leaves  broadly  rhomboid:  fruit-clusters 
borne  at  the  enlarged  nodes  of  the  widely  and  irregularly   branching 
stem:  pedicels  stout,  thickened  under  the  bracts;  these  united  and  form- 
ing an  almost  globose  fruit  2  lines  in  diameter,  3-lobed  at  summit,  the 
sides  covered  with  lichenoid  spongy  projections.— Near  Antioch. 

8.  A.  trinervata,  Jepson.    Stout,  erect,  2 — 3  ft.  high,  closely  and 
finely  mealy-scurfy :  leaves  1 — 3  in.  long,  broadly  or  deltoid-ovate,  irregu- 
larly and    sharply  sinuate-toothed,  the   lower  on  stout  petioles  9 — 10 
lines  long  and  strongly  3-nerved  from  the  base:  the  upper  reduced  to 
sessile  floral  bracts  as  broad  or  broader  than  long;  fruiting  bracts  sessile 
in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  orbicular,  2  lines  long,  2^—3   broad,  usually 
emarginate,  sharply  toothed,  partly  distinct  in  the  wing,  and  commonly 
bearing  on  one  face  a  few  irregular  projections  or  crests. — Near  the 
Araquipa  Hills,  Solano  Co.     Sept. 

-t-  •*-  Monoecious  perennials. 

9.  A.  frnticulosa,  Jepson.    Erect,  suffrutescent  at  base,   %— 1   ft. 
high:  herbage  gray -scurfy;  leaves  sessile,  lanceolate  or  narrowly  oblong, 


SALSOLACE^;.  57 

%  to  %  of  an  inch  long;  staminate  flowers  in  dense  globose  clusters  on 
the  terminal  branchlets,  naked  or  nearly  so;  pistillate  flowers  chiefly 
below,  from  the  leaf-axils;  calyx  deeply  5-cleft,  occasionally  unequally 
parted  and  one  lobe  reduced;  fruiting  bracts  orbicular,  1J£ — 2  lines 
broad,  the  margins  partly  free,  the  sides  tooth-crested;  seed  nearly  a 
line  broad. — In  alkaline  soil  near  Little  Oak,  Solano  Co.  Aug. 

10.  A.  Californica,  Moq.    Branches  many,  slender  and  wiry,  pros- 
trate, from  a  short  and  thick  oblong  or  fusiform  perennial  root;   herbage 
densely  mealy,  leaves  ovate-  to  linear-lanceolate,  3—8  lines  long,  entire, 
acute,  the  lowest  opposite:  flower-clusters  all  axillary,  the  upper  ones 
more  staminate,  the  calyx  of  these  deeply  4-cleft;  fruiting  bracts  rhombic- 
ovate,  membranous,  distinct,  1%  lines  long,  somewhat  convex:  seed  % 
line  broad. — On  the  seacoast,  and  along  the  edges  of  salt  marshes,  from 
near  San  Francisco  and  Alameda,  southward.    Sept. 

•H-  -i—  -i—  Dioecious  shrubs. 

11.  A.  leucophylla  (Moq.),  Dietr.    Stout,  shrubby,  but  the  stem  and 
branches  flexible  and  mostly  reclining,  1 — 2  ft.  long;  plant  hoary-scurfy 
throughout :  leaves  thick,  broadly  obovate,  cuneate  at  base,  sessile  3- 
nerved,  ^ — 1^  in.  long:  staminate  fi.  in  dense  clusters  in  short  terminal 
spikes;  calyx  large,  5-cleft:    fruiting  bracts  in  axillary  clusters  2 — 4 
lines  long,  rhombic-ovate,  united,  spongy,  the  sides  2-crested,  the  nar- 
row margin  entire  or  obscurely  toothed.    On  sand  beaches  of  San  Fran- 
cisco Bay,  and  along  the  seacoast  southward.    Oct. 

4.  SALICORNIA,  Tourn.  (SAMPHIRE).  Herbs  or  shrubs  with  cylin- 
drical fleshy  jointed  and  apparently  leafless  branches.  Flowers  very 
simple,  in  threes  at  the  joints  of  the  spike-like  ends  of  the  branches;  the 
lateral  ones  of  each  trio  often  only  staminate.  Perianth  of  4  or  5  dis- 
tinct or  variously  united  sepals,  at  length  spongy-thicked  about  the 
fruit.  Stamens  1  or  2.  Styles  2  or  3,  short.  Pericarp  membranaceous, 
adherent  to,  or  free  from  the  vertical  seed. 

*  Branches  and  flowers  opposite. 

1.  S.  ambigna,  Michx.    Perennial,  decumbent,  often  rooting  at  the 
base,  usually  freely  branching,  %—l%  ft.  high:  spikes  not  thicker  than 
the  sterile  parts  of  the  branches,  % — 2  in.   long:  perianth  sac-like,  with 
an  anterior  opening  (formed  of  2  sepals  united  above  and  below),  enclos- 
ing the  fruit:  pericarp  membranous,  adherent  to   the  obovate-oblong 
seed,  this  %  line  long,  pubescent.— Plentiful  in  salt  marshes. 

*    *  Branches  alternate  and  flowers  spirally  arranged  in  the  spikes. 

2.  S.  occidentalis  (Wats),  Greene.    Shrubby,  diffusely  branched,  the 
main  stem  erect,  often  5  ft.  high,  with  a  close   and  smooth  gray  bark: 


58  POKTULACE^:. 

scale  like  crowded  and  fleshy  leaves  broadly  triangular  and  acute,  am- 
plexicaul,  of  ten  nearly  obsolete :  fl.  densely  spiked:  perianth  of  4  or  5 
concave  carinate  sepals  more  or  less  united:  pericarp  free  from  the 
oblong  seed,  this  %  line  long  or  less. — In  alkaline  soil  at  Byron  Springs. 

5.  SILEDA,  Forskaal  (SEA  ELITE).  Saline  herbs  or  shrubs,  with 
alternate  fleshy  linear  entire  leaves,  and  axillary  sessile  usually  per- 
fect flowers.  Perianth  minutely  bracteolate,  5-cleft  or  -parted,  fleshy; 
lobes  unappendaged,  more  or  less  carinate,  crested  or  winged,  enclosing 
the  fruit.  Stamens  5.  Styles  2,  3  or  4,  short  and  thick.  Pericarp  mem- 
branous, free  or  slightly  adherent  to  the  vertical  or  horizontal  lenticular 
seed.  Testa  shining,  black  and  crustaceous.  Embryo  spiral. 

1.  S.  Californica,  Wats.  Stout,  2—3  ft.  high,  very  leafy,  glabrous  or 
somewhat  pubescent:  leaves  broadly  linear,  subterete,  not  wider  at 
base,  % — 1  in.  long,  acute,  crowded  on  the  branchlets:  fl.  large,  1 — 4  in 
each  axil:  perianth  cleft  nearly  to  the  base;  lobes  not  appehdaged: 
seed  vertical  or  horizontal,  nearly  1  line  broad,  faintly  reticulate. — 
Vicinity  of  sand  beaches  about  San  Francisco  Bay,  but  seldom  seen. 

ORDER  XIX.     PORTULACE>£. 

More  or  less  succulent  herbs,  with  entire  leaves  and  regular  complete 
flowers  which  open  in  sunshine  only.  Sepals  2  (in  Leivisia  4—8),  some- 
times cohering  at  base.  Petals  5  (in  Lewisia  8—16),  often  united  at  base. 
Stamens  commonly  5  (3— oo ),  opposite  the  petals,  hypogynous,  perigy- 
nous  or  epipetalous;  filaments  distinct;  anthers  versatile.  Ovary 
1-celled,  with  few  or  many  ovules  on  a  central  placenta.  Seeds  commonly 
strophiolate;  embryo  curved  or  coiled  around  a  mealy  albumen. 

1.  PORTULACA,  Lobel  (PURSLANE).  Fleshy  annuals,  with  axillary 
and  terminal  yellow  or  rose-colored  flowers.  Sepals  2,  united  below  and 
coherent  with  the  base  of  the  ovary;  the  limb  free  and  deciduous. 
Petals  4—6.  Stamens  7—20,  perigynous  with  the  petals.  Style  3—8- 
cleft.  Capsule  circumscissile,  opening  by  a  lid.  Seeds  small. 

1.  P.  OLERACEA,  L.    Prostrate,  glabrous,  the  herbage  usually  reddish 
or  purplish:  leaves  flat,  obovate,  obtuse:  sepals  acute,  carinate:    petals 
11/2—2  lines  long,  yellow:  stigmas  5:  capsule  3—5  lines  long:  seeds 
dull-black,  minutely  tuberculate.— Native  of  S.  Europe. 

2.  LEWISIA,  Pursh.     Low  acaulescent  fleshy  perennials,  with  thick 
fusiform  roots,  and  short  1 -flowered  scapes.    Sepals  4—8,  broadly  ovate, 
unequal,  persistent,  imbricate.    Petals  8—16,  large  and  showy.     Stamens 
oo.     Style  3— 8-parted  nearly  to  the  base.     Capsule  circumscissile  at 
base,  the  upper  and  deciduous  part  more  or  less  valvate-cleft.     Seeds  oo , 
black  and  shining. 


PORTULACE^.  59 

1.  L.  rediviva,  Pursh.  Leaves  densely  clustered  on  the  short  thick 
caudex,  linear-oblong,  glabrous,  glaucous:  scapes  little  exceeding  the 
leaves,  jointed  at  the  middle,  and  with  5 — 7  subulate  scarious  bracts 
whorled  at  the  joint :  sepals  6—8,  broadly  ovate,  scarious-margined,  Y2— 
%  in.  long:  petals  12—15,  oblong,  ^—1  in.  long,  pinkish  or  white:  sta- 
mens 40  or  more :  capsule  broadly  ovate,  3^  in-  long. — On  Mt.  Diablo, 
Mt.  Hamilton,  etc. 

3.  CALANDRIXIA,  H.  B.  K.  Sepals  2  only,  subequal,  persistent. 
Petals  3— 10.  Stamens  3— 25,  apparently  always  hypogynous.  Capsule 
3-valved  from  the  summit.  Seeds  several. 

1.  C.  Menziesii  (Hook),  Torr.  &  Gray.    Kather  slender,  diffuse,  the 
branches  3—6  in.  long:  leaves  linear-spatulate,  mostly  radical  and  long- 
peduncled;  the  upper  and  floral   reduced  and  glandular-ciliate:  sepals 
ovate,  acuminate,  the  margins  and  sharp  keel  glandular-ciliate:    corolla 
little  exceeding. the  sepals,  white  or  bright  purple:  stamens  3—10;  seeds 
broadly  ovoid,  shining. — Coast  Range.     April,  May. 

2.  C.  elegans,  Spach.    Larger  and  stouter  than  the  last,  glabrous, 
the  decumbent    and  ascending  branches    often    1  ft.  long,   flowering 
throughout:  sepals  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  less  sharply  carinate,  the 
keel  and  margins  entire  or  with  a  sparse  short  and  flattened  but  in  no 
wise  glandular  ciliation:  stamens  10—15:  corolla  twice  the  length  of  the 
calyx,  %  in.  broad  when  expanded,  bright  rose-red:  seeds  larger,  nearly 
orbicular. — Very  common  throughout  the  Bay  region  and  elsewhere  in 
the  State.    Apjil — June. 

3.  C.  Breweri,  Wats.    Habit  of  the  preceding  but  still  larger,  the 
ascending  branches  often  more  than  1  ft.  high,  glabrous:  pedicels  rather 
remote,  in  fruit  deflexed:  sepals  broadly  ovate,  truncate  at  base,  sur- 
passed by  the  long-conical  (^  in.  long)  capsule :  seeds  dull,  tuberculate. 
— Mt.  Tamalpais. 

4.  CLAYTOMA,     Gronovius.      Glabrous    herbs,     often     glaucous. 
Leaves  radical  except  an  involucral  pair  (sometimes  united)  under  the 
racemose  or  subumbellate  inflorescence  of  the  usually  scapiform  pedun- 
cles.    Sepals  2,  persistent.    Petals  5,  equal,  commonly  united  by  their 
short  claws.     Stamens  5,  each  joined  to  the  claw  of  its  petal.     Capsule 
membranaceous,  ovate  or  globose,  3  valved,  elastically  dehiscent,  each 
valve  elastically  involute,  ejecting  the  rather  few  black  and  shining  seeds. 

*  Perennial;  pedicels  axillary  to  a  bract. 

1.  C.  Sibirica,  L.  Stems  1 — 1^  ft.  high:  herbage  almost  dark  green, 
disposed  to  blacken  in  drying:  radical  leaves  lanceolate  to  rhombic - 
ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  1 — 2  in.  long,  long-petioled;  cauline  sessile, 


60  PORTULACE^E. 

distinct,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  not  indistinctly  parallel -veined: 
raceme  very  lax,  the  fl.  on  long  pedicels :  petals  4  lines  long,  rose-purple, 
retuse  or  emarginate  at  summit,  at  base  narrowed  to  a  distinct  claw.—  In 
open  swamps  of  Marin  Co. 

*  *  Annuals;  bractless  except  at  base. 
+-  Herbage  light  green,  scarcely  glaucous. 

2.  C.  perfoliata,  Donn.    Stems  2—16  in.  high:  radical  leaves  from 
deltoid-cordate,  deltoid  or  rhomboidal  to  rhombic-lanceolate,  1 — 2  in. 
long,  on  long  petioles;  cauline  pair  joined  into  a  more  or  less  orbicular 
perfoliate  nearly  plane  or  strongly  concave  disk  ^—4  in.  broad:  raceme 
short-peduncled  or  sessile,  with  #n  ovate  acute  or  acuminate  small  folia- 
ceous  bract  at  base :  petals  1 — 2  lines  long,  white;  blade  linear-oblong, 
retuse  or  emarginate;  claws  united  at  base  and  stamens  epipetalous: 
fruiting  calyx  2  lines  long,  twice  the  length  of  the  subglobose  3-seeded 
capsule:  seed  %  line  long,  round-oval,  black  and  shining  but  depressed 
granular  (under  a  strong  lens),  with  a  small  white  strophiole.    Var.  (1) 
caruosa,  Greene.     Stout  and  low;  the  whole  herbage  very  succulent: 
fruiting  calyx  %  in.  long:  seed  nearly  orbicular,  1^   lines   broad.    Var. 
(2)  anirust  if'olia,  Greene.     Quite  like  the  type  save  that  the  lowest  radi- 
cal leaves  are  linear,  almost  without  distinction  of  blade  and  petiole,  the 
later  ones  somewhat  broader  and   lanceolate;  involucre  truncate  and 
with  acute  angles  on  the  upper  side  (opposite  the  deflection  of  the  ped- 
icels) rounded  on  the  other. — The  most  prevalent  of  Californian  winter 
annuals,  attaining  its  best  development  in  the  shade  of  oaks  and  laurels 
among  the  hills;  in  open  grounds  much  smaller;  in  sandy  *oil  near  the  sea 
usually  reduced  and  depressed.     The  first  variety  is  peculiar  to  the  Mt. 
Diablo  region,  growing  in  open  grounds,  in  fields  and  waste   places. 
The  second  grows  along  with  the  type  everywhere,  and  is  remarkably 
different  from  it  in  that  its  early  leaves  are   linear,  only  the  later  ones 
widening  to  the  lanceolate,  thus  reversing  the  common  order;  for  in  the 
type  the  earliest  leaves  are  broader  than  long,  only  the  later  ones  being 
somewhat  narrower. 

3.  C.  nubigena,  Greene.    Habit  of  the  preceding,  but  much  smaller, 
the  herbage  pale  and  glaucescent,  the  white  or  pinkish  flowers  twice  as 
large:  leaves  all  linear:  involucre  orbicular. — On  the  summits  of  Mt. 
Hamilton,  and  Mt.  Tamalpais. 

-«—  •«—  Herbage  glaucous,  in  age  flesh-colored. 

4.  C.  gypsophiloides,  Fisch.  &  Mey.    Pale  and  glaucous,  4—10  in. 
high:  radical  leaves  linear,  one-half  or  one-third  as  long  as   the  slender 
scapes;  cauline  pair  short  and  united  on  one   side   to   form  a   quadrate 
disk-like  involucre,  or  longer,  lanceolate-acuminate  and  less  perfectly 


POKTULACEvE.  61 

united:  raceme  peduncled,  many-flowered;  pedicels  scattered,  often  lin. 
long:  petals  rose-purple,  thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  cuneate- oblong, 
deeply  emarginate,  unguiculate  at  base  and  united  around  the  ovary: 
seed  dull  to  the  unaided  eye,  under  a  lens  roughened  with  a  low  and 
rounded  but  smooth  and  shining  tuberculation.— On  northward  slopes 
in  the  Coast  Bange,  from  Tamalpais  and  Mt.  Diablo  northward. 

5.  C.  spat  It ul  tit  a,  Dougl.  Low,  densely  tufted  and  fleshy,  1—3  in. 
high:  scapes  little  exceeding  the  linear  leaves;  involucral  leaves  lanceo- 
late or  linear,  more  or  less  dilated  at  base  and  there  connate  on  one  side, 
equalling  or  exceeding  the  short  raceme:  petals  white  or  purplish,  little 
longer  than  the  sepals,  truncate  or  rounded  at  apex:  seed  oval,  %  line 
long,  black  and  shining,  the  polished  low  tuberculation  appearing  under 
a  lens  as  a  kind  of  reticulation. — Common  on  ledges  of  rock  and  gravelly 
summits  of  low  hills  along  the  seaboard. 

5.  MOXTIA,  Micheli.    Annuals,  or  by  stolons  or  bulblets  perennial. 
Leave  opposite  or  alternate.     Flowers  few  or  many  in  axillary  racemose 
clusters,  or  in  a  single   terminal  raceme.     Calyx,  corolla,   capsule   and 
seeds  as  in  Claytonia,  but  segments  of  corolla  often  unequal  and  sta- 
mens reduced  to  3.     Seeds  sometimes  1  or  2  only,  usually  3. 

1.  M.  tout  ana,  L.    Annual,  slender,  erect,  ascending  or  procumbent, 
1 — 4  in.  long:  leaves  opposite,  narrowly  oblanceolate or  spatulate,  dilated 
and  somewhat  connate  at  base,  % — %  in.  long:  corolla  white,  minute, 
little  exceeding  the  calyx  and  seldom  expanding,  the  petals  unequal, 
united  at  base:  seed  minute,  roundish,  dull  black,  but  under  a  lens  shin- 
ing and  covered  with  an  almost  echinate  murication.— Common  and 
variable;  the  coarser  form  inhabiting  the  margins  of  streamlets  and 
shores  of  muddy  pools;  the  smaller  and  nearly  prostrate  state  found  on 
dry  ground  under  growing  grain  in  rather  low  fields. — March — May. 

2.  M.  parvifolia  (Mo?.),  Greene.     Slender,  succulent,  4— 10  in.  high: 
leaves  alternate,  on  a  short  caudex  % — 1  in.  high,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  1 
in.   long  or  less,  including  the  slender  petiole:    racemose  peduncles 
elongated,  leafy  below,  the  nodes  in  age  bearing  bud-like   plantlets: 
calyx  minute:  petals  rose-color,  2— 4  lines  long:  seeds  most   solitary  in 
the  capsules,  oval,  shining. — Sonoma  Co.    Bioletti. 

6.  CALYPTBIDIUM,  Nuitall.    Glabrous  and  rather  succulent  herbs, 
with    alternate    leaves,   and    small  ephemeral    flowers   in   solitary   or 
clustered  scorpioid  spikes.    Sepals  2,  broadly  ovate  or  cordate-orbicu- 
lar, scarious,  usually  persistent.     Petals    2 — 4.     Stamens   1 — 3.     Style 
bifid.     Capsule  membranaceous,  2-valved,  6— 12-seeded. 

1.  C.  tetrapetalum,  Wats.  Branches  erect  or  ascending  from  a 
more  or  less  decumbent  base,  leafy  up  to  the  short  dense  spikes:  leaves 


62  ELATINE^. 

broadly  spatulate,  1—3  in.  long:  sepals  round-reniform,  conspicuously 
nerved  and  scariously  margined,  2 — 4  lines  broad,  exceeding  the  4  oblong 
or  round-ovate  petals:  stigmas  broad;  nearly  sessile:  capsule  oblong,  3 
lines  long,  12 — 20-seeded.  —  Lake  Co.  and  Sonoma. 

ORDER  XX.     E  L  A  T  I  N  E  XE  . 

Low  annuals  with  opposite  leaves,  membranous  stipules,  and  axillary 
regular  symmetrical  2 — 5-merous  flowers.  Sepals,  petals  and  stamens  all 
distinct,  hypogynous.  Styles  distinct;  stigmas  capitate;  ovary  2—5- 
celled,  becoming  a  2— 5-celled  capsule  with  central  placenta  and  a 
septicidal  or  septif  ragal  dehiscence.  Seeds  straight  or  curved. 

1.  ALSIXASTRUM,  Tourn.  (WATER-WORT).  Glabrous  dwarf  and 
rather  succulent  plants  of  wet  places,  sometimes  aquatic  and  floating. 
Flowers  axillary.  Sepals  2 — 4,  nerveless,  obtuse,  persistent.  Petals 
2 — 4.  Stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals.  Styles,  or 
sessile  stigmas,  2 — 4.  Pod  thin,  globose,  2— 4-celled,  several-  or  many- 
seeded.  Seeds  cylindrical,  straight  or  curved,  striate-pitted. 

1.  A.    brachyspermum  (A.  Gray).      Commonly  terrestrial:   leaves 
oblong  or  oval,  attenuate  at  base,  sometimes  lanceolate,  %  in.  long  or 
less:  fl.    sessile,  mostly   dimerous;    stamens  2  or  3:  seed  oval,  nearly 
straight,  }^  line  long,  coarsely  pitted  in  6  or  7  lines  of  10 — 12  pits. 

2.  BEROIA,  Linn.    Coarser  plants,  not  succulent.    Flowers  pedi- 
cellate, often  fascicled,   5-merous:    Sepals  with  strong  midrib,  acute. 
Capsule  crustaceous,  more  or  less  of  the  partitions  remaining  with  the 
axis. 

1.  B.  Texana  (T.  &G.),  Seubert.  Diffusely  branched,  the  branches  a 
foot  long  more  or  less;  herbage  glandular-pubescent:  leaves  oblanceo- 
late,  acute,  serrulate,  ^ — \%  in.  long,  narrowed  to  a  short  petiole;  fl. 
fascicled,  pedicellate;  sepals  carinate,  1J£  lines  long,  exceeding  the 
petals  and  stamens:  capsule  globose:  seeds  smooth  and  shining. — Moist 
places  along  rivers  and  ditches. 

ORDER  XXI.     HYPERICE>£. 
A    small  family,    here  represented    by    species    of    the  genus 

HYPERICUM,  Diosc.  (ST.  JOHN'S-WORT).  Glabrous,  the  bright  green 
herbage,  punctate  with  pellucid  or  dark-colored  dots.  Leaves  opposite, 
simple,  entire  exstipulate.  Inflorescence  cymose;  flowers  yellow.  , Sepals 
5,  imbricate  in  bud.  Petals  5,  convolute  in  bud,  rotate  in  expansion. 
Stamens  GO  ,  usually  connate  at  base  or  into  3 — 8  clusters.  Styles  2 — 5, 
nearly  or  quite  distinct;  ovary  1-celled  with  3  parietal  placentae;  or  3- 
celled  by  union  of  the  placentae  with  the  axis.  Seeds  many,  minute. 


MALVACE^.  63 

1.  H.  con ci n n u in,  Bentli.    Erect,  wiry,  very   leafy,   suffruiescent  at 

— 1  ft.  high :  leaves  thickish  and  somewhat  conduplicate,  linear 
or  linear-oblong,  acute:  cyme  few-flowered:  fl.  1  in.  broad:  sepals  ovate, 
acuminate:  stamens  oo,  in  3  fascicles. — Common  on  bushy  hillsides  in 
clayey  soil,  at  middle  elevations  of  the  Coast  Eange.  May,  June. 

2.  H.  anagalloides,  Ch.  &  Schl.    Diffusely  branching,   slender,  pros- 
trate or  assurgent,  stoloniferom,  forming  a  mat  a  foot  or  more  in  breadth: 
leaves  oval  or  elliptical,  % — %  in.   long,  obtuse,  clasping,  only   half   as 
long  as  the  internodes :  inflorescence  leafy-paniculate-cymose;  fl.  scarcely 
2  lines  long,  the  obovate-  or  linear-oblong  sepals  exceeding  the  petals : 
stamens  15 — 30,  nearly  or  quite  distinct. — In  wet  places. 

3.  H.  milt  Hum,  L.     Stem  flaccid,  erect,  widely  branching,  6—20  in. 
high:  leaves  ovate  to  narrowly  oblong,  obtuse,  partly  clasping,  5-nerved; 
cymes  numerous,  leafy;  fl.  2  lines  broad:  sepals  narrow,  erect:  stamens 
5 — 12,   distinct. — Shores    of    the    Sacramento    in    Solano  Co.,  Jepson. 
Annual;  common  on  the  Atlantic  slope;  possibly  introduced  with  us. 

4.  H.  Scouleri,  Hook.     Erect,  1 — 2  ft.  high,  mostly  simple  up  to  the 
cyme  of  few  and  large  flowers:  leaves  ovate  to  oblong,  obtuse,  1  in.  long 
or  less:  sepals  ovate,  2  lines  long:  petals  4  or  5  lines:  stamens   60   or 
more,  in  3  fascicles. — On  Howell  Mountain,  Napa  Co.,  along  streamlets. 

ORDER  XXII.     MALVACE/E. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  stipulate  leaves  and  a  more  or  less 
vStellate  pubescence.  Flowers  usually  perfect,  complete  and  regular; 
the  5-cleft  valvate  and  persistent  calyx  often  subtended  by  a  supple- 
mentary whorl  of  bracts  and  thus  appearing  double.  Petals  5, 
hypogynous,  at  base  commonly  joined  to  each  other  and  to  the  base  of 
the  tube  of  the  monadelphous  stamens,  convolute  in  bud.  Stamens  5 — 
oo ,  more  or  less  completely  monadelphous  and  sheathing  the  styles; 
anthers  usually  reniform,  1-celled.  Ovaries  either  distinct  and  forming 
a  ring  around  a  central  columnar  elevation  of  the  receptacle,  thus 
becoming  achenes,  or  joined  into  one  5 — 10-celled  organ  and  becoming 
more  or  less  capsular.  Seeds  usually  roundish,  with  little  or  no 
albumen. 

Calyx  with  3-lobed  involucre  at  base LAVATEEA      1 

Calyx  1— 3-bracted  at  base; 

Fruit  a  whorl  of  l-8eeded  carpels; 

Styles  stigmatic  lengthwise; 

Stamineal  column  single MALVA  2 

"         double SIDALCEA        3 

Styles  with  terminal  stigma; 

Seeds  pendulous SIDA  4 

"    ascending MALVEOPSIS  5 

Fruit  a  5-celled  capsule; 

Involucre  wanting ABUTILON      6 

of  many  bractlets HIBISCUS 


64  MALVACE^:. 

1.  LAYATERA,  Tourn.  Stout  shrubs  with  coarse  flexible  branches, 
ample  palmately  lobed  leaves,  and  axillary  showy  flowers.  Involucel  3- 
lobed.  Stamineal  tube  divided  at  summit  into  numerous  filaments. 
Style-branches  stigmatose  lengthwise,  on  the  inside.  Fruit  a  depressed 
whorl  of  5—8  crowded  achenes  surrounding  the  angular  column  of  the 
receptacle  which  scarcely  exceeds  them,  and  covered  by  the  calyx. 

1.  L.    assurgentiflora,    Kell.    Coarse,  stout,  soft-woody,  flexuous- 
branched,  6—15  ft.  high,  the  young  branches,  pedicels  and  calyx,  rarely 
the  leaves  also,  stellate-hairy  or  -tomentose:  leaves  long-petioled,  3 — 6 
in.  broad,  angularly  5— 7-lobed,  the  lobes  coarsely  toothed:  fl.  solitary, 
on  a  long  deflexed  and  curved  pedicel:  petals  1 — 1^  in.  long,  cuneate- 
obovate,    truncate    or    retuse,  abruptly  reflexed  from  near  the  base, 
rose-red,  with  crimson  veins:  stamineal  column  glabrous :  sty  les  exserted : 
fr.  %  in.  broad;  carpels  not  beaked,  equalling  the  summit  of  the  axis. — 
Native  of  the  islands  off  Santa  Barbara  and  San  Pedro;  long  cultivated 
about  San  Francisco,  where  it  is  become  spontaneous. 

2.  MALYA,  Pliny  (MALLOW).    Herbs  with  broad  angular  or  rounded 
leaves,  and  axillary  solitary  or  glomerate  flowers.    Involucel  3-leaved. 
Stamens  and  pistils  as  in  Lavatera.    Column  of  receptacle  short,  seeming 
depressed  below  the  whorl  of  achenes. 

1.  M.  PABVIFLOBA,  L.     Simple  or  branching,  the  branches  depressed 
and  a  few  inches  long,  or  the  main  stem  erect  and  2—6  ft.  high: 
herbage  more  or  less  pilose-hairy :  leaves  long-petioled,  obsoletely  5 — 7- 
lobed,  round-cordate,  crenate,  1—3  in.  broad:  fl.   glomerate,  small,  the 
pale  blue  corolla  little  exceeding  the  calyx:    bractlets  linear;    calyx 
accrescent,  the  broad-lobed  limb  rotately  spreading  away  from  the   mature 
fruit:  achenes  glabrous  or  pubescent,  transversely  and  sharply  rugose  on 
the  back,  the  acute  winged  margins  distinctly  toothed.— A.  homely  weed, 
extremely  common,  often  small  and  depressed  when  growing  in  the 
streets  or  along  country  waysides,  but  in  good  soil  erect  and  tall. 

2.  M.  BOBEAHS,  Wallm.    Habit,  aspect  and  foliage  of  the  last,  but 
herbage  more  conspicuously  pilose   and  often  a  little  stellate-hairy: 
bractlets  lanceolate:  calyx-lobes  deep,  closed  over  the  mature  fruit:  cor- 
olla pale  blue,  %  in.  long,  surpassing  the  calyx:  achenes  reticulate-rugose, 
the  acute  margins  entire. — Rather  common  about  Berkeley;  easily  distin- 
guished from  the  foregoing  by  the  larger  flowers,  connivent  calyx-lobes, 
entire- margined  and  irregularly  rugose  achenes. 

3.  SIDALCEA,  A.  Gray.    Herbs  with  rounded  and  commonly  lobed 
or  parted  leaves;  occasionally  dioecious.    Flowers  in  terminal   racemes 
or  spikes,  rose-purple  or  white.    Involucel  0.    Stamineal  column  double; 
filaments  of  the  outer  series  united  into    about  5  sets;  of  the  inner 
distinct.     Style-branches  stigmatic  lengthwise  as  in  Malva;  fruit  the 
same,  except  that  the  achene  is  beaked. 


MALVACE.E.  65 

*  Annuals. 

1.  S.  diploscypha,  Gray.    Erect,  1—2  ft.  high,  paniculately  branch- 
ing, pilose-hirsute  with  long  spreading    hairs:    leaves    long-petioled, 
rounded,  the  radical  deeply  crenate;  cauline   7-parted   with  2— 3-cleft 
oblong  segments:  inflorescence  umbellate,  the  umbels  many,  at  the  ends  of 
the  branchlets,  3—5  flowered:  fruiting  calyx  %  in.  long,  deeply  cleft,  the 
segments  lanceolate,    acuminate:  corolla  1  in.   long,  pale  rose-color: 
achenes  cochleale  and  nearly  orbicular,  scarcely  a  line  in  diameter,  reticu- 
late-rugulose  on  the  back. — Mt.   Diablo  Kange,  both  in  the   hills   and 
upon  the  plains  adjacent.     March — May. 

2.  S.  secundiflora,  Greene.    Pubescence  and  foliage  as  in  the  last, 
but  plant  less  branching:  fl.  in  terminal  rather   lax  spicate  racemes: 
petals  oblique,  purple,  often  with   a  very  dark   spot   at  base:  achenes 
nearly  2  lines  long,  semiobcordate,  strongly  favose-reticulate. — Less  com- 
mon than  the  last;  often  associated  with  it. 

3.  S.  calycosa,  Jones.     Stout,  rather  widely  branching,  2  ft.  high, 
glabrous  below,  sparingly  hirsute  above:  inflorescence  loosely  spicate: 
calyx-lobes  ovate -lanceolate,  abruptly  acuminate;  corolla  1  in.  long,  deep 
or  pale  purple:  achenes  more  or  less   perfectly   sulcate   on  the   back,  by 
obliteration  of  the  usual  transverse  ridges. — In  Marin  Co. 

4.  S.    hirsuta,    Gray.    Stout,  erect,  simple  or  almost  fastigiately 
much  branched,  2—4  ft.   high;  the  rather  densely  spicale  inflorescence 
and  the  growing  parts  densely  hirsute:  lower  leaves  round-cordate,  slightly 
crenate-lobed;    cauline  completely  divided  into  7 — 9  narrowly  linear 
entire  segments  of  leaflets :  calyx  ^  in.  long,  the  lobes  deep,  acuminate : 
corolla  rose-purple,  1  in.  long:  achenes  rugose-reticulate,  tipped  with  a 
long  rather  soft  but  hispid  erect  beak. — Coast  range  hills  northward. 

*  *  Perennials. 

5.  S.  humilis,   Gray.      Stems  clustered   from  a  tuberous- enlarged 
root,  simple,  decumbent,  virgate-racemose,  ]  — 2  ft.   long :  herbage  from 
hirsute  to    nearly  glabrous:    radical  leaves  rounded,  crenate-incised : 
corolla  rose-purple,  1  in.  long  or  less,  broad-f unnelf orm :  achenes  almost 
orbicular,  rugose-reticulate. — Very  common  in  open  hilly  places. 

6.  S.  Oregana  (Nutt.),  Gray.    Stems  solitary  or  few  from  the  root, 
2—6  ft.  high,  naked  and  paniculately  branched  above,  leafy  below; 
inflorescence  stellate-lomentose,  peduncles  and  lower  part  of  stem  spar- 
ingly hirsute,  the  plant  otherwise  glabrous :  lower  leaves  orbicular,  7 — 
9-lobed,  the  cuneate-obovate  lobes  3-cleft  at  summit;  upper  7 — 9-parted, 
narrowly  and  deeply  cleft :  spicate  racemes  usually  dense  but  elongated : 
calyx-lobes  broadly  ovate,  acute,  not  longer  than  the  tube:  corolla  % — 1 
in.  long:  achenes  small,  straight  (semiorbicular),  slightly  beaked,  smooth 
and  glabrous,  1  line  long. —Moist  mountain  meadows,  in  Sonoma  Co. 


bb  MALVACE^l. 

4.  SIDA,  Linn.     Herbs  with  undivided  leaves.    Involucel  0  (except 
in  ours  where  it  is  3-bracteate  as  in  the  preceding).    Calyx  5-cleft. 
Stamineal  tube  simple.      Stigmas  capitate.     Carpels  1-celled,   1-seeded, 
dehiscent  or  indehiscent,  forming  a  short  conical  fruit.    Seed  pendulous. 

1.  S.  hederacea  (Dougl.),  Torr.  Perennial,  stoutish,  erect-spreading 
or  prostrate,  very  leafy,  % — 1  **•  high*  hoary-  or  yellowish-tomentose 
throughout:  leaves  short-petioled,  about  1  in.  long,  reniform,  very 
oblique  at  base,  plicate,  serrate  or  crenate:  fl.  axillary,  solitary  or  several, 
the  pedicels  slender:  calyx  subtended  by  1  or  2  slender  bractlets;  lobes 
acuminate:  corolla  %  in.  long,  cream  color:  fr.  short  conical,  smooth, 
glabrous;  carpels  6—10,  triangular,  1J£  lines  long. — A  depressed  hoary 
weed,  very  common  in  low  and  subsaline  clayey  soils. 

5.  MALYEOPSIS,  Presl.  Herbaceous  or  shrubby  (ours  mostly  hoary- 
tomentose    shrubs),    with    usually    angular    foliage,    and    solitary    or 
racemose-panicled  flowers.    Calyx  with  an  involucel  of  1 — 3  bractlets,  or 
none.      Stamineal  tube  simple;  free  filaments  terminal  and  distinct. 
Styles  5  or  more;  stigmas  capitate.    Carpels  1-seeded,  bivalvate-dehiscent 
or  indehiscent.    Seed  ascending. 

1.  M.  Fremonti    (Torr.).     Suffrutescent,  very  stout,  2-3  ft.  high, 
densely  ivhite-lomentose:  leaves  very  thick,  short-petioled,  1—3  in.  long, 
broadly  ovate,  cordate  at  base,  slightly  3-lobed  and  crenate:  fl.  in  short 
axillary  pedunculate  racemose  clusters:  calyx  ovate,  yz  in.   long,  only 
the  setaceous  tips  of  its  lobes  visible  amid  the  deep  and  dense  white 
tomentum,  almost  equalled  by  the  3  linear  setaceous  involucral  bractlets : 
corolla  %  in.  long,  rose- color:  carpels  thin,  smooth,  promptly  dehiscent. 
— Mt.  Diablo  and  southward. 

2.  M.    fasciculata  (Nutt.),  O.  Ktze.    Usually  6-8  ft.  high,  often 
larger  and  arborescent,  the  main  stem  a  few  inches  thick;  bark  smooth, 
gray;  branches  long,  wand-like,  slender,  racemose  or  amply  racemose- 
paniculate  above,  these  and  the  lower  face  of  the  leaves  canescently 
short-tomentose:    leaves  angularly  5-lobed  and  coarsely  toothed,  1% — 3 
in.  long,  and  almost  as  broad:  calyx-lobes  triangular,  as  broad  as  long, 
acute:  corolla  rose-purple,  ^  in.  long:  carpels  smooth,  tomentose  above, 
promptly  dehiscent:  seed  with  a  stellular-hairy  minute  reticulation. — A 
very  handsome  shrub  or  small  tree,  common  in  S.   Calif.,  reaching  Mt. 
Diablo,  according  to  Rattan. 

3.  M.  arcuata.    Size  and  general    habit  of  the  last  but  stouter; 
leaves  half  as  large,  obtuse  and  with  inconspicous  rounded   lobes,  very 
strongly  rugose-veiny  and  white-tomentose  beneath:  interruptedly  spicate 
flowering  branches  stout,  strongly  recurved,  the  flower-fascicles  all  on 
one  .side:  corolla  merely  pinkish:  carpels  densely  stellate^tomentose.— 
Eastern  slopes  of  the  Coast  Range  back  of  Belmont;  wrongly  referred 
to  M.  marrubioides  in  the  Flora  Franciscana. 


L  i  N  E  m .  67 

6.  ABUTILON,  Camerarius.    Herbs  or  shrubs  with  axillary  solitary 
mostly  yellow  flowers.    Involucel  0.     Stainineal  tube  simple,  anther- 
iferous  at  summit.     Styles  5  or  more,  with  capitate  stigmas.    Fruit 
truncate-globose  or -conical;  carpels  dehiscent,  several-seeded. 

1.  A.  THEOPHBASTI,  Medic.  A  stout  erect  branching  annual,  2—6  ft. 
high,  the  herbage  green  but  velvety-pubescent  and  almost  oily  to  the 
touch :  leaves  round-cordate,  acuminate,  crenate-dentate,  3—6  in.  long, 
on  petioles  of  2—5  in.;  peduncles  axillary,  erect,  shorter  than  the  petiole: 
fl.  small,  orange-yellow:  carpels  about  15,  inflated,  obliquely  birostrate, 
pubescent,  3-seeded. — A  common  weed  in  cultivated  grounds  at  the 
East;  reported  as  established  about  Santa  Eosa. 

7.  HIBISCUS,  Diosc.     Stout  herbs,  with  large  and  showy  axillary 
and  solitary  flowers.     Involucel  of  many  bractlets.     Stamineal  column 
antheriferous  below  the  summit;  above  naked  and  truncate  or  5- toothed. 
Styles  united;  stigmas  5,  capitate.    Carpels  united  into  a  5-celled  loculi- 
cidal  capsule;  cells  several-seeded. 

1.  H.  Californicus,  Kell.  Perennial,  stout,  erect,  branching,  5—7 
ft.  high,  velvety-pubescent:  leaves  cordate-ovate,  acuminate,  coarsely 
but  not  deeply  toothed,  3 — 5  in.  long,  exceeding  the  petioles:  peduncle 
jointed  above  the  middle,  2 — 3  in.  Ipng,  1-flowered:  calyx  1  in.  long, 
cleft  to  the  middle,  the  lobes  acute:  corolla  3 — 4  in.  long,  yellowish  or 
cream-color,  with  dark  purple  center:  capsule  1  in.  long,  acute  velvety- 
pubescent:  seeds  a  line  in  diameter,  globose,  striate  and  tuberculate- 
roughened. — In  swampy  places  along  the  lower  San  Joaquin. 

OKDEB  XXIII.     L  I  N  E  >£  . 

small  order,  comprising  little  besides  the  one  genus 
LINUM,  Vergil  (FLAX).  Herbs  with  tough  fibrous  bark,  alternate 
entire  leaves  without  stipules  or  with  glandular  organs  in  the  place  of 
them,  and  cymose-panicled  very  regular  and  symmetrical  5-merous 
flowers.  Sepals  imbricate,  persistent.  Petals  convolute,  fugacious. 
Stamens  monadelphous  at  the  very  base.  Styles  2,  3  or  5,  often  united 
below.  Ovary  of  as  many  carpels  as  styles,  each  more  or  less  divided 
into  2  cells  by  a  partition  proceeding  from  the  dorsal  suture.  Fruit 
capsular,  septicidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  1  in  each  half-cell,  ovate,  com- 
pressed, mucilaginous  when  moistened;  embryo  large;  albumen  thin. 

*  Flowers  % — 1  in-  broad,  blue;  sepals  not  glandular-margined. 

L  L.  .  USITATISSIMUM,  L.  Annual,  glabrous,  glaucous,  1 — 2  ft.  high, 
simple  up  to  the  ample  inflorescence:  sepals  oval,  short-acuminate,  3- 
carinate-nerved  at  base,  the  inner  scarious-margined  and  ciliate:  petals 
broad-cuneiform,  blue,  with  deeper  veins,  %  in.  long:  capsule  round- 


68  L  i  N  E  m  . 

ovoid,  equalling  the  calyx,  tardily  dehiscent,  incompletely   10-celled,  the 
septa  not  ciliate. — One  of  the  cultivated  flaxes;  occasionally  spontaneous. 

2.  L .  HUMILB,  Mill.     Much  like  the  last,  but  lower  and  more  branch- 
ing: capsule   more  elongated,   promptly  dehiscent,  the  septa  ciliate.— 
Another  flax  of  the  Old  World,  sometimes  found  wild  by  waysides. 

3.  L.  Lewisii,  Pursh.    Perennial,  glabrous,  glaucous,  1—2%  ft.  high, 
densely  leafy  below,  lax-corymbose  above :  sepals  broadly  ovate,  not  cil- 
iate, 3— 7-carinate-nerved:  petals  large,  deep  blue:  capsule  broadly  ovate, 
obtuse,  3 — 4    lines  long,  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals,  the  10  valves 
dehiscing  widely,  the  septa  ciliate. — San  Mateo  Co. 

*  *  Annuals;  leaves  often    with  stipular  glands;  fl.  small,   white,   rose- 
purple  or  yellow;  sepals  usually  glandular-ciliate;  petals  commonly 
with  lateral  teeth  and  ventral  appendages,  pistils  only  2  or  3. 

•t—  Petals  yellow. 

4.  L.  Breweri,  Gray.    Slender,  3—12  in.  high,  glabrous,  glaucous, 
few-flowered:   leaves  linear-setaceous,  6—8  lines  long;  stipular  glands 
conspicuous:  sepals  1%  lines  long,  ovate,  acute,  glandular  on  the   mar- 
gin: petals  spatulate,  emarginate,   %  in.  long,  3-appendaged  at  base: 
capsule  ovoid,  acute,  about  equalling  the  calyx. — In  the  Vacaville  and 
Mt.  Diablo  foot-hills;  also  on  Lone  Mountain,  San  Francisco. 

-i—  -i—  Flowers  white  or  pink. 

5.  L.  spergulinum,  Gray.    Slender,  loosely  dichotomous-paniculate, 
6 — 15  in.  high,  glabrous  or  with  scattered  hairs:  leaves  linear,  obtuse, 
little  narrowed  at  base,  with  or  without  stipular  glands:  pedicels  slender 
nodding:  sepals  ovate,   glandular-ciliate;  petals  white  or  rose-colored, 
obovate,  2 — 3  lines  long,  3-appendaged  at   base:  capsule  ovoid,  acute, 
exceeding  the  calyx. — Dry  woods  of  the  Coast  Eange;  common  in  Marin 
and  Sonoma  counties. 

6.  L.  Calif or ni cum,  Benth.    Glaucous,  glabrate  or  puberulent,  5—15 
in.  high,  with  angular  branchlets:  leaves  remote,  linear,  the  stipular 
glands  prominent:  pedicels  short,  erect,  not  exceeding  the  rose-colored 
flowers,  these  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  branchlets;  sepals  ovate-lanceo- 
late, acute,  carinate  below,  sparingly  glandular-ciliate;  petals  obovate* 
%  in.  long,  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  dilated  and  3-appendiculate 
below;  filaments  not  toothed:  capsule   ovoid,   acute,  little  shorter  than 
the  calyx,  the  false  partitions  broad,  gradually  narrowed  upwards.    Var. 
confertum,  Gray.     Low,  densely  leafy,  the  inflorescence    condensed; 
median  appendage  of    petals  obovate.— Eastern  slope   of  Mt.  Diablo 
Range,  also  about  San  Francisco. 

7.  L.  congestum,  Gray.     Size  of  the  last,  glabrous  except  the  calyx, 
the  branches  short  and  crowded:  stipular  glands  small :  ji.   rose-purple, 


GERANIACE.E.  69 

in  close  terminal  clusters;  sepals  pubescent,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  not 
glandular;  petals  3^  in.  long,  2-toothed,  3-appendiculate,  the  median 
appendage  long  and  hairy:  capsule  sub-globose,  shorter  than  the  calyx.— 
A  rare  species,  to  be  sought  at  the  north  of  Mt.  Tamalpais. 

OEDER  XXIV.     GERANIACE>£. 

Ours  soft-herbaceous  plants  with  acidulous,  pungent  or  aromatic 
properties,  and  perfect  mostly  5-merous  flowers.  Sepals  and  petals 
distinct,  the  later  deciduous,  their  insertion,  like  that  of  the  5 — 15 
stamens,  hypogynous.  Filaments  distinct  or  slightly  connate  at  base: 
anthers  versatile,  2-celled,  dehiscing  lengthwise.  Carpels  as  many  as  the 
sepals  and  alternate  with  them  (or  fewer),  united  around  a  central 
column,  becoming  distinct  and  1-seeded  in  maturity,  or  else  forming  an 
elastically  dehiscent  5— 10-valved  many-seeded  capsule. 

1.  GERANIUM,  Diosc.  (CBANESBILL).  Stems  with  enlarged  joints. 
Leaves  mostly  opposite,  palmately  lobed;  stipules  scarious.  Peduncles 
umbellately  few-flowered,  or  1-flowered.  Flowers  regular;  sepals  and 
petals  imbricate  in  bud.  Fertile  stamens  10.  Carpels  5,  2-ovuled,  1- 
seeded;  styles  persistent,  coherent  with  the  central  column  until  the 
carpel  is  ripe,  then  splitting  away  from  it  elastically  from  below 
upwards,  each  forming  a  coil,  not  bearded  within. 

*  Annuals. 

1.  €r.  Caroliniannm,  L.    Erect,  much  branched  from  the  base,  1  ft. 
high,  the  pubescent  herbage  light-colored:  leaves  5-parted,  the  divisions 
cleft  into  many  oblong-linear  lobes:  sepals   awn-pointed,  as  long  as  the 
pale  flesh-colored  emarginate  petals:    carpels  pubescent:    seeds  ovoid- 
oblong,  blackish,  minutely  reticulate. — Common. 

2.  G.  DISSECTUM,  L.    Taller  than  the  last,  the  herbage  of  a  darker 
green;  leaves  cut  into  narrower  and  more  acute  segments:  fl.  larger, 
bright  red-purple,  the  petals  more  deeply  emarginate;  seed  roundish,  more 
strongly  reticulate. — Rather  common;  preferring  moist  and  partially 
shaded  situations;  continuing  in  flower  until  the  end  of  June. 

3.  G.  MOLLE,  L.    Low,  slender,  diffuse,  the  branches  a  few  inches  to 
1  ft.  long,  the  herbage  softly  and  somewhat  clammily  villous :  leaves  1 
in.  broad  or  more,  cleft  into  oblong  obtusish  lobes :  sepals  ovate-oblong 
not  awn-pointed:  petals  very  small,  rose-color:    carpels   glabrous,    trans- 
versely rugose:  seed  minutely  striate. — About  the  U.  S.  Marine  Hospital, 
San  Francisco. 

*•  *  Perennial. 

4.  G.  BETBOBSUM,  L'Her.    Stouter  than  any  of  the  foregoing,  light 
green,  glabrous  except  a  short  stiffish  retrorsely  appressed  pubescence  on 


70  GERANIACE.E. 

the  stems  and  growing  parts:  leaves  2  in.  broad,  5-parted,  the  segments 
obtusely  and  not  deeply  3-lobed:  petals  2  lines  long,  obtuse,  purple, 
equalling  the  aristate  sepals:  carpels  slightly  hairy:  seeds  oblong,  min- 
utely striate-reticulate. — San  Francisco  and  Alameda.  Native  of  New 
Zealand. 

2.  ERODIUM,  L'Her.  (STOBKSBILL).  Vegetative  characters  of  Ger- 
anium, but  leaves  often  pinnate.  Flowers  and  fruit  almost  the  same; 
but  fertile  stamens  5  only,  as  many  scale-like  sterile  filaments  alternating 
with  them.  Beak  of  ripe  carpel  silvery-bearded  within,  and  spirally 
twisted. 

*  Naturalized  species;  leaves  pinnate. 

1.  E.  CIOUTARIUM  (L.),  L'Her.     Leaves  chiefly  radical,  in  a  depressed 
rosulate  tuft,  usually  6—10  in.  long,  the  many  leaflets  laciniately  pinnati- 
fid  with  narrow  acute  lobes;  cauline  leaves  reduced:  peduncels  exceeding 
them  and  bearing  an  umbel  of  4 — 8  small  bright  bright  purple  flowers : 
beak  of  carpels  1 — 2  in.  long.— Frequent  in  the  Bay  region;  perhaps 
more  common  in  the  interior  and  southward.     This  is  one  of  the  pasture 
plants  commonly  called  Pin-clover  and  Alfilerilla;  but  the  next  is  the 
important  one. 

2.  E.  MOSCHATOM  (L.),  L'Her.     Coarser  and  larger,  the  radical  leaves 
ascending,  1  ft.  long  or  more;  cauline  more  ample;  leaflets  unequally  and 
doubly  serrate:  corolla  pale  and  rather  dull  purple  or  rose-color:  herbage 
with  a  delicate  musky  odor. — The  prevalent  Pin-clover  of  middle  Calif. 

3.  E.  BOTBYS,   Bertol.    Badical  leaves  rosulate,   closely  depressed, 
shining  above,  of  oblong  obtuse  outline,  the  segments  coarsely  dentate : 
stems  short:  sepals  4  lines  long;  pale  purple  or  lilac  petals  longer:  beak 
of  carpels  2—3  in.  long. — Common  in  Marin  Co. 

*•  *  Native  species;  leaves  simple,  rounded. 

4.  E.  inacrophyllum,  Hook  &  Am.    Subacaulescent,  4—10  in.  high, 
soft-pubescent  and  with  some  gland-tipped  pilose  hairs,  leaves   1—3  in. 
broad,  reniform-cordate  with  a  broad  open  sinus,  crenate-serrate :  pedun- 
cles exceeding  the  leaves :  sepals  oblong,   accrescent,  at  length   %  in. 
long;  petals  equalling  them,  dull  white:  carpel  clavate,  %  in.  long  (exclu- 
ding the  1  in.  beak),  densely  velvety-pubescent:  seed  oblong  linear,  % 
in.  long,  dull,  smooth. — Plains  of  the  interior;  also  toward  the  seaboard 
in  Marin  Co.    March,  April. 

5.  E.  Californicum,  Greene.    Caulescent,  the  stem  exceeding  the 
rather  few  radical  leaves,  1 — 2  ft.  high;  herbage  without  soft  pubescence, 
but  upper  part  of  stem  and  growing  parts  with  abundant  spreading 
hairs  tipped  with  purple  glands:  leaves  broadly  cordate-ovate  with  closed 
sinus,  slightly  5-lobed,  rather  coarsely  crenate,  the  teeth  obtuse,  mucronu- 
late:  fl.  much  as  in  the  preceding  but  petals  deep   rose-red:  fruit  as  in 
the  last. — Berkeley  hills  and  eastward.    April — June. 


GERANIACE^;.  71 

3.  CARDAMIXDUM,  Town.  (NASTURTIUM.  TBOP^OLUM).  Tall  leafy 
climbing  plants,  the  succulent  herbage  with  a  pungent  juice.    Leaves 
alternate,  simple,  extipulate.    Flowers  large,  axillary,  irregular.    Sepals 
not  quite  distinct;  the  3  upper  somewhat  conjointly   produced  at  base 
into  a  long  spur.    Petals  5,  unequal;  the  3  lower  often  shorter.    Stamens 
8,  distinct.    Carpels  3,  becoming  large  corky  sulcate  achenes. 

1.  C.  MAJUS  (L.),  Moench.  Leaves  orbicular,  peltate,  repandly  lobed : 
petals  usually  orange-red,  1—2  in.  long,  broad  and  obtuse,  unguiculate, 
the  3  lower  fimbricate  lacerate  at  the  base  of  the  blade:  achenes  % — % 
in.  in  diameter. — Native  of  Peru;  escaped  from  cultivation  in  many 
places  in  California. 

4.  FLCERKEA,   Willd.    Low  annuals,  slightly  succulent,  the  juice 
pungent.    Leaves  alternate,  pinnately  cleft,  exstipulate.    Flowers  axil- 
lary, solitary,  regular,  3— 5-merous,  (all  ours  5-merous,  or  by  exception 
4-merous).     Sepals  valvate  in  bud.     Petals  convolute,  as  many  hypogy- 
nous  glands  alternating  with  them.    Stamens  10,  distinct.     Style  5-cleft; 
carpels  distinct,  subglobose,  fleshy  when  young,  becoming  soft  variously 
roughened  achenes  separating  from  their  short  axis. 

1.  F.  Douglasii  (R.  Br.),  Baillon.  Glabrous  throughout,  6—18  in. 
high :  leaflets  narrowly  cuneiform,  incisely  lobed  or  parted:  peduncles 
2— 4 in.  long:  sepals  lanceolate,  % — %  in.  long:  petals  yellow,  %  in. 
long,  obovate,  emarginate;  achenes  obovate-pyriform,  more  or  less 
tuberculate. — In  very  wet  places.  April,  May. 

5.  OXYS,   Tourn.    (WOOD-SORREL).       Herbs  with  sour  juice  (con- 
taining oxalic  acid),  alternate  palmately  3-foliolate  leaves,  and  cymose  or 
umbellate    regular    5-merous    flowers.      Sepals  imbricate,   distinct  or 
slightly    coherent    at    base,    persistent.     Petals  convolute,  deciduous. 
Stamens    10,  more  or  less  monadelphous,  those  opposite  the  petals 
longer  than  the  others.     Ovary  of  5  united  carpels;    styles  distinct. 
Fruit  an  ovoid  or  columnar  loculicidally  dehiscent  capsule;  the  valves 
remaining  attached  to  the  central  axis;  cells'  2— several-seeded.     Seeds 
pendulous,  the  testa  aril-like,  at  length  splitting  and  becoming  recurved. 

1.  0.  Oregana  (Nutt.).    Acaulescent,  perennial  by  simple  or  spar- 
ingly branched  scaly  rootstocks;  herbage  rusty-pubescent:  leaves   1  ft. 
high:  leaflets  broadly  obcordate,  ciliate,  1  in.  long,  l1^  in.  broad:  scapes 
1-flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves,  bibracteolate  above  the  middle:  petals 
oblong  obovate,  emarginate,  white,  with  purple  veins:  capsule  ovoid. — 
Shaded  slopes  in  the  Coast  Range. 

2.  0.  lutea,  .J.  Bauh.   (1651);  Tourn.  (1700);  Lam.  (1778).       Oxalis 
cormctilata,  L.     Perennial,  erect  or'decumbent,  3 — 10  in.  high,  branching, 
pubescent:  leaflets  broadly  obcordate:  peduncles   mostly  2-flowered:  fl. 
small,  yellow:  capsule  columnar,  %  in.  long,  densely  pubescent,  many- 
seeded.— Not  common  in  California. 


72  RUTACE^E. 

ORDER  XXV.    R  U  T  A  C  E  ^E  . 

Represented  by  a  single  species  of  the  genus 

PTELEA,  Linn.  (HOP-TREE).  Shrubs  or  small  trees  with  alternate 
3-foliolate  aromatic  pellucid-dotted  leaves,  and  corymbose  regular 
flowers.  Sepals,  petals  and  stamens  each  4  or  5,  the  latter  inserted  out- 
side of  a  disk  encircling  the  ovary.  Ovary  2-celled,  surmounted  by  a 
short  style,  and  becoming  an  orbicular  broadly  winged  2-seeded  samara. 

1.  P.  crenulata,  Greene.  Tree  10—25  ft.  high,  strongly  aromatic  when 
fresh;  glabrous  except  the  tomentulose  flowers,  and  a  sparse  pubescence 
on  the  lower  face  of  the  leaves  and  on  the  fruit:  leaflets  cuneate-obovate, 
obtuse  or  acute,  1 — 3  in.  long,  crenulate  or  crenate-serrate :  filaments 
villous  near  the  base :  samara  %  in.  long  and  as  broad,  truncate  or 
emarginate  at  both  ends,  often  triquetrous  and  3-seeded. — In  the  Coast 
Range,  from  Lake  Co.  southward  through  Contra  Costa,  etc.  May. 

ORDER  XXVI.     SAPINDACE>€. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  opposite  compound,  or  at  least  deeply  lobed 
leaves,  without  stipules.  Inflorescence  compound,  usually  racemose  or 
thyrsoid.  Sepals  5,  nearly  distinct,  or  joined  into  a  tubular  calyx. 
Petals  4  or  5,  distinct,  and,  with  the  few  and  definite  stamens,  inserted 
hypogynously,  or  around  a  hypogynous  disk.  Fruit  a  3-celled  capsule, 
or  a  double  samara.  Seeds  large;  without  albumen. 

1.  ACER,  Pliny  (MAPLE.  BOX-ELDER).  Trees  or  shrubs  with  oppo- 
site palmately  lobed  or  pinnately  compound  leaves  without  stipules. 
Flowers  small,  greenish  or  reddish,  in  terminal  racemes,  umbel-like 
corymbs,  or  fascicles,  perfect  or  unisexual.  Calyx  usually  5-lobed. 
Petals  5  or  0.  Stamens  usually  8  (3—12),  in  the  perfect  flowers  inserted 
with  the  petals  upon  a  lobed  disk.  Ovary  2-lobed,  2-celled;  styles  2. 

*  Leaves  simple;  tree  not  dioecious. 

1.  A.  macrophyllum,  Pursh.    Tree  50—90  ft.  high,  2—3  ft.  in  diam- 
eter: leaves  % — 1  ft.  broad,  deeply  5-lobed,  the  sinuses  rounded,  the 
segments  often  3-lobed,  coarsely  toothed:  fl.   large,  in  large  crowded 
pendulous  racemes  which  appear  with  the  unfolding  leaves,  greenish 
yellow  or  reddish:  stamens  9  or  10;  filaments  hairy:  fruit   densely  hir- 
sute or  almost  hispid,  the  glabrous  wings  1  in.  long  or  more,  divergent. 
— Along  mountain  streams  or  on  hillsides. 

*  *  Leaves  unequally  pinnate;  tree  dioecious. 

2.  A.  <  :il i lorn ic  11  m  (T.  &  G.),  Dietr.     Tree  30—70  ft.  high,  the  young 
twigs  and  partly  developed  leaves  villous-canescent:  leaflets  3,  ovate,  or 


ANACARDIACE^.  73 

the  lateral  ones  oblong,  acute,  3 — 4  in.  long,  the  terminal  largest  and 
3 — 5  lobed,  or  coarsely  serrate :  fl.  of  sterile  tree  umbellately  clustered, 
the  pedicels  long  and  capillary,  those  of  the  fertile  in  drooping  racemes : 
fruit  pubescent  1—1^  in.  long,  including  the  nearly  erect  wings. — In 
the  Coast  Eanges  from  San  Luis  Obispo  northward. 

2.  HIPPOCASTANUM,  Town.  (BUCKEYE.  HORSE-CHESTNUT).  Trees 
with  opposite  palmately  compound  exstipulate  leaves,  and  a  large 
thyrsoid  inflorescence,  the  flowers  on  jointed  pedicels.  Flowers  poly- 
gamous. Calyx  tubular,  unequally  5-toothed.  Petals  4  or  5,  unguicu- 
late.  Stamens  5—8,  exserted,  often  unequal.  Ovary  3-celled:  ovules  2 
in  each  cell,  1  abortive.  Fruit  a  large  coriaceous  3-valved  capsule. 
Seed  very  large;  testa  chestnut-brown,  showing  a  large  white  hilum. 
Cotyledons  large,  fleshy,  somewhat  coherent. 

1.  H.  Calif  or  nicum  (Spach).  A  low  spreading  tree,  glabrous,  except 
the  petiolules  and  inflorescence  which  are  minutely  pubescent :  leaflets  5, 
on  distinct  stalklets,  oblong  or  elliptic-oblong,  mostly  rounded  at  base, 
acute  or  acuminate  at  apex,  serrulate,  3—5  in.  long:  thyrsus  cylindrical, 
often  1  ft.  long:  calyx  2-lobed,  the  lobes  scarcely  toothed:  corolla  white 
with  a  faint  tinge  of  rose,  ^  in.  long:  stamens  5 — 7,  long-exserted :  fruit 
smooth,  usually  1-seeded:  seed  1  in.  thick. — Tree  often  25  or  30  ft.  high, 
the  rounded  or  depressed  head  of  still  greater  breadth :  very  common 
throughout  middle  California.  Admirable  specimens  are  seen  at  Shell 
Mound,  and  on  Point  Isabel.  Fl.  May :  f r.  November. 

ORDER  XXVII.     ANACARDIACE/E, 

Shrubs  or  trees  with  resinous  and  often  acrid  juice,  alternate  exstipu- 
late leaves,  and  small  variously  clustered  regular  flowers.  Stamens 
definite  in  number,  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals.  Pistil  1 : 
ovary  free  from  the  calyx.  Fruit  drupaceous. 

1.  KHUS,  Theophr.  Ours  deciduous  shrubs  with  trifoliolate  leaves 
and  small  perfect  or  unisexual  flowers  in  axillary  bracted  panicles  or 
spikes.  Sepals  and  petals  usually  5.  Stamens  inserted  under  the  edge 
of  a  disk  lining  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Pistil  1;  styles  3,  distinct  or 
united.  Fruit  a  small  compressed  drupe  with  thin  flesh  and  ligneous 
putamen.  Seed  erect;  albumen  0. 

•*  Flowers  greenish,  in  small  axillary  panicles,  appearing  with  the  leaves; 
drupe  white;  putamen  striate. 

1.  R.  diversiloba,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Erect  and  3—6  ft.  high,  or  ascend- 
ing trees  by  aerial  roots  to  the  height  of  15  ft.  or  more:  leaflets  ovate, 
obovate  or  elliptical,  1 — 4  in.  long,  variously  lobed  or  toothed,  the  inden- 
tations obtuse,  or  the  leaflet  rarely  entire:  panicles  short-peduncled, 


74  CELASTEINE^l. 

more  or  less  pendulous:  fl.  1^  lines  long:  fr.  2 — 3  lines  broad.— Copious 
in  the  Coast  Bange  hills,  preferring  cool  northward  slopes  and  the  banks 
of  streams;  the  terror  of  many  excursionists  and  of  some  botanists,  and 
commonly  called  Poison  Oak. 

*  *  Flowers  yellow,  in  small  dense  spikes,   appearing  before   the    leaves,' 
drupe  red,  hairy;  putamen  smooth. 

2.  K.  trilobata,  Nutt.  Diffusely  branching,  2-5  ft.  high,  aromatic- 
scented,  more  or  less  pubescent  when  young:  terminal  leaflet  thrice  as 
large  as  the  lateral,  cuneate-obovate,  1 — 2  in.  long,  3-lobed  and  coarsely 
toothed  above  the  middle;  lateral  pair  round-obovate,  scarcely  lobed,  but 
coarsely  crenate:  spikes  ^-3— %  iQ-  long,  short-pedicelled :  fr.  viscidly 
hirsute,  the  thin  pulp  keenly  and  pleasantly  acid.  Var.  quinata, 
Jepson.  Leaves  apparently  quinate,  the  terminal  leaflet  being  3-parted, 
the  lateral  ones  little  larger  than  the  lateral  divisions  of  the  terminal 
one. — Perhaps  only  the  variety  is  found  within  our  limits;  and  this 
plentiful  in  the  Vaca  Mts.  and  northward. 

ORDER  XXVIII.     CELASTRINE>£. 

Shrubs  with  simple  exstipulate  leaves,  and  small  perfect  regular 
flowers.  Sepals  and  petals  4  or  5,  imbricate  in  bud.  Stamens  as  many 
as  the  petals,  inserted  alternately  with  them  on  or  under  the  edge  of  a 
perigynous  disk.  Ovary  free  from  the  calyx,  but  immersed  in  the  disk 
or  encircled  by  it,  3-  or  4-celled;  cells  1-  or  several-ovuled.  Fruit  cap- 
sular,  loculicidal :  seed  without  albumen. 

1.  EUONYMUS,  Theophr.  (BURNING-BUSH).  Deciduous  shrub  with 
4-angular  green  branches,  opposite  leaves,  and  flowers  in  loose 
axillary  cymes.  Sepals  and  petals  4  or  5,  widely  spreading.  Stamens 
very  short,  on  a  broad  angled  disk.  Ovary  immersed  in  the  disk,  3 — 5- 
celled;  style  short  or  0.  Capsule  coriaceous,  3— 5-lobed  and  -valved. 
Seeds  1 — 4  in  each  cell,  covered  with  a  fleshy  red  aril. 

1.  E,  occidentalis,  Nutt.  Erect,  slender,  7 — 15  ft.  high:  leaves 
ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrulate,  short-petioled,  2—4  in. 
long:  peduncles  slender,  2 — 4-flowered:  fl.  5-merous,  dark-brown  purple, 
4 — 6  lines  wide:  fr.  smooth,  deeply  lobed. — Marin  and  San  Mateo 
counties,  along  mountain  streams. 

ORDER  XXIX.     R  H  A  M  N  E  >£  . 

Shrubs  with  simple  leaves;  stipules  minute,  mostly  caducous. 
Flowers  4— 5-merous,  small,  perfect  or  unisexual,  regular.  Calyx  4—5- 
cleft,  valvate  in  aestivation.  Petals  cucullate  or  convolute,  sometimes  0. 
Stamens  as  many  as  the  calyx-lobes  and  alternate  with  them,  i.  e., 


RHAMNE.E.  75 

opposite  the  petals.  Ovary  more  or  less  free,  surrounded  by  a  fleshy 
disk,  2—3-  or  4-celled;  ovules  solitary,  erect.  Fruit  baccate  or  capsular. 
Seeds  erect;  albumen  fleshy  or  0. 

1.  RHAMXUS,  Nicander  (BUOKTHOEN).  Shrubs  (all  ours  evergreen), 
with  alternate  leaves  and  axillary  clusters  of  small  greenish  4 — 5- 
merous  flowers.  Disk  thin,  lining  the  tube  of  the  calyx.  Fruit  sub- 
globose,  the  juicy  pulp  enclosing  2  or  3  large  nut-like  seeds. 

1.  R.  crocea,  Nutt.    Low,   spreading,  slender  and  spinescent,  2  ft. 
high;  leaves  coriaceous,  %  in.  long,  bright-green  above,  yellow  beneath, 
roundish  ovate  in  out-line,  glandular-denticulate:  fl.  4-merous,  apetalous, 
often  unisexual,  short-pedicelled,  solitary  or  few  in  a  fascicle :  f r.  small, 
obovoid,  scarlet,  1-  or  2-seeded. — Mission  Hills  and  islands  in  the  Bay. 

2.  R.  ilicifolia,  Kell.    Erect,  bushy  or  arborescent,  6— 15  ft.  high,  not 
spinescent:  leaves  firm-coriaceous,  1   in.  long  more  or  less,  oval,  spinu- 
lose-dentate;  very  short- petioled:  fl.  5-merous:  fr.  as  in  the  last,  though 
larger. — Mt.  Diablo  Range. 

3.  E.  Californica,   Esch.      Bushy  or  arborescent,  4—20  ft.    high, 
nascent   parts   pubescent,    otherwise    glabrous:    leaves    thin-coriaceous, 
elliptic-oblong,  acute  or  obtuse,  denticulate  or  entire,  1 — 4  in.  long:  fl. 
subumbellate,  5-merous :  petals  small,  ovate,  emarginate:  filament  long; 
anther    exserted  from  the  cucullate   petal:  fr.  globose,    % — %  in.  in 
diameter,   copiously    pulpy,  black:    seeds  usually  2,  hemispherical,  as 
broad  at  base  as  at  summit. — Along  the  seaboard,  on  sandy  plains  near 
the  shore,  where  it  is  a  low  shrub;  also  among  the  hills  in  the  form  of  a 
small  tree  with  ample  spreading  branches. 

4.  R,  tomentella,   Benth.      Near  preceding,  of  similar  habit,  but 
never  either  low-bushy  or  aborescent:  leaves  2  in.  long,  narrowly  oblong 
or  elliptical,  abruptly  acute  or  acuminate,  entire,  the  margin  narrowly 
revolute,  glabrate  above,  minutely  and  very  densely  silvery-   or   yellowish- 
tomentose  beneath:  fl.  and  fr.  as  in  the  last. — Eastern  slope  of  the   Mt. 
Diablo  Range. 

2.  CEANOTHUS,  Linn.  (CALIFORNIA  LILAC).  Arborescent,  shrubby 
or  suffrutescent,  unarmed  or  spinescent,  with  petioled  leaves  and  mostly 
thyrsoidly  arranged,  caducous-bracted  fascicles  or  cymes  of  small  perfect 
blue  or  white  flowers.  Calyx  campanulate,  5-clef t,  the  lobes  acute,  con- 
nivent;  disk  thick,  adnate  to  the  calyx  and  base  of  the  ovary.  Petals  5, 
cucullate  and  arched,  on  long  claws.  Stamens  5;  filaments  filiform,  long- 
exserted.  Ovary  3-lobed;  style  short,  3-cleft.  Fruit  3-lobed  and 
capsular,  though  coated  with  a  thin  pulp;  ultimately  separating  into  3 
unilocular  1-seeded  carpels  which  are  elastically  dehiscent  by  the 
ventral  suture.  Seeds  obovate,  without  a  furrow. 


76 


RHAMNEJ:. 


*  Leaves  alternate,  membranous  or  thin-coriaceous,  glandular-toothed  or 
entire;  fruit  unappendaged  or  slightly  crested. 

*- Branches 'flexible,  not  spinescent. 
•M-  Leaves  plane,  glandular-toothed,  except  in  n.  1. 

1.  C.  integerrimns,  Hook.  &  Arn.    Tall,  loosely  branching  and  some- 
times arborescent,  5—12  ft.  high,  the  branchlets  green,  more  or  less 
angular  when  young,  and  warty  in   age:  leaves  ovate,  1—3  in.  long, 
prominently  triple-veined,  pubescent  or  glabrate,  entire  or'very  slightly 
glandular-serrate:  thyrse  long  and  dense,  terminating  leafy  branchlets: 
fl.  from  deep  blue  to  white. — One  of  the  most  common  species  of  the 
Coast  Eange  northward,  but  mostly  beyond  our  limits. 

2.  C.  Yelutinus,  Dougl.     Stout,  diffusely  branching,  2 — 4  ft.   high : 
leaves  subcoriaceous,  broadly   oval,   \% — 3  iQ-  l°ngi   shining  and   thick- 
glutinous  above,  more  or  less  velvety-pubescent  and  strongly  3-ribbed 
beneath;  petioles  stout,  %  in.  long:  thyrse  compound,  loose  and  broad, 
rather  short-peduncled :  fl.  white. — Higher  parts  of  the  Coast  Range,  as 
far  south  as  Mt.  St.  Helena.    June. 

3.  C.  thyrsifloms,  Esch.    Arborescent,  6  —15  ft.  high,  glabrous  or 
nearly    so,    branches    angular,  foliage    firm-membranous,    bright    and 
shining;  leaves  1 — 2  in.  long,  short  petioled,  ovate  oblong,  strongly  3-ribbed: 
thyrse  dense,  sometimes  broader  than  long,  on  short  leafy  peduncles:  fl. 
deep  blue :  f r.  small,  smooth. — Frequent,  preferring  northward  slopes 
and  cool  ravines. 

•M-  -M-  -H-  Leaves  pinnate-veined;  margins  glandular-toothed,  undulate  or 
revolute;  surface  mostly  papillose  or  rugose. 

4.  C.  Parryi,  Trel.    Arborescent,  6—10  ft.  high;  branches  sparingly 
villous  or  glabrate,  angular,  more  or  less  papillose:  leaves  oblong,  obtuse. 
1 — 1%  in.  long,  the  pinnate  veins  supplemented  by  a  pair  of  laterals 
which  run  near  the  more  or  less  strongly  revolute  margin;  surface  of  leaf 
glabrate,  lower  face  more  or  less  tornentose-canescent :  thyrse  narrowly 
oblong,  umbels  subsessile:  fl.   blue:    fr.   small,  smooth. — In  the  hill- 
country  between  Napa  and  Sonoma  counties.    May,  June. 

5.  C.  papillosus,  Torr.  &  Gray.    Stouter  than  the  last,  less  arbore- 
ous, 4—6  ft.  high;  branchlets  and  stalklets    hirsute-pubescent:   leaves 
narrowly  oblong,  1 — 2  in.  long,  glandular-serrate,  the  surface  rugose   and 
glandular-papillose:  fl.  blue,  in  short,  mostly  simple  and  short-stalked 
racemes:  fr.  small,  smooth.— Hills  along  the  seaboard. 

6.  C.  foliosus,  Parry.     Low,  slender,  the  erect  stems  2 — 3  ft.  high, 
with  many  ascending  very  leafy  branches;  nascent  parts  pubescent: 
leaves    subcoriaceous,  often  fascicled,  glaucous   beneath,  deep  but  dull 


EHAMNE^.  77 

green  above,  2 — 5  lines  long,  obovate,  or  oval,  obtuse,  short-petioled, 
closely  denticulate,  the  mucronate  teeth  having  very  large  rather  decid- 
uous resin-glands:  fl.  few,  light  blue,  in  a  simple  usually  capitate 
raceme  on  a  slender  more  or  less  leafy-bracted  peduncle:  capsule 
sharply  crested  at  summit. — Wooded  hills  of  Napa,  Sonoma  and  Marin 
counties. 

•H-  -i—  Branches  spinescenl;  flowers  in  smaller  clusters. 

7.  C.    divaricatus,    Nutt.      Eigidly    and    diffusely    branched,    the 
branches    spinescent    and    divaricate,   nearly  glabrous:  leaves  ovate  to 
oblong,  % — 1)4  in«  long,  rounded  at  base,  acute  or  obtuse   at  summit, 
not  tomentose  beneath,  entire  or  minutely  glandular-serrulate:  racemes 
rather  lax,  often  leafy ;  fl.  blue  or  white :  f r.  of  middle  size,  very  resinous. 
— In  the  Coast  Range;  very  common. 

8.  C.  incanus,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Spinescent  branches  thick  and  stout, 
minutely  cauescent,  the  foliage  also  cinereous-velvety  and  pale:  leaves 
coriaceous,  tomentose  beneath,  broadly  ovate  or  elliptical  obtuse,  sub- 
cordate  at  base  or  somewhat  cuneate,  %— 2  in.  long:  fl.  white,  in  short 
racemes  from  thick  spurs  or  axillary  branchlets :  f  r.  2  lines  in  diameter, 
resinous  and  warty. — In  the  Coast  Range. 

9.  C.  sorediatus,  Hook.  &  Arn.    Shrubby  or  arborescent,   5—10  ft. 
high,  nearly  glabrous:  branches  spreading   or  recurved,  and  with   short 
stiff  branchlets :  leaves  subcoriaceous,  glossy  above,  glabrous  or  somewhat 
tomentose  beneath,  but  silky  along  the  veins,   oblong-ovate,   %—].%  in. 
long,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base:  racemes  of  deep  blue,  ^ — 2  in.  long, 
usually  not  longer   than  broad.— Plentiful  on  Mt.   Tamalpais,  on  the 
northern  slope;  common  in  the  Berkeley  Hills.     March — May. 

*  *  Evergreen  shrubs;  branches  small-leaved,  with  warty  stipules;  leaves 

opposite,  coriaceous,  closely  pinnate-nerved;  fruit  with  3  horns. 

•i—  H—  Shrubs  erect,  with  short  rigid  branchlets. 

10.  C.  cuneatus  (Hook.),  Nutt.    Stems  clustered,  6—12  ft.  high,  the 
branchlets  short  and  remote,  glabrous  or  nearly  so:  leaves   cuneate-obo- 
vale,  or  oblong,  obtuse  or  retuse,  entire,  %  ^   l°ng  or  less>  exceeded  by 
the  profuse  simple  subsessile  umbellate  clusters  of  rather  large  dull- 
white  heavy-scented  flowers:  fr.  rather  large;  horns  short,  erect.     Var. 
ramulosus,  Greene.     Smaller,  the  branchlets  more  numerous  and  more 
leafy:  leaves  narrower  and  longer,  more  tomentose  beneath:  fl.  half  as 
large,  scentless,  deep  blue :  fr.  smaller  and  more  elongated.— The  type 
on  Mt.  Diablo  and  near  Los  Gatos:  the  variety  in  the  Coast  Range  only. 
February — April. 

11.  C.  divergens,  Parry.    Low,  almost  diffuse,  the  long  rigid   diver- 
gent branches  sometimes  almost,  trailing,  pubescent  when  young:  leaves  1 


78  SABMENTOS^:. 

in.  long  or  less,  rigidly  coriaceous,  cuneate  dnd  entire  below  the  middle, 
above  bearing  2  or  3  opposite  pairs  of  coarse  spinescent  serrate  teeth, 
the  broad  truncate  apex  with  or  without  a  similar  tooth:  umbels  pedun- 
cled  or  subsessile:  fl.  purplish  or  even  blue:  fr.  large,  elongated,  with  3 
prominent  horns  and  as  many  alternating  crests. — Higher  mountains  of 
Marin  and  Sonoma  counties. 

12.  C.  Jepsonii.  Low  bush  rigidly  erect  and  intricately  branching, 
2 — 4  ft.  high,  the  branches  and  branchlets  short  and  very  stout,  divari- 
cate, puberulent  when  young:  leaves  %  in.  long,  hard-coriaceous,  oblong, 
obtuse,  or  even  truncate  at  both  ends,  the  whole  margin  coarsely  and 
salient  ly  spinose-toothed:  fl.  in  short-peduncled  simple  clusters  at  the 
ends  of  all  the  branchlets,  large,  dark  blue,  varying  to  white:  fr.  large, 
prominently  3-horned.  —  Open  hills  in  Marin  County,  near  San 
Geronimo,  and  northward.  Confused  with  the  preceding  by  Parry. 

ORDER  XXX.     SARMENTOS>£. 

A  small  family,  important  as  containing  the  Grape. 

1.  VITIS,  Varro  (GRAPE).  Shrubs  with  watery  juice,  climbing  by 
branching  tendrils  opposite  the  leaves.  Flowers  small,  greenish,  num- 
erous, in  thyrsiform  clusters  opposite  the  leaves.  Calyx  minute,  cup-like, 
with  or  Without  traces  of  4  or  5  teeth.  Petals  4  or  5,  united  at  apex,  and 
falling  off  like  a  calyptra.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  and  opposite 
them,  on  a  perigynous  disk  or  elevation  of  the  torus;  filaments  slender: 
anthers  introrse.  Pistil  with  a  short  style  or  none;  stigma  slightly  2- 
lobed.  Fruit  baccate,  1 — 4  seeded.  Seeds  bony,  rather  large,  grooved 
on  one  side;  embryo  small  in  a  hard  albumen. 

1.  V.  Californica,  Benth.     Stem  often  1 — 2  in.  thick  below,  climbing 
trees  to  the  height  of  20—50  ft.:  leaves  3  in.  long,  nearly  as  broad,  round- 
cordate  with  deep  and  narrow  sinus,  obtuse,  rather  coarsely  serrate, 
sometimes  3-lobed,  canescently  tomentose  beneath,  and  when  young 
more  or  less  so  on  both  faces:  fr.  4  lines  thick,  in  large  clusters,  purple, 
glaucous:  seeds  broad.— Along  streams  back  from  the  seaboard. 

2.  V.  VINIFERA,  L.T  the  wine  grape,  native  of  the  Old  World,  has 
escaped  from  cultivation,  and  will  be  occasionally  seen  in  a  wild  state. 

ORDER  XXXI.     TtTHYMALOlDE>£. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees,  often  with  milky  acrid  juice,  the  leaves  simple, 
stipulate.  Flowers  axillary  or  terminal,  bracted,  imperfect,  monoecious 
or  dioecious,  in  all  ours  apetalous.  Stamens  1— oo.  Pistil  1 ;  ovary 
superior,  1 — 3-celled.  Fruit  a  1— 3-celled  capsule  with  as  many  lobes  as 


TITHYMALOIDE.E.  79 

cells;  the  lobes  in  maturity  separating  from  a  central  axis  as  a  1-celled 
1-seeded  carpel;  this  elastically  dehiscent  by  two  sutures  and  exposing 
or  ejecting  the  usually  arilled  or  strophiolate  seed.  Ovules  and  seeds 
pendulous.  Embryo  embedded  in  fleshy  albumen;  cotyledons  flat. 

1.  CROTOX,  Linn.  Pale  scurfy  or  stellate  hairy  plants  with  alter- 
nate exstipulate  entire  leaves  and  racemose,  cymose  or  solitary  unisexual 
apetalous  flowers.  Staminate  calyx  4—6  parted,  slightly  imbricate  in 
bud.  Stamens  5 — 7,  on  a  hairy  receptacle;  anthers  inflexed  in  bud. 
Pistillate  calyx  when  present  5-parted.  Ovary  simple  and  1-celled,  or 
2— 3-lobed  with  as  many  cells;  styles  as  many  as  the  ovary-cells,  simple 
or  once  or  twice  forked.  Seed  grayish,  smooth  and  shining. 

*  Fruit  3-lobed;  styles  forked. 

1.  C.  Californicus,  Mull.  Arg.    Suffrutescent,  weak,  decumbent  or 
prostrate:  leafy  branches  erect,  1.  ft.  high;  these  and  the  foliage  silvery  - 
canescent  with  a  fine  scurf  and  a  minute  stellate  pubescence:  leaves 
narrowly  oblong  or  elliptical,  obtuse  at  each  end,   1 — 2  in.  long,  on 
petioles  half  as  long:  staminate  flowers   greenish,  in  short  subsessile 
racemes;  calyx-lobes  about  1  line  long;  filaments  hairy:  pistillate  fl. 
mostly  solitary,  on  short  pedicels;   styles  twice  forked:  capsule  deeply 
3-lobed,  %  in.  thick:  seed  2^  lines  long,  with  a  small  appressed  carun- 
cle.—Plentiful  among  the  sandhills  at  San  Erancisco  and  southward. 

*  #  Fruit  of  a  single  1-seeded  carpel,  style  simple. 

2.  C.  setigerus,  Hook.    A  stout  low  annual  with  short  but  wide- 
spread leafy  branches,  the    heavy-scented  -herbage  with  a  spreading 
hispid  and  an  appressed  stellate  pubescence:  leaves  ovoid  or  rhomboid, 
% — 2  in.  long,  on  slender  petioles,  the  upper  crowded  and  appearing 
opposite  or  whorled:  staminate  fl.  few  in  corymb,  long-pedicelled ;  calyx 
with  oblong  obtuse  segments  a  line  long:  pistillate  fl.  1,  2  or  3  in   an 
axil;  ovary  and  style  densely  pubescent:  capsule  and  seed  2  lines  long. 
— Abundant  in  autumnal  fields,  mostly  in  the  interior. 

2.  EUPHORBIA,  Linn.  (SPURGE).  Herbs  with  milky  juice,  alter- 
nate or  opposite  toothed  or  entire  leaves,  and  inflorescence  either 
terminally  clustered,  or  solitary  in  the  forks  of  the  many  branches. 
Both  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  within  the  same  involucre;  this 
cup-shaped  and  like  a  calyx,  the  4  or  5  lobes  minute,  usually  alternating 
with  as  many  glands  which  have  often  a  colored  margin  resembling  a 
petal.  Staminate  flowers  many,  of  a  single  naked  stamen  jointed  upon 
a  short  pedicel  which  has  often  a  minute  bract  at  base.  Pistillate  flower 
1,  in  the  center  of  the  involucre,  pedicellate  and  soon  exserted  from  it, 
consisting  of  a  single  3-celled  ovary,  3  forked  styles  and  6  stigmas  each 
2-lobed.  Capsule  3-seeded.  Seeds  smooth,  reticulate,  rugose  or  pitted. 


80  TITHYMALOIDE^I. 

*  Stems  erect;  stipules  0;    involucres    in  forked    or  umbellate  terminal 

cymes;  glands  flattened  or  convex;  seed  carunculate. 

1.  E.  LATHYRIS,  L.    Biennial  or  perennial,  erect,  stout,  1—3  ft.  high, 
glabrous  throughout:  leaves  opposite,  4-ranked,  linear-lanceolate,  sessile, 
entire,    obtuse,    cuspidate,    3 — 4  in.    long:    inflorescence    bracted,  the 
branches  twice  or  thrice  dichotomous,  the  leaf -like  bracts  oblong-ovate: 
glands  crescent-shaped,  with  broad  obtuse  horns :  capsule   %  in.  thick, 
the  lobes  rounded,  in  age  wrinkled:  seeds  reticulate  rugose. — Native  of 
the  Mediterranean  region;  with  us,  an  escape  from  gardens. 

2.  E.  EXIGUA,  L.    Annual,  slender,  glabrous,  3 — 10  in.  high:  leaves 
alternate,  linear,  entire,  acute  or  obtuse,  the  fioral  diliated  at  base  and 
subcordate:  inflorescence  lax,  repeatedly  dichotomous:  glands  semilu- 
nate,  the  horns  divergent:  capsule  smooth,  scarcely  a  line  wide:  seed 
ovate-quadrangular,  whitish,  minutely  tuberculate. — A  weed  of  the  grain 
fields  in  Europe;  reported  as  occurring  in  Santa  Clara. 

3.  E.  PEPLUS,  L.     Annual,  slender,  with  light-green  delicate  herbage; 
simple  or  with  a  few  erect  branches  from  near  the  base :  leaves  alternate, 
the  lowest  round-ovate,  the  others  cuneate-obovate,  slenderly  petiolate, 
the  floral  broadest  at  the  unequal  and  sessile  base :  glands  sublunate,  the 
long  slender  horns  little  divergent:  capsule  with  a  pair  of  wing -like  crests 
on  each  lobe:  seeds  ash-color,  obscurely  6-nded,  with  a  few  large  dark- 
colored  depressions. — Common  garden  weed  at  Berkeley. 

4.  E.  leptocera,   Engelm.    Annual  or  biennial,  1  ft.  high:  leaves 
alternate,  obovate-spatulate,  obtuse,  % — 1J£  in.   long,   entire  or  erose- 
denticulate;    the    floral    opposite    or    ternate,    broadly  rhombic-ovate, 
sometimes  connate,  acute,  % — M   in<   broad:  involucre  turbinate,  the 
oblong  lobes  nearly  entire;  glands  large,  crescent-shaped,  the  slender 
horns  entire  or  cleft:  styles  long,  bifid:  capsule  2  lines  broad:  seeds 
ash-colored,  oblong-ovate,  dark-pitted,  about  1J£  lines  long,  prominently 
carunculate.— Common  in  bushy  places  either  in  sandy  or  clayey  soil. 

5.  E.  dictyosperma,  Fisch.  &  Mey.    Annual,  erect,  %—\%  ft.  high, 
glabrous;  stem  simple  below,  or  branched  from  the  base:  cauline  leaves 
alternate,  oblong-  to  obovate-spatulate,  obtuse  or  retuse,  obtusely  serru- 
late, % — 1%  in.  long;  floral  opposite,  round-ovate,  subcordate,  mucronate, 
2 — 6  lines  long:  involucres  and  glands  small:  styles  deeply  bifid:  capsule 
rough  with  small    warty  protuberances:    seeds   subglobose,  dark-colored, 
delicately  net-veined,  the  caruncle  thin  and  flat. — Of  wide  dissemination 
in  the  State,  but  less  common  than  the  last.     March — June. 

*  *  Stems  diffusely  branched,  often  prostrate',  leaves  all  opposite,  unequal 

at  base,  stipulate;  glands  with  petaloid  appendages;  seeds 
angular,  not  carunculate. 

6.  E.    serpyllifolia,     Pers.    Var.     consanguine;!,    Boiss.      Diffuse 
annual,    with    ascending  or  horizontal  but  seldom  prostrate  slender 


POLYGONE^E.  81 

branches:  herbage  glabrous,  deep  green,  reddening  in  age:  leaves 
obovate-  to  spatulate-oblong,  1—3  lines  long,  obscurely  pinnate- veined, 
sharply  serrate  above  the  middle:  stipules  setaceous,  lacerate  or  sub- 
entire:  glands  of  involucre  minute,  transversely  oblong,  reddish  and  with 
narrow  2 — 3-lobed  or  entire  white  or  rose-colored  appendages:  seed 
quadrangular,  the  length  scarcely  twice  the  breadth,  the  sides  more  or 
less  rugose-pitted,  the  angles  somewhat  prominent. —Not  common. 

7.  E.  occidentalis,  Drew.    Habit  of  the  last,  but  the  glabrous  her- 
bage of  a  dull  rather  yellowish  green:  leaves  oval  or  broadly  oblong, 
only  slightly  unequal,  very  obtuse  at  each  end,  serrate  above  the  middle 
or  quite  entire,  mucronulate,  2—4  lines  long;  stipules  setaceous-lacerate: 
appendages  of  involucre  crenate-lobed:  seed  %  line  long,  whitish,  the 
/aces  more  or  less  distinctly  sinuate-rug ost  between  the  rather  prominent 
angles. — On  Mt.  St.  Helena. 

8.  E.    rugulosa,     Greene.      Wholly    prostrate    and    very    closely 
depressed,  rather  succulent,  much  branched  and  in  age  forming  a  very 
close  mat  a  foot  broad  or  more :  herbage  glabrous,  pallid  and  glauces- 
cent:    leaves     veinless,    sharply    serrate    or    almost    entire:    stipules, 
involucre,  etc.,   as  in  the  preceding:  seeds  whitish,  finely  transverse- 
rugose  between  the  scarcely  prominent  angles. — Native  of  the  southern 
extremity  of  the  State,  but  well  established  along  our  railroads. 

9.  E.  macula! a,  L.    Prostrate,  puberulent  or  hairy:  leaves   oblong- 
linear,  very  oblique  at  base,  senulate  upward,  4—6  lines  long,  usually 
with  a  brown -red  spot  in  the  centre;  stipules  lanceolate,  nmbricate: 
glands  of  the  small  involucre  minute,  with  narrow  slightly  crenate  red- 
dish appendages:  pods  acutely  angled,  puberulent:   seeds   %  line  long, 
sharply  4-angled  and  with  about  4  shallow  grooves  across  the  concave 
sides. — An  immigrant  from  the  Mississippi  Valley;  not  rara 


OEDEB  XXXIL     POLYGALE>€. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  often  with  milky  juice.  Leaves  simple,  entire,  exstip- 
ulate.  Flowers,  except  as  to  the  pistil,  simulating  the  papilionaceous; 
but  the  affinities  apparently  with  certain  allies  of  Euphorbia.  We  have 
but  the  genus 

POLYGrlLA,  Diosc.  Ours  low  undershrubs  with  alternate  leaves  and 
few  irregular  flowers  in  terminal  cymes.  Sepals  5,  two  larger  than  the 
others,  lateral  and  petal-like.  Petals  3,  joined  to  each  other  and  to  the 
stamen-tube,  the  middle  one  hooded  above  and  beaked  or  crested. 
Stamens  6—8,  unequal,  monadelphous,  forming  a  sheath,  this  open  on 
one  side;  anthers  1-celled,  opening  at  top.  Ovary  short,  2-celled; 
ovules  solitary,  pendulous,  style  long,  curved  dilated.  Capsule  mem- 


82  POLYGALE^. 

branaceous,    flattened  contrary  to  the  narrow  partition,  rounded  and 
notched  at  summit,  dehiscent  at  the  margin. 

1.  P.  Californica,  Nutt.  Stems  many,  slender,  2—8  in.  high,  from 
a  woody  base,  mostly  simple :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  ovate-elliptical, 
2*3 — 1  in.  long:  fl.  rose-purple  on  bractless  pedicels  1 — 3  lines  long:  outer 
sepals  23^  lines  long,  rounded,  saccate  at  base;  inner  ones  broadly  spat- 
ulate,  %  in.  long  or  less:  lateral  petals  linear-lanceolate,  somewhat 
ciliate,  equalling  the  broad  obtuse  somewhat  curved  beak  of  the  rounded 
hood:  fr.  mostly  from  apetalous  fl.  near  the  root;  capsule  glabrous, 
broadly  ovate,  %  in.  long,  retuse  narrowly  margined:  seed  2  lines  long, 
pubescent;  caruncle  wrinkled  and  bladdery,  calyptriform,  half  the 
length  of  the  seed. — In  the  Coast  Range. 


LEGUMINOS^.  83 

DIVISION  II,  CHOKIPETAL^B    PERIGYNJE. 

Petals  mostly  distinct.  Calyx  more  or  less  distinctly  synsepalous,  and 
stamens  perigynous. 

OBDEB  XXXIII.    LEGUMIN(>S/€. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees  with  alternate,  stipulate,  compound  (in  Siliquas- 
Irum  simple)  leaves;  leaflets  mostly  entire,  the  upper,  in  some  genera, 
converted  into  tendrils.  Sepals  more  or  less  united  and  forming  a  2 — 5- 
toothed  or  -cleft  cup,  the  odd  tooth  or  segment  inferior.  Petals  5 
(sometimes  by  abortion  fewer),  more  or  less  united  above  the  base;  the 
two  lowest  joining  to  form  the  keel;  the  two  lateral  enfolding  this  and 
called  the  wings;  the  uppermost  one  broader  than  the  others,  usually 
erect,  but  in  the  bud  folded  over  the  other  (except  in  Siliquastrum)  and 
called  the  banner;  the  corolla  as  a  whole  papilionaceous,  or  butterfly- 
shaped.  Stamens  usually  10,  distinct  or  diadelphous  (9  and  1),  or 
monadelphous.  Pistil  1,  usually  becoming  a  legume,  i.  e.,  a  2-valved 
1 -celled  pod  with  1  row  of  seeds;  these  attached  to  the  upper  suture,  and 
containing  no  albumen,  the  large  embryo  filling  the  integuments. 

*  Unarmed  shrubs. 

Leaves  broad,  simple SILIQUASTRUM    1 

unequally  pinnate,  leaflets  many AMORPHA  6 

few,  1-foliolate;  branches  reedy SPARTIUM  15 

3-foliolate,  not  aromatic CYTISUS  13 

*'          glandular  and  aromatic PSORALEA  8 

palmately  5— 9-f  oliolate LUPINUS  16 

*  *  Spinescent  or  prickly  shrubs  or  trees. 

Leaves  unequally  pinnate;  leaflets  many , PSEUDACACIA       7 

'     all  in  the  form  of  spine-like  green  organs ...  ULEX  14 

"     1— 3-foliolate;  branchlets  spinescent XYLOTHERMIA   17 

*  *  *  Herbaceous  plants. 

Leaves  equally  pinnate,  tendril-bearing; 

Style  villous  all  around  at  apex VICIA  2 

"        *'       lengthwise  on  one  side LATHYRUS  3 

Leaves  unequally  pinnate;  fl.  capitate  or  racemose; 

Pods  commonly  inflated,  not  prickly ASTRAGALUS  4 

"     oblong,  prickly GLYCYRRHIZA  5 

Leaves  of  1— oc  often  unequally  distributed  leaflets; 

fl.  in  an  umbel  often  with  a  bract  at  its  base LOTUS  9 

f  fl.  in  slender  racemes MELILOTUS  11 

pods  coiled  or  curved MEDICA  12 

Leaves  pmnately  3-foholate  -j  £  capitate,  yellow TRIFOLIUM  10 

i.  herbage  dotted,  aromatic PSORALEA  8 

Leaves  palmately  3-foliolate  \ fl'  caPitate  or  umbellate TRIFOLIUM  10 

<fl.  racemose,  yellow THERMOPSIS  18 

Leaves  palmately  5-9-f  oliolate  J  caly*  bilabiate LUPINUS  16 

<  herbage  dotted,  aromatic PSORALEA  8 


84  LEGUMINOSJE. 

1.  SILIQUASTRUM,  Tourn.  (RED  BUD).  Shrubs  with  simple  leaves; 
the  flowers  in  axillary  fascicles,  appearing  in  spring  before  the  leaves. 
Calyx  campanulate,  with  5  broad  obtuse  teeth.  Petals  5,  the  banner 
small,  enfolded  by  the  wings :  keel-petals  distinct,  larger  than  the  wings. 
Stamens  10,  distinct.  Pod  thin,  flat,  oblong,  wing-margined  -along  the 
upper  suture. 

1.  S.  occidentale  (Torr.).    Widely  branching,  6—20  ft.  high:  leaves 
round-cordate,  entire,  obtuse  or  emarginate,  2  in.  brqad,  on   petioles  of 

1  in.  or  less:  fl.  J£  in.  long,  rose-purple:  pod  2  in.  long,  %  in.  broad,  acute 
at  each  end. — From  near  Sufiol,  Behr,  northward.     April. 

2.  VICIA,  Varro  (VETCH).    Weak  herbs  with  angular  stems,  climb- 
ing by  tendrils  which  terminate  the  pinnate  leaves.     Peduncles  axillary, 
1 — oo -flowered.     Calyx  5-cleft    or  -toothed,  the   upper  teeth    shorter. 
Stamens  diadelphous  (9  and  1).     Style  filiform,  bent  upward  at  apex  and 
villous  all  around,  under  the  stigma,  or  else  on  the  outside  only.     Pod 
oblong,  several-seeded. 

*  Racemose-flowered  perennials. 

1.  V.  gigantea,  Hook.     Stout,  5— 10  ft.  high:    leaflets  10— 13 pairs, 
linear-oblong,  obtuse,  mucronulate,   1 — 2  in.  long;  stipules  1  in.,  semi- 
sagittate,  toothed  at  base;  peduncles  much  shorter  than  the  leaves;  the 
dense  raceme  1-sided,  5— 18-flowered;  fl.  dull  red:    pod  glaucous,  black 
when  ripe. — Common  along  streams.    May,  June. 

2.  V.  Americana,  Muhl.    Weak,  2— 5  ft.  high,  climbing  by  branched 
tendrils,  nearly  glabrous :    leaflets  4—6  pairs,  thin-membranaceous,  vivid 
green  above,  paler  beneath,  closely  but  delicately  feather-veined,  elliptic- 
lanceolate,  entire,   obtuse,  mucronulate,   1  in.   long:     peduncles  shorter 
than  the  leaves,  3 — 8  flowered:    fl.  %  in.  long,  bright  purple:    upper 
calyx- teeth  very  short,  lower  well  elongated:    pods  1  in.  long,  glabrous. 
Var.   truncata,   Brewer.     Lower  and  stouter  than  the  type;  leaflets 
linear  to  oblong-linear,  usually  dentate  or  even  serrate  toward  the 
truncate  apex:    fl.  larger  and  paler.    Var,   linear  is,   Wats.    Leaflets 
firmer  in  texture,  narrowly  linear,  the  veinlets  confluent  along  the 
margin. — Common  and  variable. 

*  *•  Few-flowered  annuals. 

3.  V.  exigua,  Nutt.    Slender,  1—2  ft.  high:    leaflets  4  or  6,  oblong- 
linear,  obtuse:    peduncles  filiform,  shorter  than  the  leaves,  1 — 2- flowered: 
calyx-teeth  lanceolate  from  a  broad  base:    corolla  white  or  purplish, 

2  lines  long:    pod  glabrous,  4— 5-seeded. — Hillsides  or  plains,  preferring 
stony  or  sandy  soil.    March — May. 

4.  V.    Hassei,  Wats.    Taller  and  less  delicate  than  the  last,  the 
leaflets  ampler,  more  numerous,  deeply  notched  at  apex:    fl.  3  lines  long: 


L ,  E  G  U  M I  N  O  S  m i .  85 

pod  shortly  stipitate,  5— 8-seeded. — Of  more  southerly  distribution  than 
the  preceding,  but  found  at  Benicia,  Bigelow. 

5.  V.  SATIVA,  L.  Stoutish,  suberect,  2—3  ft.  high :  leaflets  8  or  10, 
obovate-oblong,  truncate  or  retuse,  mucronate:  fl.  1  or  2,  subsessile, 
%  in.  long,  red-purple. — The  Vetch  or  Tare,  cultivated  from  time  im- 
memorial as  a  food  and  fodder  plant;  of  frequent  occurrence  by 
way-sides  and  in  old  fields. 

3.  LATHYRUS,  Theophr.  (WrLD  PEA).  Coarser  plants  than  Vicia, 
with  broader  leaves  and  flowers,  the  style  villous  in  a  line  up  and  down 
the  inside  (next  the  free  stamen). 

*  Tendril-bearing;  the  racemes  many -flowered. 

1.  L.  Bolanderi,  Wats.  Often  shrubby  below,  3—5  ft.  high:  leaflets 
3 — 5  pairs,  ovate,  obtuse  or  retuse,  mucronate,  1 — 1^  in.  long,  thin,  on 
very  short  petiolules:  stipules  broadly  semisagitlate,  acute,  more  or  less 
toothed:  peduncles  equalling  the  leaves:  lower  calyx-teeth  lanceolate- 
acuminate,  longer  than  the  tube;  upper  very  short,  broadly  triangular,  all 
glabrous  along  the  margin,  or  nearly  so:  corolla  %  in.  long,  rose-purple, 
fading  yellowish. --Frequent  on  wooded  slopes. 

2  L.  Jepsoilii,  Greene.  Nearly  or  quite  glabrous;  stem  5—8  ft. 
high,  strongly  winged  along  the  angles  and  striate  between  them:  leaflets 
8—12,  linear-lanceolate,  acute,.  2 — 3  in.  long,  subcoriaceous,  venulose: 
stipules  small,  setaceously  acuminate:  peduncles  stout,  about  as  long 
as  the  leaves:  fl.  rose-purple;  calyx-teeth  ovate-lanceolate,  the  lowest  not 
much  longer  than  the  ot hers;  corolla  %  in.  long,  relatively  broad:  pod 
2—3  in.  long,  sessile  in  the  calyx,  12— 16-seeded. — Muddy  margins  of 
sloughs,  within  reach  of  tide-water  in  the  Suisun  marshes. 

3.  L.  piiherulus,  White.    Low,   herbaceous,  or,  8—15  ft.  high  and 
shrubby  at  base,  soft-pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous,  the  stems   angled: 
leaflets  5—7  pairs,  ovate-oblong    to   linear,    cuspidate,   subcoriaceous: 
stipules  broadly  or  narrowly  semisagittate,  toothed  or  entire :    peduncles 
about  equalling  the  leaves;  fl.  %  in.  long,  broad,  purplish;  lower  calyx- 
teeth  lanceolate,   acuminate,   as   long    as    the   tube:    ovary    and    pod 
appressed-pubescent. — From  Sonoma  Co.  southward.     Feb. — May. 

*  *  Without  tendrils;  peduncles  1—3  flowered. 

4.  L.  Torreyi,  Gray.    Erect,  slender,  1—2  ft.  high,  the  herbage  thin, 
light  green,  fragrant:  leaflets  4 — 6  pairs,  with  or  without  a  reduced 
terminal  odd  one,  round-ovate  or  oblong,  %  in.  long,  mucronate :  stipules 
narrow,  acuminate,  the  lower  lobe  short  or  almost  obsolete:  fl.  1  or  2, 
short-peduncled,  white  or  pinkish:  calyx-teeth  narrowly  subulate,  the 
upper  a  little  shorter:  pod  1  in.  long,  pubescent,  3— 6-seeded. — From 
Santa  Clara  Co.,  to  Napa  and  northward,  in  dry  woods.    Herbage  remark- 
able as  exhaling  the  fragrance  of  Asperula  odorata.    May. 


86  LEGUMINOS^. 

*  *  *  Rachls  dilated,  ending  in  a  rudimentary  odd  leaflet. 

5.  L.  littoralis  (Nutt.),  Endl.  Stout  and  low,  decumbent,  densely 
silky-villous :  stipules  large,  ovate  or  semihastate;  leaflets  1 — 3  pairs, 
cuneate-oblong,  %  in.  long  or  more:  peduncles  exceeding  the  leaves; 
calyx-teeth  nearly  equal,  about  as  long  as  the  tube:  corolla  % — %  in. 
long,  banner  bright  purple,  wings  and  keel  white:  pod  large,  oblong, 
obtuse,  villous,  3 — 5-seeded. — Strictly  maritime,  in  sandy  or  clayey  soil 
within  reach  of  the  sea-spray. 

4.  ASTRAGALUS,  Diosc.  (BATTLE-WEED,  LOCO-WEED).  Herbs 
either  erect  or  decumbent,  with  unequally  pinnate  leaves,  no  tendrils, 
persistent  stipules,  and  axillary  spikes  or  racemes  of  flowers  which  are 
usually  small  for  the  size  of  the  plant,  and  rather  narrow.  Calyx 
5-toothed.  Petals  with  slender  claws,  the  keel  obtuse.  Stamens  diadel- 
phous,  (9  and  1);  anthers  uniform.  Stigma  terminal,  minute.  Pod 
various,  seldom  or  never  promptly  dehiscent,  often  coriaceous  and  turgid, 
or  thin  and  bladdery-inflated,  or  thin  and  flat;  1-celled,  or  partly  2-celled 
by  intrusion  of  one  or  both  sutures.  Seeds  few  or  many,  small  for  the 
size  of  the  pod,  commonly  reniform,  on  slender  funiculi. 

*  Annuals. 

1.  A.  didymocarpns,  Hook.  &  Arn.    Slender,  pubescent,  1  ft.  high: 
leaflets  9—15,  cuneate-oblong  to  linear,  emarginate,  3—5  lines  long: 
spikes  long-peduncled,  dense,  ovate  or  oblong:  fl.  small,  dull  purplish: 
pods  erect,  2  lines  long,  and  about  as  broad,  scarcely  exserted  from   the 
calyx,  strongly  wrinkled,  2-celled,  2-seeded. — Abundant  along  the  eastern 
base  of  Mt.  Diablo  Range  and  far  southward. 

2.  A.  nigrescens,  Nutt.    Smaller  than  the  last,  more  slender,  less 
pubescent,  the  less  dense  spikes  cylindrical:  pods  deflexed,  well  exserted 
from  the  calyx,  slightly  wrinkled,  strongly  obcompressed. — Common  on 
sterile  gravelly  hill-sides  of  the  Bay  region;  the  flowers  commonly 
minute  and  dull,  but  on  the  flanks  of  Mt.   Tamalpais  and  northward 
larger  and  violet.    April— June. 

3.  A.  tener,  Gray.     Slender,  sparsely  pubescent,    6—10  in.    high: 
leaflets  9—15,  linear  or  cuneate,  acute  or  retuse:  fl.  many,  capitate  on  a 
slender  peduncle,  purple:  pod  %  in,  long,  slender,   incurved,  2-celled, 
5— 10-seeded. — In  moist  lands,  either  sandy  or  alluvial.     A  handsome 
species;  the  heads  of  purple  and  white  recalling  those  of  some  kinds  of 
clover.    April,  May. 

4.  A.  Breweri,   Gray.    Smaller  than    the   last,   relatively    stouter, 
leaflets  broader,  heads  few-flowered:  pods  with  a  short  body  and  a  very 
long  incurved  beak.— Common  in  fields  of  the  Sonoma  valley. 


L  E  G  U  M  I  N  O  S  M  .  87 

*  *  Perennials;  pods  bladdery-inflated. 

5.  A  oxyphysus,  Gray.    Erect,  2—3  ft.    high,  stoutish,    canescent 
with  a  minute  pubescence:  leaflets  9 — 21,  oblong,  1  in.  long;  peduncles 
exceeding  the  leaves,  raceme  elongated:  calyx -teeth  subulate,  half    as 
long  as  the  oblong  tube:  corolla  greenish -white,  %  in.  long:  pod  com- 
pressed, oblique  (semiobovate),  acuminate  at  both  ends,  1%  in-  l°n£>  on 
a  stipe  little  exceeding  the  calyx. — Dry  hills  of  the  Mt.  Diablo  range. 

6.  A.  leuropliy  1 1  us,  Torr.  &  Gray.    Erect,  tall,  growing  parts  silvery  - 
canescent,  when  older  glabrate :  leaflets  27—37,  broadly  linear,  acutish, 
%  in.  long:  peduncles  long,  racemes  short:  calyx-teeth  subulate,  half  as 
long  as  the  oblong  tube;  corolla  yellowish:  pod  obliquely  oval,  1^  in. 
long,  on  a  long  filiform  pubescent  stipe. — Low  hills  skirting  the  interior 
valley;  very  common  between  Livermore  and  Niles. 

7.  A.  crotalariae  (Benth.),  Gray.    Stout,  decumbent,  glabrous,  except 
the  canescent    growing    parts:    leaflets    very    many,  oblong- linear    to 
obovate,  sometimes  retuse,  % — 1  in.  long:  stipules  broadly  triangular, 
distinct:  calyx-teeth  subulate,  half  as   long  as  the  short-campanulate 
tube:  fl.  white:  pod  thin,  ovoid,  1 — 1%  in.   long,  sessile  in  the  calyx. — 
Plains  and  hills. 

8.  A.  Menziesii,  Gray.    Stout,  erect,  2—4  ft.  high,  glabrous  or  nearly 
so:  stipules  broad,  not  pointed,  continued  around  the  stem,  sometimes 
nearly  meeting  or  even  cohering  opposite  the  base  of  the  leaf:  raceme 
long  and  dense;  fl.  greenish:  pod  thin,  large  as  in  the  last. — Plentiful  in 
sandy  soils  along  the  seaboard,  at  Alameda,  San  Francisco,  etc. 

9.  A.  macrodon  (H.  &  A.),  Gray.     Erect,  tall,  glabrous  in  age,  the 
nascent   parts    canescent:    leaflets    23 — 27,    oblong-lanceolate,    obtuse, 
mucronulate :    stipules  small,  lanceolate-acuminate:    peduncles  rather 
shorter  than  the    leaves;   racemes  long:    calyx-teeth  slender-subulate, 
equalling  the  campanulate  tube,  and  almost  as  long  as  the  corolla:  ovary 
silky;  pod  unknown. — This  plant  was  collected  by  Douglas  only,  some 
sixty  years  ago,  somewhere  between  Monterey  and  Sonoma,  probably 
near  the  former  place.     It  should  be  carefully  sought,  though  it  may 
have  become  extinct.     The  long  and  slender  calyx-teeth,  according  to 
the  original  description,  so  distinguished  it  from  its  allies,  as  to  make 
its  recognition  easy  in  case  it  should  be  rediscovered. 

10.  A.  Donglasii  (T.  &  G.),  Gray.    Ascending,  1  ft.  high,  cinereous- 
puberulent  when  young,  otherwise  nearly  glabrous:  leaflets  very  many, 
linear  or  linear-oblong,   ^— M  in-    long:  spike  short,    dense,    10—20 
flowered:  calyx-teeth  subulate,  shorter  than  the  campanulate   tube:    pod 
thin,  obliquely  ovoid,  1% — 2  in.  long. — In  gravelly  places  along  streams, 
from  San  Francisco  southward. 


88  LEGUMINOS^E. 

*  *  *  Perennials;  pods  not  bladdery. 

11.  A.  pyciiostachyns,  Gray.  Stout,  2  ft.  high,  more  or  less  villous- 
hoary:  leaflets  about  21,  oblong,  %  in.  long:  fl.  yellowish,  in  dense 
cylindrical  short-stalked  spikes:  pods  crowded,  retrorsely  imbricate,  ovate, 
acute,  laterally  flattened,  thin-coriaceous,  glabrous,  coarsely  reticulate, 
1-celled.— In  moist  subsaline  grassy  land  near  the  entrance  to  Bolinas 
Bay,  Bolander,  1863,  Greene,  1888,  also  in  a  similar  locality  not  so  near 
the  sea  southwest  of  Mt.  Tamalpais. 

5.  GLYCYRRHIZA,  Diosc.  (LicoBiCE).     Glandular-viscid  perennials 
with  unequally  pinnate  leaves,  and  flowers  in  axillary  peduncled  spikes; 
calyx  5-cleft.     Stamens  monadelphous  or  diadelphous;    the  alternate 
anthers  smaller.    Pod  short,  compressed,  prickly,  indehiscent. 

1.  G.  glutinosa,  Nutt.  Two  or  three  ft.  high,  erect  or  decumbent, 
either  nearly  glabrous  and  viscid  with  minute  sessile  resinous  dots,  or 
more  decidedly  glutinous  by  a  villous  or  hirsute  glandular  pubescence, 
never  scurfy:  leaflets  13  to  19,  oblong-lanceolate,  1  or  2  in.  long;  stipules 
ovate-acuminate  to  lanceolate,  persistent:  spikes  merely  oblong,  1  to  1J£ 
in.  long,  on  peduncles  of  1  in.:  pod  bur-like.— Common  in  the  Mt.  Diablo 
Range,  and  on  the  plains  eastward;  also  at  Alameda. 

6.  AMORPHA,   Linnseus.    Shrubs  with  unequally    pinnate    leaves 
which,  with  the  young  twigs  and  inflorescence,  are  pellucid  glandular 
and  heavy-scented,  the  glands  in  age  dark  brown  and  opaque.    Leaflets 
many;  stipules  and  stipels  caducous.     Flowers  very  small,  dark  purple, 
in  long   and  narrow  terminal  spikes.    Calyx  obconic-campanulate,  5- 
toothed,  persistent.    Banner  (the  only  petal  present)  erect,  concave,  un- 
guiculate.    Stamens  monadelphous  at  the  very  base.    Pod  short,  lunulate, 
glandular,  scarcely  dehiscent,  1-  or  2-seeded. 

1.  A.  hispid ula,  Greene.  Two  to  four  ft.  high,  pubescent  or  gla- 
brous, the  glandular  dots  supplemented  on  the  twigs,  stalklets  and  leaf- 
rachis  by  acute  prickle-like  glands  with  tips  more  or  less  recurved: 
leaflets  8 — 12  pairs,  oval  to  linear-oblong,  an  inch  long,  retuse  or  emar- 
ginate:  calyx-teeth  triangular-lanceolate,  more  than  half  the  length  of 
the  tube:  petal  red-purple:  pod  half  obcordate,  very  glandular,  twice 
the  length  of  the  calyx. — Marin  and  Napa  counties. 

7.  PSEUDACACIA,   Town.  (LocusT-TuEE).    Trees  or  shrubs  with 
odd-pinnate  leaves  and  stout  prickles  in  place  of  stipules,  the  leaflets 
prickly -stipellate.    Flowers  showy,  in  pendulous  racemes.    Calyx  slightly 
bilabiate,    5-toothed.    Banner    large,  roundish,  reflexed,  little    longer 
than    the   wings    and  keel.     Stamens    diadelphous.    Pod    linear,  flat, 
several-seeded,  margined  along  the  upper  suture,  readily  dehiscent. 

1.  P.  VULGABIS,  Tourn.  P.  odorala,  Moench.  Robinia  Pseudacacia. 
L.  Tree  30—50  ft.  high :  prickles  on  older  branches  small,  straight,  on 


LEGUMINOS^E.  89 

the  younger  larger  and  somewhat  curved:  leaflets  9 — 17,  oblong-ovate 
or  elliptical:  racemes  pendulous,  oblong:  fl.  white,  very  fragrant. — Na- 
tive of  the  Atlantic  states;  long  cultivated  in  California  for  shade  and 
ornament;  now  spontaneous  in  many  places. 

8.  PSORALEA,  Roy  en.  Perennials  (one  adventive  species  shrubby), 
punctate  with  dark  dots  and  heavy-scented:  leaves  pinnately  3-foliolate 
(in  n.  6  palmately  5-f oliolate) :  stipules  free  from  the  petiole.  Calyx- 
lobes  nearly  equal,  the  two  upper  sometimes  connate.  Keel  broad, 
obtuse,  joined  to  the  wings.  Stamens  monadelphous  or  diadelphous : 
anthers  uniform.  Pod  ovate,  indehiscent,  1-seeded. 

1.  P.  orbicularis,  Lindl.     Stem  prostrate,  creeping,  the  leaves   and 
racemes  erect,  long-stalked;  leaflets  2 — 3  in.  long,  the  terminal  one  nearly 
orbicular,  the  lateral  pairobovate:  raceme  a  few  inches  to  a  foot  long, 
the  flowers  subtended  by  large  deciduous  bracts:  calyx  villous   and 
pedicellate-glandular,  cleft  almost  to  the  base,  the  lowest  tooth  as  long 
as  the  purplish  corolla:  stamens  diadelphous:  pod  ovate,  acute  3  lines 
long. — Moist  grassy  places.    July. 

2.  P.  strobilina,  Hook.  &  Arn.     Erect,  2—3  ft.  high,  villous  through- 
out; the  stem  and  stalklets  glandular:  leaflets  rhombic-ovate,  2  in.  long; 
stipules   large,   broadly  ovate,  acuminate:   peduncles  shorter  than  the 
leaves:  spike  oblong,  the  bracts  very  large,  deciduous:  calyx  %  in.  long, 
the  lower  tooth  much  the  longest,  equalling  the  purple  corolla:  stamens 
monadelphous:  ovary  pubescent.— Mountains  of  Contra  Costa  and  Santa 
Clara  counties. 

3.  P.  macrostachya,  DC.    Erect,  stout,  3—12  ft.  high:  leaflets  ovate- 
lanceolate:  stipules  small,  lanceolate:  peduncles  greatly  surpassing  the 
leaves:  spikes  cylindrical,  silky- villous :  bracts  acuminate,  as  long  as  the 
flowers:  lower  calyx-tooth  longest,  scarcely  as  long  as  the  corolla:  tenth 
stamen  almost  free:  pod  ovate-oblong,  acute,  3  or  4  lines  long,  compressed, 
villous.— Very  common,  either  on  hillsides  or  in  low  ground,  but  always 
in  moist  places.    June — Oct. 

4.  P.  physodes,  Dougl.    Erect,  2—3  ft.  high,  nearly  glabrous:  leaf- 
lets ovate,  acute,  1  in.  long;  stipules  linear-lanceolate:  peduncles  about  as 
long  as  the  leaves;  raceme  short,  dense,  the  bracts  small:  calyx  covered 
with  sessile  glands  and  somewhat  black-hairy,  at  length  much  enlarged 
and  inflated,  becoming  4  or  5  lines  long,  its  teeth  short,  subequal: 
corolla  scarcely  %  in.  long,  ochroleucous,  often  with  a  deep  purple  tinge: 
stamens  monadelphous:  pod  rounded,  compressed,  3  lines  long.— Com- 
mon in  both  the  Coast  and  Contra  Costa  Ranges,  in  open  places  among 
thickets  and  trees.    May — July. 

5.  P.  GLANDULOSA,  L.     Shrubby  or  arborescent,  with  loose  elongated 
branches;  glabrous,  but  roughish  with  elevated  glands:  leaflets  ovate- 


90  LEGUMINOSjE. 

lanceolate,  acuminate,  2  or  3  in.  long;  stipules  subulate-setaceous,  decid- 
uous: racemes  longer  than  the  leaves,  the  bluish  flowers  more  or  less 
verticillate.— Native  of  Chile;  frequent  in  cultivation,  occasionally  wild. 

6.  -P.  Californica,  Wats.  Low,  tufted;  pubescence  short,  silky,  ap- 
pressed:  leaves  palmately  5-foliolaie;  stipules  scarious,  lanceolate,  decid- 
uous; leaflets  broadly  oblanceolate,  acutish,  M~ 1M  in-  long:  racemes 
shorter  than  the  leaves,  short-peduncled,  rather  loose;  pedicels  slender: 
calyx  silky-villous,  %  in.  long,  the  linear  acuminate  lobes  a  little 
exceeding  the  petals:  pod  thin,  villous,  oblong  with  a  lanceolate  beak: 
seed  compressed,  2  lines  long  or  more. — Summit  of  Mt.  Diablo. 

9.  LOTUS,  Tourn.  (LOTUS.  HOSAOKIA).  Herbaceous  or  suffrutescent, 
with  pinnately  3— GO  -  f oliolate  (in  the  first  species  often  1-foliolate) 
leaves;  leaflets  sometimes  of  even  number  but  unequally  distributed  on 
the  two  sides  of  the  rachis;  stipules  foliaceous,  scarious,  or  more  com- 
monly reduced  to  dark  glands.  Flowers  solitary,  or  in  umbels  or  heads 
which  are  naked  or  subtended  by  a  1 — 5-foliolate  bract.  Calyx  5-toothed 
or  -cleft.  Corolla  whitish,  yellowish  or  purplish,  changing  to  orange  or 
red;  petals  free  from  the  stamens;  banner  ovate  or  rounded:  wings 
commonly  meeting  imperfectly  and  (by  a  twist  in  the  claw)  obliquely  in 
front  of  the  obtuse  or  acute,  sometimes  rostrate  keel.  Stamens  diadel- 
phous;  the  alternate  filaments  dilated  or  thickened  under  the  anthers. 
Pod  linear,  compressed  or  terete,  straight  or  arcuate,  promptly  or  tardily 
dehiscent,  or  indehiscent,  1— GO  -  seeded.  Seeds  variously  rounded  or 
elongated,  sometimes  quadrate,  smooth,  tuberculate  or  rugose. 

*  Annuals  with  gland-like  traces   of  stipules;    leaflets   1 — 4,  on  a    linear 

rachis;  pods  straight,  readily  dehiscent. 

1.  L.  Americanus  (Nutt.),  Bisch.    Erect  or  decumbent,  1—2  ft.  high, 
more  or  less  villous:  leaflets  (rarely  5)  ovate  or  oblong,  acutish,  %.  in. 
long:    peduncles  slender,  exceeding  the  leaves,  the  solitary  salmon- 
colored  or  whitish  flower  subtended  by  a  bract  3—6  lines  long:  calyx-tube 
very  short,  the  linear  teeth  equalling  the  corolla:  pod  1 — 1^  in.  long: 
seeds  oblong,  smooth,  dark-colored. — On  sunny  banks,  or  in   the  dry 
gravelly  beds  of  streams,  or  even  in  moist  meadow  lands.     May — Dec. 

*  *  Stipules  gland-like;  leaflets  4 — 10*  unequally  distributed  on  opposite 

margins  of  a  dilated  rachis;  pods  readily  dehiscent. 

H— Annuals;  flowers  solitary,  short-pedicelled,  not  bracted;  claws  of  petals 
approximate;  keel  pointed. 

2.  L.  Wrangelianus,  Fisch.  &  Mey.    Less  than  1  ft.  high,  ascending, 
much  branched,  densely  leafy,  sparsely  or  canescently  villous:  leaflets 
about  4,  cuneate-obovate  to  oval  or  oblong,  3—6  lines  long;  calyx-teeth 
broadly  subulate,  equalling  the  tube:  corolla  3  lines  long,  bright  yellow, 


LEGUMINOS^E.  91 

the  broadly  obovate  banner  erect:  wings  meeting  above  the  keel,  not 
enfolding  it:  pod  pubescent,  straight,  7 — 10  lines  long,  5 — 7  seeded. — 
Common  throughout  middle  California,  especially  toward  the  seaboard. 

3.  L.  humistratus,  Greene.    Low  and  diffuse,  the  branches  5—8  in. 
long,   herbage  soft-villous:  fl.  nearly  sessile,  yellow;    calyx-teeth  linear, 
much  longer  than  the  tube:  pod  oblong.  %  in.  long,  pilose,  2 — 3-seeded. 
— Clayey  banks  and  hillsides;  as  widely  dispersed  as  the  preceding,  but 
less  common.    May,  June. 

4.  L.    denticulatus,   Greene.    Erect,  1 — 2^    ft.    high,  fastigiately 
branching,  pale  green  and  glaucous,  sparingly  pilose;  calyx-teeth  longer 
than  the  tube,  and,  with  the  margins  of  the  upper  leaves,  somewhat  den- 
ticulate: corolla  2  lines  long,  pale  yellow  or  salmon-color,  changing  to 
red:   pod  pubescent,  short,  3-seeded. — A  weed  in  grain  fields  of  the 
Sacramento.     April — June. 

H— • i— Flowers  1  or  many,  on  an  elongated,  usually  bracted  peduncle;  claw 
of  the  banner  commonly  remote  from  the  others,  keel  mostly  obtuse. 

±+Annuals;  few-flowered. 

5.  L.  micranthus,   Benth.     Erect,   slender,  4—10  in.  high,  glabrous, 
glaucous:  peduncle  filiform,  bracted,  1-flowered:  fl.  minute,  pale  salmon, 
turning  red;  pod  1  in.  long  or  less,  compressed,  constricted  between  the 
seeds,  these  oval  or  roundish,  little  compressed,  smooth. — April,  May. 

6.  L.  salsnginosns,  Greene.    Ascending  or  depressed,  slightly  strigose, 
somewhat  succulent,  the  branches  8 — 18  in.  long:  leaflets  4 — 6,  obovate, 
obtuse:  peduncles  1  in.  long,  1—4  flowered,  naked  or  with  a  conspicuous 
1 — 3-foliolate  bract:  corolla  yellow,  3  lines  long,  the  banner  and  wings 
equalling  the  straight  keel:  pod  scarcely  compressed,  10 — 12-seeded: 
seeds  obliquely  oval,  smooth. — From  San  Jose  southward,  either  toward 
the  sea,  or  on  subsaline  flats  of  the  interior.    March— June. 

7.  L.   ru  bell  us    (Nutt.),  Greene.    Prostrate,    slender,  not  succulent, 
strigose-pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous:  leaflets  6 — 10,  linear-oblong,  mostly 
acutish:  early  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves,  bractless,  1-flowered, 
the  later  longer,  bracted,  2-flowered:  corolla  reddish,  scarcely  twice  as 
long  as  the  calyx:  pod  slender,  straight,  7 — 10-seeded:  seeds   quadrate, 
minutely  granula'e. — Plentiful  in  sandy  soils,  San  Francisco,  Alameda 
and  southward;  apparently  only  along  the  seaboard.     April— July. 

8.  L.  iiu<Uflorus  (Nutt.),  Greene.     Near  the  last,  but  leaflets  smaller 
and  broader:  fl.  thrice  as  large:  pod  broader,  more  flattened,  slightly 
curved  upward  at  apex:  seeds   larger,   quadrate,  faintly   tuberculate.— 
Eastern  base  of  Mt.  Diablo  Range,  near  Byron,  etc.,  on  gravelly  hill-tops; 
thence  southward.     March— May. 


92  L  E  G  U  M I N  O  S  M. 

9.  L.  strigosus  (Nutt.),  Greene.     Strigose-pubescent,  decumbent  or 
prostrate:    peduncles    long,   commonly  1 — 2-flowered    and    3-foliolate- 
bracted:  fl.   4—5  lines  long,  yellow:    pod  pubescent,  slightly  curved 
upwards:  seeds  quadrate:  but  somewhat  cruciform,  being  deeply  notched 
at  each  end  and  at  the  hilum,  the  surface  closely  sinuate-rugose. — Same 
range  as  the  last,  and  readily  distinguished  by  its  seeds  which  have 
something  of  the  outline  of  a  Maltese  cross.     March — June. 

10.  L.  hirtellus,  Greene.   Stoutish,  depressed,  canescently  hirsutulous, 
not  at  all  strigose:  leaflets  5—7,  cuneate-oblong  or  -obovate,  obtuse: 
peduncles  stoutish,  bracted,  surpassing  the  leaves,  2-flowered:  pod  ]  in. 
long,  subterete,  straight,  7 — 10-seeded;  seeds  quadrate,  notched  at  the 
hilum  only,  faintly  rugose  and  coarsely  granulate. — The  Mt.  Diablo  Eange 
near  Livermore. 

•M--M-  Perennials ;  flowers  capitate-umbellate. 

11.  L.  leucophaens,  Greene.    Low;  ascending,  less  than  a  foot  high, 
internodes  short,  leaves  ample,  herbage  velvety-pubescent:  leaflets  5—7, 
obovate,  6—9  lines  long,  acute:  peduncles  equalling  or  exceeding  the 
leaves;   umbel  1-foliolate-bracted,  5— 8-flowered:  fl.  more  than   %  in. 
long,  ochroleucous,  becoming  red-purple. — Dry  ridges  of  the  inner  Coast 
and  Mt.  Diablo  Ranges.    May. 

12.  L.  grandiflorns,  (Benth.),  Greene.     Tall,  slender  with  few  leaves 
and    long  internodes,  nearly  glabrous:    peduncles  slender,  elongated, 
small-bracted,  5— 8-flowered:  fl.  nearly  1  in.  long,  deep  yellow,  the  petals 
broader  than  in  the  last,  turning  orange. — Same  range  as  the  last;  but 
less  frequent. 

*  *  #  Perennials  with    true  stipules;    leaflets  never  inequilaterally  dis- 
tributed; flowers  in  bracted  umbels;  pods  long,  straight. 

13.  L.    formosissimns,   Greene.    Slender,  glabrous,  the  decumbent 
stems  several,  1  ft.  long:  leaflets  5 — 7,  from  broadly  obovate  to  obovate- 
oblong,  obtuse,   the  lowest  truncate  or  retuse;    stipules  thin,   ovate: 
umbels  equalling  the  leaves,  or  shorter,  the  bract  3-foliolate;  calyx-teeth 
unequal,  triangular,  acute  or  acuminate,  shorter  than  the  campanulate 
tube:  corolla  7  lines  long,  the  wide-spread  wings  and  much  shorter  keel 
rose-red,  the  banner  yellow. — In  moist  ground  along  the  seaboard.     May. 

14.  L.  pinnatns,  Hook.    Sloulish,  glabrous,  the  erect  stems  2ft.  high: 
leaflets  5 — 9,  obovate  or  oblong,  acutish:  stipules  scarious,  triangular: 
peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves,  3 — 7-flowered,  naked  or  with  a  small 
scarious  1— 3-foliolate  bract:  calyx- teeth  triangular,  half  as  long  as  the 
tube:  corolla  as  in  the  last,  but  keel  and  wings  white,  banner  yelloiv. — 
Said  to  inhabit  the  seaboard  districts  from  San  Francisco  northward. 

15.  L.  Torreyi  (Gray),  Greene.    Habit  of  the  last,  but  slender,  more 
or  less  silky-pubescent;  leaflets  narrower,  acute  or  obtuse:  bract  of  the 


LEGUMINOS^.  93 

umbel  sessile:  fl.   smaller,  the  keel  and  wings  white,  the  latter  not 
spreading. — Along  streamlets  in  the  middle  or  higher  Coast  Range. 

16.  L.  Crassifolius  (Benth.),  Greene.     Erect,  stout,  2—3  ft.  high,  of 
a  dull  green  hue,  as  if  glaucous,  but  minutely  pubescent:  leaflets  9 — 15, 
thickish,  obovate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  mucronulate,  ^  in.  long  or  more : 
peduncles  nearly  equalling  the  leaves;  umbel  many-flowered,  the  1—3- 
foliolate  bract  a  little  below  it;  calyx-teeth  triangular,  short;  corolla 
purplish  marked  with  green  spots:  pods  thick,  2  in.  long. — Common  in 
the  mountain  districts.    May,  June. 

17.  L.   stipularis   (Benth.),  Greene.    Not  as  tall  as  the  last,  more 
slender,  villous  ivith  spreading  hairs  and  often  somewhat  glandular; 
leaflets  15 — 21,  obovate-oblong,  acute,  mucronate,  ^ — 1  in.  long;  stipules 
large,  ovate :  peduncles  short,  4— 8-flowered,  the  leaf -like  bract  near  the 
middle,  3 — 9-foliolate:    calyx  2  lines  long,   the  subulate  teeth  short: 
corolla  purple;  pod  straight,  1 — \%  in.  long. — Contra  Costa  and  Sonoma 
counties.     Seldom  seen. 

18.  L.   balsamiferus  (Kell.).    Stoutish,  erect,  2  ft.  high,  with  'the 
foliage  and  inflorescence  of  L.  crassifolius  nearly;  but  herbage  of  a  vivid 
green,  the  stem  and  growing  parts  very  glutinous  from  abundant  gland- 
ular-hispidulous    short    hairs. — Hood's     Peak,     Sonoma    Co.,    Bioletti. 
Doubtless  a  rediscovery  of  Dr.  Kellogg's  Hosackia  balsamifera. 

•*•*##  Stipules  gland-like;  leaflets  few,  unequally  distributed;  pods  small, 

indehiscent,  usually  arcuate  and  long  pointed. 

•^Perennials  (sometimes  woody  at  base). 

19.  L.  glaber  (Vogel.),  Greene.    Suffrutescent,  2—8  ft.  high,  erect  or 
decumbent,  nearly  glabrous;  leaflets  mostly  3,  on  young  shoots  4 — 6, 
oblong  to  linear-oblong,  % — %  in.  long,  obtuse  or  acute:  umbels  many, 
sessile;  fl.  3 — 4  lines  long,  yellow,  turning  red:  calyx-teeth  subulate,  erect, 
rather  less  than   half  as   long  as  the   tube.    Usually  tufted  and  reedy- 
looking,  the  foliage  sparse,  the  flowers  profuse. — Common  about  San 
Francisco,  and  southward  throughout  the  State,  in  the  Coast  Eange 
chiefly;  flowering  almost  all  the  year  round. 

20.  L.  Benthami,  Greene.    Eesembling  the  last,  but  smaller  and 
mostly  prostrate:  umbels  on  peduncles  which  equal  or  exceed  the  leaves 
and  are  1  — 3-foliolate-bracted  at  top:  calyx-teeth  more  slender,  stellate- 
spreading  in  the  bud  and  recurved  in  flower. — Common  on  low  hills  near 
the  sea  in  San  Mateo  Co.    June,  July. 

21.  L.  jnnceus  (Benth.),  Greene.    Nearly  glabrous,  erect,  shrubby, 
with  slender  branches  reedy  and  sparsely  leafy:  leaflets   obovate  to 
oblong,  2 — 4  lines  long:  fl.  3  lines;  calyx  2  lines  long  or  less;  teeth  very 
short  and   blunt. — A  more  southerly  species  than  either  of    the    two 
preceding;  but  said  to  have  been  found  near  San  Francisco. 


94  L  E  G  U  M  I  N  O  S  M  . 

22.  L.    Biolettii,   Greene.    Slender,   the    somewhat    wiry    prostrate 
branches  I — 2  ft.  long:  herbage  cinereously  or  canescently  pubescent  with 
short  appressed  hairs:    leaflets  usually  4,  cuneate-obovate,  obtuse,  2 — 5 
lines  long:  umbels  on  slender  peduncles  little  surpassing  the  leaves, 
unif oliolate-bracted,  6  —  10-flowered :  calyx  a  line  long  or  less,  narrowly 
funnelt'orm,  the  triangular  pointless  teeth  a  third  as  long,  erect:  corolla 
2  lines  long,  yellow,  turning  dark- red:  pod  strongly  arcuate,  slender- 
braked. — Dry  ridges  above  Mill  Valley,  Marin  Co. 

•*-•*—  Annuals. 

23.  L.  eriophorns,  Greene.    The  numerous  branches  a  foot  or  two 
long,  flex  MOWS,  weak  and  prostrate :  pubescence  dense,  somewhat  tomentost: 
leaflets  5—7,  obovate  or  cuneate-oblong,  acute,  3—6  lines  long:  umbels 
short-peduncled  or  subsessile,  bracted:  fl.  3 — 4  lines  long;  calyx  half  as 
long,  very  villous;  the  filiform  teeth  about  equalling   tjae  tube.— In 
sandy  grounds  near  the  sea,  from  San  Francisco  southward. 

24.  L.  Heermam  (Dur   &  Hilg.),  Greene.    Near  the  last,  but  less 
pubescent,  neither  the  leaflets  nor  the  flowers  more  than  half  as  large, 
the  leaflets  broader  and  rounded. — Same  range  as  the  last. 

10.  TRIFOLIUM,  Pliny  (GLOVER).  Herbs  with  palmately  (in  one 
pinnately)  3-foiiolate  leaves  and  adnate  stipules;  leaflets  commonly 
denticulate.  Flowers  in  roundish  or  ovoid  or  somewhat  depressed  cap- 
itate or  umbellate  clusters,  on  axillary  or  terminal  peduncles.  Calyx 
5-cleft  or  -toothed.  Corolla  persistent;  banner  and  wings  commonly 
coherent  with  the  stamineal  tube;  keel  mostly  obtuse  and  shorter  than 
the  wings.  Stamens  diadelphous.  Pod  concealed  within  or  little 
exserted  from  the  calyx,  1— 6-seeded,  dehiscent  or  indehiscent. 

*  Heads  or  spikes  not  involucrate. 
•*- Flowers  pedicellate,  at  length  reflexed;  calyx-teeth  subulate,  not  plumose. 

1.  T.  gracilentum,  Torr.   &  Gray.    Erect,  slender,   1—2    ft.  high, 
wholly  glabrous:  stipules  ovate-  or  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate:  leaflets 
cuneale-obcordate,  spinulose-serrulate,  %  in.  long:  heads  15— 25-flowered : 
calyx-teeth  lanceolate-subulate,  setaceously  acuminate,  thrice  as  long  as 
the  tube,  shorter  than  the  usually  deep  reddish  corolla:  pod  exserted, 
2-seeded:  seeds  obliquely  oval,  straw-colored,  very  smooth. — Open  plains 
and  hillsides.    April— June. 

2.  T.  hi  Nil  inn.  Gray.     Erect,  very  slender,  1  ft.  high,  pale  green  and 
glaucous,  the  petioles  and  calyx  more  or  less  pilose-villous :  stipules 
ovate-lanceolate,   entire,  setaceously  acuminate:  leaflets    linear-cuneate, 
the  sides  remotely  toothed,  apex  bifid  and  mucronulate:  peduncles  slender, 
exceeding  the  leaves:  heads  6— 15-flowered :  calyx  deeply  5-parted,  the 


LEGUMINOS^:.  95 

teeth  subulate-setaceous,  about  equalling  tlie  minute  pale  rose-colored 
corolla:  pod  1-seeded:  seed  rather  narrowly  obovate-oblong.  Var. 
(lecipiens,  Greene.  Taller  and  stouter,  the  leaflets  cuneate-ablong  with 
closely  serrulate  margins  aud  only  a  shallow  'notch  at  apex;  heads 
15— 30-flowered. — The  type  is  frequent  between  San  Jose  and  Vacaville, 
mostly  within  or  to  the  eastward  of  the  Mt.  Diablo  range.  Only  the 
variety  is  found  about  the  Bay.  April — June. 

3.  T.  ciliolatnm,   Benth.    Erect,   1 — 2  ft.  high,  glabrous:  stipules 
narrow,  acuminate;  leaflets  cuneate-oblong  or  obovate,  ^—1  in.  long, 
obtuse  or  retuse,  serrulate:  fl.  purple,  3  lines  long;  calyx-teeth  lanceolate, 
very  acute,  rigidly  ciliolale.— Throughout  the  western  part  of  the  State, 
both  seaward  and  in  the  interior.     April — June. 

4.  T.    PROCUMBENS,  L.     Ascending  or  suberect,  slender,  pubescent: 
leaflets  cuneate-oblong,  emarginate,  denticulate,  the  terminal  one  on  a 
longer  stalklet:   heads  ovate  or  oblong,  very  dense;  fl.  yellow;   banner 
deflexed  over  the  other  petals  in  age.— A  small  Old  World  clover,  begin- 
ning to  appear  spontaneously  with  us. 

5.  T.  REPENS,  Rivinus,  (1690).     Perennial,  diffuse,  creeping,  sending 
up  erect  long-stalked  glabrous  leaves  and  heads:    leaflets  obcordate, 
denticulate:  heads  depressed-globose,  at  length  umbellate:  fl.  white;  calyx- 
teeth  unequal,  lanceolate-subulate,  shorter  than  the  tube:  pod  about 
4  seeded. — The   White  Clover  of  eastern  and  European  meadows  and 
pastures;  a  troublesome  plant  in  lawns  with  us;  sparingly  naturalized. 

•i-  -f—  Flowers  nearly  or  quite  sessile,  not  reflexed;    calyx-teeth-elongated, 
plumose,  or  at  least  hairy. 

•M-  Perennial. 

6.  T.    PRATENSE,   Tragus,  (1552).     Stoutish,  ascending,  1    ft.    high, 
pubescent:  leaflets  oval  or  obovate,  often  retuse,  1  in.  long:  heads  ovate, 
1  in.  long,  sessile:  corolla  elongated-tubular,  rose-purple. — The  Red  Clover 
of  eastern  and  Old  World  meadows;  occasionally  spontaneous  with  us. 

•M-  -M-  Annuals. 

7.  T.  Macreei,  Hook  &  Arn.    Much  branched,  decumbent  or  almost 
prostrate,  the  slender  branches  8 — 18  in.  long,  the  herbage  more  or  less 
villous-  or  pilose-pubescent:  leaflets  cuneate-oblong,  obtuse,  denticulate 
above  the  middle,  6 — 10  lines  long:  heads  nearly  or  guile  sessile,  usually 
in  a  terminal  pair,  ovate,  % — %  in.  high;  calyx-teeth  longer  than  the  tube, 
densely  plumose-hairy,  nearly  equalling  the  small  purplish  corolla:  pod 
1-seeded.    Var.  albopurpurenm,  Greene.    Often  1—1^  ft.  high,  ascend- 
ing; heads  small,  ovate-conical  or  sub-cylindrical,  solitary  at  the  ends  of 
very  long  slender  peduncles;  calyx-teeth  slender,  more  delicately  plumose, 
fully  equalling  the  white-tipped  purple  corolla. — Common  and  variable. 


96  LEGUMINOS.E. 

8.  T.   dichotomnm,   Hook.   &  Arn.    Erect  or  ascending,  stoutish, 
1— l^j  ft.  high,  often  flexuous  and  repeatedly  dichotomous :  pubescence 
longer  than  in  the  last,  more    spreading:  leaflets  cuneate-obovate  or 
oblanceolate,  the  upper  acute,  %   in.   long,  sharply  denticulate:   heads 
long-peduncled,    ovate-conical    % — 1)4    in.    high:   calyx-teeth  setaceous, 
densely  hairy,  equalling  the  red-purple  corolla:   pod  with  close  elevated 
striae. — Plentiful  on  plains  of  interior,  from  Vacaville  to  Antioch. 

9.  T.  amuMinm.  Greene.     Commonly  2  ft.  high,  stout,  simple  or  with 
few  branches  from  the  base,  the  heads  1 — 3,  terminal  and  subterminal, 
herbage  canescently  villous:  leaflets  broadly  obovate,  retuse  or  obtuse, 
erose-denticulate,  1  in.  long  or  more,  10  lines  broad:  heads  globose,  in  age 
oval  1%  in.  high:  calyx-teeth  linear-setaceous,  plumose  throughout,  3—4 
lines  long,  much  shorter  than  the  very  showy  corolla;  this  light  rose- 
purple  with  dark  centre. — Vanden  Station,  Sacramento  plains. 

10.  T.  columbinum,  Greene.    Erect,  nearly  simple,  1  ft.  high,  some- 
what   silky-pubescent:    leaflets    1    in.    long,     cuneate-oblong,    obtuse, 
crenulate-denticulate:  head  ovate -conical,  1  in.  high:  calyx-tube  less  than 
1  line  long;  the  filiform  segments  5  lines,  soft  and  silky-plumose  throughout, 
deeply  concealing  the  minute  purple  corolla:  pod  striate,  villous  at 
apex. — Common  about  Vacaville;  readily  known  by  its  pale  dove-colored 
heads  altogether  soft  and  silky,  exhibiting  no  flowers,  but  seemingly 
made  up  of  the  long,  densely  plumose  calyx-teeth.    May. 

11.  T.  olivaceum,  Greene.    Simple  or  branched  from  the  base,  1—1% 
ft.  high,  glabrous  except  an  appressed  pubescence  on  the  lower  face  of 
the  leaves:  petioles  1 — 2  in.  long,  with  lanceolate  acuminate  entire 
stipules;  leaflets  as  in  the  last,  but  somewhat  serrulate:  heads  on  long 
slender  peduncles,  hemispherical  in  flower,  1  in.  or  more  broad  and  high; 
calyx-tube  1  line  long;  the  linear -setaceous  teeth  5 — 6  lines,  densely  plumose 
toward  the  base  only,  gradually  less  so  above,  nearly  naked  at  the  rather 
rigidly  setaceous  tips;  corolla  deep  violet-purple,  very   small  and  con- 
cealed; pod  striate,  glabrous. — With  the  preceding,  but  more  common; 
distinguished  by  its  large  olive-green  heads. 

12.  T.  ABVENSE,  L.     Belated  to  the  last  two,  but  of  different  aspect; 
the  numerous  branches   lateral,   not  basal;  the  leaves  and  heads  short- 
stalked :  heads  oblong  or  cylindrical,   %  in.  long,  or  less:    calyx-teeth 
silky-plumose  throughout,  longer  than  the  minute  whitish  corolla. — The 
Rabbit-foot  or  Mouse-ear  Clover  of  Europe,  naturalized  on  the  Atlantic 
coast,  has  been  reported  from  Alameda  Co. 

*  *  Heads  subtended  by  a  flat  or  concave  (sometimes   nearly   obsolete) 

involucre. 

-^Corolla  not  inflated  in  age. 
•^•Involucre  flat;  heads  a  little  one-sided. 

13.  T.  Wormskjoldii,  Lehm.      Perennial,  spreading  underground  by 
slender  root-stocks;  stems  decumbent,  3  in. — 2  ft.  long;  herbage  flaccid, 


LEGUMINOS^E.  97 

glabrous:  leaflets  obovate-oblong,  obtuse,  pectinate-denticulate,  1  in. 
long  or  more:  heads  hemispherical,  1  in.  broad  or  more;  involucre 
J£ — %  in.  broad,  laciuiate-aristate:  calyx-tube  scarious,  10-striate,  the 
alternate  nerves  less  prominent,  transverse  veinlets  0;  teeth  linear-subulate, 
much  longer  than  the  tube,  all  entire,  or  1  or  more  of  them  setaceously 
2 — 3-parted:  banner  elliptical,  deeply  emarginate,  pale  purple;  other 
petals  darker. — -On  hills  about  San  Francisco  only  a  few  inches  high; 
in  springy  places,  or  along  perennial  streams,  large  and  fistulous,  form- 
ing dense  masses,  the  leaflets  often  4,  and  the  calyx-teeth  more  or  less 
cut  into  setaceous  divisions.  April— August. 

14.  T.  variegatum,  Nutt.     Annual,  glabrous,   decumbent  or  pros- 
trate, with    very  numerous    slender  branches:    leaflets    obcordate    to 
obovate-oblong,  minutely  spinulose-serrate :    upper  stipules  roundish, 
lacinately  cleft:  peduncles  slender,  longer  than  the   leaves:  laciniate 
involucre,  shorter    than    the  small  (3— 15-flowered)  heads:    calyx-tube 
about  15-nerved;  the  teeth  broadly  subulate,  tapering  to  a  setaceous  point, 
longer  than  .the  tube,  shorter  than  the  corolla:  fl.  dull  purple  or  whitish. 
Var.  melananthum,  Greene.     More  rigid,  ascending,  the  branches  often 
a  foot  long  or  more;  heads  larger:  calyx-teeth  more  triangular  and  only 
pungently  acute  or  acuminate,  of  a  dark  purple   almost  to   the   base; 
corolla  deep  purple.     Var.  major,  Loja.     Flaccid  and  procumbent,  but 
very  stout  and  fistulous,  the  branches  often  a  yard  long;  leaflets  oblong- 
cuneiform,  1  in.  long  or  more;  heads  1   in.  broad  more  or  less:    calyx- 
teeth  dark  purple;  petals  purple  with  whitish  tips.— Very  common  and 
variable.     April,  May. 

15.  T.    appendicnlatum,    Loja.    Glabrous,  flaccid,  diffuse:   leaves 
long-petioled:  leaflets  cuneate-obovate  or  obcordate,  serrulate-spinulose, 
mucronulate  at  apex:  heads  hemispherical,  1  in.  or  less  in  breadth: 
fl.  purple:  calyx-teeth  lanceolate-linear,  entire,  longer  than  the  tube: 
keel  of  the  corolla  rostrate-attenuate,  longer  than  the  wings. — Lake  Merritt, 
Oakland,  V.  K.  Chesnut. 

16.  T.  oligaiitlmiii,  Steud.    Pale  green,  glabrous,  erect,  slender,  with 
few  ascending  branches,  6—18  in.  high:  upper  leaflets  linear,  acute,  1  in. 
long,  spinulose-serrate:  peduncles  filiform,  2^3  in.  long,  exceeding  the 
leaves:  head  small,  7 — 12-flowered;  involucre  reduced,  laciniately  divided: 
fl.  pale  purple  and  white:  2-3  lines  long:  calyx-teeth  ovate-acuminate, 
pungent,  entire,  equal,  shorter  than  the  10-striate  tube.    Var.  Sonomeiise. 
Smaller,  the    leaflets    broader,   oblong-cuneiform,    truncate,   cuspidate: 
calyx-teeth  subulate,  aristate-pointed,  equalling  or  even  exceeding  the 
tube.    Var.  triflorum  (T.  triflorum,  Greene,  Pitt.  i.  5).    Leaflets  as  in 
var.   Sonomense  nearly,  but  still   broader  and  retuse:  flowers  fewer: 
calyx-teeth  triangular,  acuminate,  only  a  third  as  long  as  the  tube. — 
Type  common  in  ravines  and  other  shaded  places.     Var.  Sonomense  in 
Knights'  Valley,  Sonoma  Co.     Var.  triflorum  near  Mt  Diablo. 


98  LEGUMINOS^:. 

17.  T.  tridentatum,  Lindl.    Erect,  8—16  in.  high,  glabrous,  neither 
viscid  nor  clammy:  stipules  setaceously  laciuiate,  erect:  leaflets  linear  or 
lanceolate,  sharply  serrate:  heads   1  in.  broad,  the  laciniate  involucre 
much  shorter  than  the  flowers:  fl.  J£  in.  long,  bright  purple  with  dark 
centre:  calyx  with  10-nerved  tube,  the  rigid  segments   broad  at  base, 
abruptly  narrowed  to  a  subulate  spinulose-tipped  apex  which  is  usually 
subtended  by  a  short  stout  tooth  on  each  side.    Var.  scabrellnm,  Greene. 
Slender,  with  long  almost  filiform  peduncles  and  broad  truncate  cuspi- 
date leaflets,  and  a  sparse  scabrous  pubescence  upon  its  stalklets  and 
growing  parts. — The  type  belongs  to  the  seaboard,  where  it  abounds  in 
clayey  soils,  both  on  hills  and  plains.     The  var.  scabrellum  is  from  the 
plains  of  the  San  Joaquin.     March — May. 

18.  T.  obtnsiflorum,  Hook.    Stout,  erect,  1 — 3  ft.  high,  the  herbage 
bright  green,  sparsely  short-hairy  under  a  lens;  the  inflorescence  and 
growing  parts  somewhat  resinous-glandular:  stipules  setaceously  lacerate, 
broad  and  spreading,  in  age  reflexed;  leaflets  elliptic-lanceolate,  1 — \% 
in.  long,  spinulose-serrate :  heads  more  than  1  in.  broad,  on  long  stoutish 
peduncles:  calyx-tube  oblong-campanulate,  %  in-  l°ng»  with  10  prom- 
inent and  as  many  lesser  nerves,  these  branching  and  forming  reticulations 
above;  teeth  subulate-spinose,  entire:  corolla  %  in.    long,  lilac-purple 
with  dark  centre. — Common  on  clayey  hill-sides  and  stream  banks  in 
the  open  country  along  the  base  of  the  Mt.  Diablo  Range.    May. 

19.  T.  roscidum,   Greene.    Erect,  with  ascending  branches,  stout, 
1 — 2  ft.  high,  stems  flexuous,  purple,  leaves  deep  dull  green,  soft-pubescent 
throughout  and  very  clammy,  not  at  all  resinous:  stipules  spreading  or 
reflexed,  setaceously  fimbriate:    leaflets   1    in.   long,  linear-lanceolate, 
pectinately  setulose:  heads  as  in  the  preceding  (though  not  glandular), 
calyx  the  same;  corolla  white,  with  dark  red-purple  centre. — Plentiful 
in  canons,  along  streams,  in  Solano  Co.,  etc. 

•M-  -M-  Involucre  concave,'  flowers  developing  equally  all  around. 

20.  T.  microcephalum,  Pursh.    Slender,  much  branched,  decumbent 
or  procumbent,  soft-pubescent:  leaflets  obovate-cuneiform  or  obcordate, 
emarginate,  denticulate;  stipules  ovate-acuminate,  nearly  entire;  heads 
subglobose,  very  small,  oo -flowered,  on  slender  peduncles;    involucre 
many-cleft,  segments  entire:  calyx-teeth  subulate,  broad,  scarious,  and 
sometimes  toothed  at  base:  fl.  minute,  pinkish:  pod  globose,  1-seeded. 
— Common.    May. 

21.  T.  microdon,  Hook.  &  Arn.    Larger  than  the  last,  not  rarely 
2ft.  high,  glabrous  or  nearly  so:  involucre  broader,  deeply  cup-shaped, 
equalling  the  head,  its  many  lobes  conspicuously  toothed:  calyx-teeth 
rigid,  triangular,  acute,  serrulate    below. — Abundant  in   many   places. 


LEGUMINOSJE.  99 

•1—4—  Corolla  more  or  less  inflated  in  age. 

22.  T.  barbigermn,  Torr.    Branches  stout,  with  short  internodes, 
nearly  prostrate,  4 — 10  in.  long;  herbage  deep   green,  soft-pubescent: 
petioles  elongated;  leaflets  broadly  obovate,  obtuse,  denticulate,  ^  in. 
long  or  less :  involucre  as  broad  as  the  long-peduncled  heads,  4 — 8  lines 
wide,  shortly  lobed  and  setaceously  toothed:  calyx-tube  short,  thin  and 
at    length  scarious;    teeth    selaceous-awned,   plumose,    sometimes    2—3 
parted,  usually  exceeding  the  small  purple  corolla:  pod  2-seeded. — 
Frequent  at  Berkeley,  San  Francisco,  etc. 

23.  T.  Grayi,  Loja.     Erect,  stout,  with  long  internodes,  1 — 2  ft.  high, 
sparingly  branched,  villous  with  long  spreading  hairs:  leaflets  1  in.  long, 
cuneate-oblong  or  elliptic-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acutish,  sharply  serrulate: 
heads  long-peduncled,  1  in.  broad;  the  involucre  as  broad:  calyx- tube 
scarious,  villous,  10-nerved;  teeth  linear-subulate  from  a  triangular  base, 
plumose,  as  long  as  the  dark  red-purple  corolla. — Marin  Co. 

24.  T.  fucatum,    Lindl.     Branches  stout   and  somewhat  fistulous, 
often  a  foot  long:  leaflets  1  in.  long,  rhombic-obovate  rather  conspic- 
uously spinulose-serrate  or  -dentate,  in  texture  somewhat  succulent: 
heads  \}£ — 2  in.  broad,  13 — 20-flowered:   fl.  1  in.  long  or  more;   calyx- 
tube  campanulate,  1^  lines  long;  none  of  the  teeth  as  long  as  the  tube, 
all  triangular,  the  two  upper  short  and  acute,  the  three  lower  tapering  to  a 
setaceous  point;  corolla  cream-color,  with  a  slight  greenish  tinge,  fading 
pinkish,  the  keel-petals  with  a  dark  purple  spot;  legume  rather  long- 
stipitate. — In  low  meadow  lands;  most  frequent  near  the  Bay. 

25.  T.    flaviiluni,   Greene.    Pale  green  and  glaucescent,  stoutish, 
often  larger  than  the  last  but  heads  not  half  as  large:  leaflets  ^ — % 
inch  long,  broadly  obovate,  from  pectinate-denticulate  to  entire :  heads 
% — 1  inch  broad,  5 — 12-flowered:  flower  seldom  %  inch  long:  calyx-tube 
a  line  long,  the  shortest  of  the   teeth  decidedly  longer,  the  3  lower  about 
twice  as  long,  all  slender-subulate  from  a  broad  base:  legume  subsessile. 
— More  common  than  the  last;  usually  on  higher  ground. 

26.  T.  virescens,  Greene.    Near  the  two  preceding,  but  slender  and 
half  as  large :  leaflets  inverse-deltoid,  broadest  at  summit  and  truncate, 
sharply  serrulate:  slender  peduncles  twice  the  length  of  the  leaves: 
heads  less  than  1  in.  broad:  calyx-teeth  all  slender-subulate,  the  two  upper 
shorter  than  the  tube,  closely  approximate,  the  lower  twice  the  length  of  the 
tube:  corolla  greenish-yellow,  7—8  lines  long. — Mountains  and  valleys 
of  Marin  and  Sonoma  counties. 

27.  T.   Gam  belli,   Nutt.     A  span   high,  scarcely  branching:    long- 
peduncled  heads  usually  only  3 — 5-flowered:  upper  calyx-teeth  subulate, 
the  lower  much  larger,  each  cleft  into  5 — 7  long  setaceous  segments. — Hills 
at  the  eastern  base  of  Mt.  Diablo. 


100  LEGUMINOS.E. 

28.  T.  amplectens,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Light  green  and  glabrous,  small, 
slender,  the  branches  3—10  in.  long:  leaflets  %— %  in.  long,  cuneate- 
obovate  or  -oblong,  truncate  or  retuse,  mucronately  denticulate:  pedun- 
cles slender;    involucre  half  as  broad  as  the  heads,  its   lubes   broad, 
scarious-margined,  obtuse,  sometimes  cleft  or  toothed:  calyx  cleft  -nearly 
to  the  base,  the  subulate  slenderly  acuminate  teeth  very  unequal,  the 
larger  rarely  toothed  or  cleft:  corolla  ochroleucous,  2—3  lines  long: 
pod  membranaceous,  translucent,  finely  reticulate  with  green  veins, 
promptly  dehiscent  by  one  suture  only,  4— 6-seeded:  seed  small,  trans- 
versely oval,  emarginate  at  the  hilum,  coarsely  tuberculate-rugose. — 
Not  common;  but  found  at  Alameda,  and  in  the  Oakland  Hills. 

29.  T.  hydrophilum.     Diffuse,  glabrous,  the  branches  flaccid  though 
not  very  slender,  1—2  ft.  long:  stipules  ovate,  entire,  subulate-pointed; 
leaflets  linear  or  oblong,  obtuse  or  truncate,  repandly  dentate  or  somewhat 
serrulate,  1  in.  long:   peduncles  slender,  little  exceeding  the  leaves: 
heads  8 — 15-flowered:  involucre  of  about  5  small  ovate  or  oblong  bracts: 
calyx-teeth  very  long,  subulate-arisliform:  corolla  in  age  oblong,  slightly 
inflated  and  about  equally  so  from  end  to  end,  conspicuously  striate:  pod 
2-seeded:  seed  transversely  oblong,  sinuous-rugose. — In  low  moist  lands 
along  the  seaboard,  preferring  the  vicinity  of  the  salt  marshes;  but  also 
around  ponds  among  the  hills,  and  even  on  subsaline  plains  of  the  lower 
Sacramento.    A  most  distinct  species  every  way,  and  one  which,  having 
its  lowest  leaves  narrowest  and  its  uppermost  and  later  ones  broadest, 
reverses  that  order  of  leaf-widening  which  is  otherwise  universal  in 
Californian  clovers.     It  is  T.  diversifoUum  of  the  Flora  Franciscana; 
but  Nuttall's  species  can  not  be  identified  by  his  meagre  description,  and 
it  is  hardly  probable  that  he  had  this  plant  in  view. 

30.  T.  Franciscannm.     Slender  but  wiry,  the  decumbent  branches 
5— 10  in.  long:  leaflets  linear-cuneiform,  the  very  lowest  entire,  truncate 
and  cuspidate,  the  others  serrulate  and  acute;  filiform  peduncles  far 
exceeding  the  leaves:    segments   of  involucre  oblong,  obtuse;    heads 
small,  hemispherical    or  subglobose:    calyx-teeth    short  and    subulate: 
corolla  red-purple,  in  age  inflated  to  the  broadly  ovate.    Var.  truucatum. 
Larger  and  more  flaccid,  the  leaflets  ampler,  nearly   all  linear  and 
oblong-linear,  truncate    and    scarcely  toothed;    heads  larger:    corolla 
ochroleucous,  the  keel  tipped  with  dark  purple,  the  whole  in  age  inflated 
almost  to  the  turbinate  or  obpyramidal — Type  common  at  San  Francisco; 
the  variety  abundant  in  Napa  and  Solano  counties,  etc.    The  two  forms 
comprise  the  T.  stenophyllum  of  the  Fl.  Fr.;  but  that  name  is  another  of 
Nuttall's  nomina   seminuda,  and  his  description  is  more  suited  to   the 
variety  next  of  the  species. 

31.  T.  depanperatnm,   Desv.    Only  a  few  inches    high,  branched 
from  the  base,  flaccid,  decumbent,  glabrous:  leaflets  }4  in-  long,  cuneate- 
oblong,  obtuse  or  emarginate,  denticulate :  head  long-stalked,  few-flowered : 


LEGUMINOS2E.  101 

greatly  reduced,  with  truncate  short  lobes:  corolla  larger  than 
iii  the  last,  less  inflated,  red-purple:  pod  1 — 2-seeded:  seed  little  broader 
than  long,  rather  angular,  tuberculate-rugose. — Var.  stenophyllum. 
Stems  more  slender  and  elongated:  leaflets  narrowly  linear,  the  lowest 
emarginate,  the  upper  acute:  corolla  smaller,  ochroleucous. — Mostly  in 
low  places  among  the  hills  of  the  Coast  Eange. 

32.  T.  laciniatum,  Greene.  Slender,  flaccid,  glabrous,  ascending, 
3—6  in.  high:  stipules  ovate,  acuminate,  mostly  entire:  lower  leaflets 
narrowly  cuneiform,  denticulate,  the  upper  broad,  truncate  and  3-dentate 
at  apex,  laciniately  toothed  or  pinnalifid:  involucre  obsolete:  fl.  3 — 5, 
white  with  purple  centre,  inflated  in  age:  pod  3— 4-seeded:  seed  oval, 
with  the  strong  corrugation  running  into  a  more  or  less  distinctly  f  avose 
coarse  reticulation.  Var.  angtistatum.  Leaves  all  linear,  truncate, 
entire. — Type  from  the  vicinity  of  Byron  Springs  only;  the  variety  there, 
and  also  in  Sonoma  Co.,  Bioletti. 

11.  MELILOTUS,  Morison  (SWEKT  CLOVER).    Erect  herbs  with  pin-, 
nately  3-foliolate  leaves,  the  leaflets  toothed,  and  small  fragrant  flowers 
in  slender  axillary  racemes.    Petals  free  from  the  diadelphous  stamens, 
deciduous.    Pod    ovoid,    small,    scarcely    dehiscent,   1 — 2-seeded. —Old 
World  plants  with  sweet-scented  herbage  and  very  fragrant  flowers. 
The  following  species  are  naturalized  with  us. 

1.  M.  INDICA,  Allioni.     Annual,  glabrous,  1 — 3  ft.  high,  bearing  many 
racemes  of  minute  yellow  flowers. — Common  in  low  grounds,  chiefly 
near  the  salt  marshes  or  along  rivers.     A  good  fodder  plant. 

2.  M.  ALBA, Lam.     Stout, 3 — 6  ft,  high:  fl.  larger,  white,  very  fragrant. 
— Spontaneous  in  northern  California;  perhaps  not  within  our  limits. 

12.  MEDICI,  Tourn.    Herbs   with  pinnately  3-foliolate  (rarely  5- 
foliolate)  leaves  and  flowers  2,  3,  or  many,  on  axillary  peduncles.    Petals 
free  from  the  diadelphous  stamens,  deciduous.     Pod   1-several-seeded, 
falcate- incurved  or  coiled  into  a  spiral. — Valuable  forage  plants,  natives 
of  Asia,  brought  to  California,  by  way  of  Mexico  or  South  America  in 
early  times;  some  of  them  now  widely  naturalized. 

1.  M.  LEGITIMA,  Clus.  (1601).    Medicago  saliva,  L.  (ALFALFA).    Per- 
ennial, erect,  glabrous,  2— 4  ft.  high:  leaflets  cuneate-oblong  or  oblan- 
ceolate,  toothed  above:    fl.  oo,  racemose,  violet:  pod  spirally    coiled, 
unarmed.— Here  and  there  spontaneous,  but  not  very  prevalent  in  the 
wild  state,  at  least  in  our  district. 

2.  M.  LUPULINA  (L.),  Lam.    Annual,  slender,  procumbent,  1 — 2  ft. 
long,  soft-hairy:  leaflets  obovate,   small:  fl.   minute,  in  small  oblong 
heads,  yellow:  pod   small,  reniform  or  curved  almost  into  a  ring,  black 
when  ripe,  1-seeded.— Not  rare  in  moist  waste  lands. 


102  LEGUMINOS^E. 

3.  M.  DENTICULATA(  Willd.).    (Bun  CLOVER).   Annual,  much  branched, 
decumbent,  glabrous:  leaflets  obovate  or  obcordate,  denticulate:  fl.  2—3, 
yellow:  pods  coiled  into  2  circles,  their  margins   armed  with  hooked 
prickles. — Common  everywhere:  valuable  as  a  forage  plant,  but   the 
"burs"  damaging  to  wool. 

4.  M.  APICULATA  (Willd.).     Aspect  of  M.  denticulala,  but  the  pods 
unarmed,  their  margin  beset  on  either  side  by  a  row  of  tubercles  or 
murications,  the  whole  surface  reticulate. — In  grain  fields,  etc.;  not 
common. 

5.  M.  ARABICA,  Camerarius  (1588).    Medicago  Arabica,  Allioni  (1785); 
M.    maculata,   Willd.  (1801).     Larger  every  way  than  M.  denticulala; 
leaflets  with  a  blackish  purple  irregular  blotch  in  the  middle:  pods 
coiled  into  a  spiral  of  4  or  5  turns,  thus  becoming  globular,  not  retic- 
ulate; the  spines  in  2    rows,  divaricate,  curved  throughout — In  moist 
shaded  grounds. 

13.  CYTISUS,    [Hose.  (BROOM).    Shrubs  with  green  very  leafy  or 
nearly  leafless  often  angular  branches,  palmately  or  pinnately  3-foliolate 
leaves  (leaflets  entire),  and  solitary  or  racemose  yellow  or  white  flowers. 
Calyx  with  campanulate  tube  and  bilabiate  limb.     Petals  broad;  keel 
obtuse.    Stamens    monadelphous.    Pod    compressed,   several-seeded. — 
Natives  of  the  Old  World;  becoming  spontaneous  on  our  coast. 

1.  C.  CANARIENSIS  (L.),  Greene.    Much  branched,  3 — 6  ft.  high,  soft- 
pubescent,  the  branches  and  branchlets  very  leafy:  leaflets  % — %  in. 
long:  fl.  yellow,  in  numerous  terminal  short  racemes,  fragrant;  calyx 
with  upper  segment  deeply,  lower  obsoletely  3-toothed  at  apex;  banner 
not  reflexed;  keel  deflexed,  releasing  the  stamens. — Running  wild  on 
the  grounds  of  the  University  at  Berkeley. 

2.  C.  SCOPARIUS  (L.),  Link.     Size  of  the  last,  but  sparingly  leafy,  the 
branches  prominently  angular:  leaflets  glabrous,  often  1  only:  fl.  large, 
bright  yellow,  solitary  or  in  pairs  along  the  branchlets,  in  the  leaf-axils, 
and  apparently  racemose:  pod  pilose  along  the  margins. — Naturalized 
abundantly  northward;  more  sparingly  with  us. 

3.  C.  PROLIFERUS,  L.  f.    Arborescent,  branches  terete  and,  with  the 
young  leaves,  etc.,  silky-pubescent;  leaflets  3,  elliptic-lanceolate,  1  in. 
long  or  more:  fl.  white  in  lateral  umbellate  racemes:  banner  reflexed: 
keel  shorter  than  the  wings,  enclosing  the  stamens :  pod  villous. — Native 
of  Teneriffe;  a  valued  forage  shrub  in  some  countries;  escaped  from 
cultivation  at  Berkeley.    Jan.,  Feb. 

14.  ULEX,   Linn.  (FURZE,   GOKSE).    Compact  very  thorny  shrubs 
with  simple  prickle-pointed  leaf -like  organs,  and  scattered  yellow  flowers. 
Calyx  of  2  nearly  or  quite  distinct  yellowish  sepals.     Banner  nearly  as 


LEGUMINOS^E.  103 

long  as  the  other  petals,  not  reflexed,  scarcely  even  erect.    Stamens 
monadelphous.    Pod  few-seeded,  little  longer  than  the  calyx. 

1.  U.  EUROP^EUS,  L.  Three  to  six  feet  high,  the  numerous  short 
branchlets  villous,  ending  in  a  stout  spine:  lower  leaves  sometimes 
lanceolate,  more  commonly  reduced  to  green  spines  ^  in.  long:  fl.  ^  in. 
long,  yellow,  solitary  but  often  crowded  on  the  branchlets;  calyx  villous. 
— Spontaneous  here  and  there  about  San  Francisco.  Feb. — June. 

15.  SPARTIUM,  Lobel  (SPANISH  BROOM).    Branches   stout,  terete, 
green  and  rush-like,  glabrous,  sparsely  leafy  with  1-foliolate  leaves,  or 
leafless,  bearing  terminal  loose  racemes  of  large  yellow  flowers.     Calyx 
spathaceous,  cleft  to  the  base  above,  5-toothed  at  apex.    Banner  roundish, 
erect;  keel  acuminate.    Stamens  monadelphous.    Pod  compressed. 

1.  S.  JUNCEUM,  L.  Native  of  southern  Europe.  Spontaneous  near 
San  Francisco. 

16.  LUPIMJS,  Catullus  (LUPINE).    Leaves  palmately  5— 15-foliolate; 
leaflets  entire,  sessile;  stipules  adnate,  seldom  conspicuous.    Flowers 
blue,  pinkish  or  yellow,  in  terminal  racemes,  with  bracts  mostly  caducous. 
Calyx  deeply  bilabiate;  upper  lip  notched,  lower  usually  entire,  occa- 
sionally 3-toothed  or  -cleft.    Banner  roundish;    wings  falcate-oblong, 
commonly  slightly  united  at  tip  in  front  of,  and  enclosing,  the  falcate 
usually  slender-pointed  keel.     Stamens  monadelphous,  dimorphous,  5 
with  longer  and  basifixed  anthers,  the  alternate  5  with  shorter  and 
versatile  ones.    Pods  compressed,  straight. 

*  Pods  several-seeded;  cotyledons  peliolate. 
•i—  Annuals;  flowers  more  or  less  verlicillate. 

1.  L.  micranthus,  Dougl.    Bather  slender  and  weak,  branched  from 
the  base,  6 — 18  in.  high,  pilose-pubescent,  not  at  all  succulent:  leaflets 
5 — 7,  narrowly  linear  to  linear-spatulate,  %—!%  in-  long*  on  petioles 
twice  as  long:  raceme  peduncled,  verticils  3—5,  often  indistinct:  pedicels 
1%*  lines  long  (in  fruit  3  lines);  upper  calyx-lip  with  divergent  lobes; 
lower  long,  entire:  corolla  2  lines  long,  blue,  except  the  white  and  dotted 
middle  of  the  erect  mucronulate  banner,  the  white  spot  changing  to  light 
blue;  wings  narrow,  appressed;  keel  woolly-ciliate  toward  the  apex;  pod 
5-seeded:  seed  quadrate-oval,  whitish,  with  or  without  minute  light 
brown  dots. — Common  in  sandy  soils. 

2.  L.  polycarpus,  Greene.    Erect,  stoutish,  rather  succulent,  1 — 2  ft. 
high,  with  firm  ascending  branches  from  midway  of  the  stem,  pubescent: 
leaflets  7,  narrowly  oblanceolate,  1  in.  long;  glabrous  above:  racemes 
with  4 — 7  very  distinct  verticils;  pedicels  1  line  long:  upper  calyx-lip 
bifid,  its  ovate  segments  short,  parallel;  lower  scarcely  longer,  3-nerved, 
slightly  notched  at  apex:  corolla  \%  lines  long,  deep  blue;  the  obovate 


104  LEGUMINOS^. 

retuse  banner  with  a  white  spot;  wings  coherent  at  tip,  inflated,  exposing 
the  base  of  the  broad  short  keel;  this  ciliate  below  the  apex:  pod  rigid, 
slightly  falcate,  7 — 9-seeded.—  Very  common,  preferring  rich  low  meadow 
lands  adjacent  to  the  salt  marshes;  also  occurring  in  a  reduced  form  on 
the  low  plains  of  the  interior. 

3.  L.  trifldus,  Torr.    Slender,  branched  from  the  base,  6—10  in. 
high,  pilose-canescent:    racemes   short  (1—3  whorls):  upper    calyx-lip 
deeply  cleft,  segments  divergent;  lower  broad,  deeply  trifid:  corolla  2% 
lines  long,  blue,  the  white  spot  on  the  banner  permanent;  keel  deep, 
scarcely  falcate,  shortly  and  obtusely  pointed,  and  with  a  few  stiffish 
ciliolae  above  the  middle. — In  sandy  land,  at  San  Francisco  and  Alameda- 

4.  L.  bicolor,  Lindl.     Low,  often  diffuse,  stoutish,  6—10  in.  high, 
silky-pilose:  leaflets  5—7,  linear-spatulate,  1  in.  long:  upper  calyx-lip 
bifid;  lower  twice  as  long,  entire:  corolla  4 — 5  lines  long,  blue  and  white, 
the  white  changing  to  red-purple;  banner  reflexed;  keel  falcate,  acute, 
ciliate  toward  the  apex:  pod  small,  about  5-seeded. — Sandy  soil  about 
San  Francisco,  in  a  slender  depressed  very  hairy  form;  also  on  gravelly 
crests' of  the  Oakland  Hills,  where  it  is  stouter,  with  ascending  branches. 

5.  L.  pachylobus,  Greene.    Stout,  rigid,  barely   1  ft.   high,  a  few 
ascending  branches  from  the  base,  hirsute  throughout:  petioles  slender 
and  long;  leaflets  5 — 7,  linear,  %  in  long:  racemes  on  stout  peduncles, 
whorls  2—4:  fl.  3  lines  long,  subsessile,  deep  blue:  calyx-lips  broad,  the 
upper  very  short,  notched;  lower  entire  and  twice  as  long:  pod  large, 
(1%  in  long,  4—5  lines  wide),  very  hirsute,  4— 6-seeded. — Contra  Costa 

Co  ,  and  northward,  in  the  Coast  ranges. 

•  * 

6.  L.  mums,  Dougl.    Commonly  1  ft.  often  2  ft.  high,  with  many 
decumbent  branches,  not  succulent,  minutely  and  not  densely  villous- 
pubescent:  leaflets  oblanceolate,  1  in.  long:  racemes  short-peduncled, 
3 — 7  in,  long,  of  many  rather  indistinct  whorls  of  large  deep  purple 
fragrant  flowers:  upper  calyx-lip  deeply  cleft;  lower  3-dentate:  corolla 
g_ 7  unes  long,  the  orbicular  retuse  banner  closely  reflexed,  the  white 
middle  part  turning  rose-red;  wings  lightly  joined,  forming  an  obliquely 
obovate  inflated  sac;  falcate  keel  with  a  long  slightly  ciliate  beak. — Com- 
mon on  plains,  especially  in  sandy  soil. 

7.  L.  carnosulus,   Greene.    Erect,  1—2    ft.  high,  usually    simple, 
stout  and  succulent;  pubescence  minute,  appressed :  leaflets  oblanceolate, 
1  in.  long,  obtuse,  but  with  a  small  recurved  mucronation:  raceme  loose, 
distinctly  verticillate:  upper  calyx-lip  deeply  cleft;  lower  entire:  corolla 
deep  blue;  keel  villous  in  the  middle.— Valleys  of  the  Coast  Range. 

8.  L.  aftinis,  Agardh.     Very  stout  and  succulent,  irregularly  branch- 
ing, 1 — 2  ft.  high,  the  pubescence  very  sparse  and  short;  stipules  small, 
setaceous:  leaflets  7,  cuneate-obovate,  obtuse  or  emarginate,  1—1%  in- 


LEGUMINOS.E.  105 

long,  on  stout  petioles  twice  or  thrice  as  long:  racemes  rather  short- 
peduncled;  whorls  3 — 7;  bracts  equalling  the  calyx;  upper  calyx-lip 
bifid;  lower  entire  or  3-toothed:  corolla  5—6  lines  long,  deep  bluish 
purple;  keel  broad,  not  strongly  falcate,  naked:  ovary  densely  velvety; 
pod  glabrate,  1—2  in.  long,  5— 9-seeded. — Common  in  low,  clayey  soils. 

-K- -i—  Perennials;  fl.  6 — 7  lines  long. 

9.  L.  polyphyllus,  Lindl.     Stem  nearly  simple,  very  stout,  somewhat 
fleshy,  erect,  3—5  ft.  high,  pilose-pubescent,  equably  leafy  up  to  the 
inflorescence:  stipules  adnate  for  half  their  length  or  more;  petioles 
6 — 12  in.  long;  leajiets  11 — 25,  lanceolate,  acute,  hirsute  beneath,  glabrous 
above,  3—6  in.  long:  raceme  short- peduncled,  dense,  1 — 2  ft.  long:  fl. 
subverticillate,  long  pedicelled,  %  in.  long  and  as  broad:  calyx-lips  of 
about  equal  length,  the  upper  broader,  both  entire:  wings  bluish,  banner 
red-purple:  keel  falcate,  acuminate,  naked:  pod  1 — 1*^  in.  long,  }£  in. 
broad,  7— 9-seeded. — In  open  marshy  ground  from  near  Point  Bonita 
northward.    May. 

10.  L.  formosus,  Greene.    Stoutish  and  suberect,  or  more  slender 
and  decumbent,  2—3  ft.  high,  sparsely  silky-pubescent:  stipules  long, 
linear-setaceous,  persistent:   leaflets   7 — 9,  linear -lanceolate,  very  acute, 
1 — l**jj  in.  long,  equalling  the  petiole:  raceme  subsessile,  more  or  less 
whorled,  but  rather  dense :  fl.  6 — 7  lines  long,  rich  violet,  the  banner  and 
wings  equalling,  the  latter  entirely  enfolding,  the  less  elongated  naked 
keel     Var.  Bridgesii,  Greene.    Stipules  narrowly  lanceolate,  the  whole 
plant  silvery-canescent,  and  even  villous;  raceme  distinctly  pedunculate, 
the  verticils  more  remote  and  distinct. — This,  in  various  forms,  is  the 
common  perennial  lupine  of  fields  and  orchards  among  the  Coast  Kange 
valleys,  and  on  the  plains  beyond. 

11.  L.  sericatus,   Kell.    Stoutish,  decumbent,  % — 1  ft.  high,  very 
leafy,  canescent  with  a  minute  closely  appressed  silky  pubescence:  stipules 
setaceously  acuminate  from  an  adnate  base;  leaflets  7,  spatulate-oblong, 
obtusish,  13^ — 2  in.  long,  on  petioles  as  long:  raceme  short-peduncled: 
fl.  large,  in  about  5  whorls,  deep  purple:  calyx-lips  large,  the  upper 
cleft,  lower  obscurely  3-toothed;  keel  slender-pointed,  lightly  ciliolate. — 
An  elegant  species  apparently  confined  to  a  limited  area  in  the  mountains 
of  Lake,  Napa  and  Sonoma  counties. 

12.  L.  latifolins,  Agardh.    Stoutish,  erect,  branching,  2—4  ft.  high, 
minutely  appressed-pubescent,  the  stem  not  striate,  dark  green   and 
shining,  equably  leafy,  the  basal  leaves  not  long-stalked :  stipules  linear- 
setaceous;  leaflets  5  —  7,  broadly  oblanceolate,  thin,  mucronulate,  pilose- 
ciliale  on  the  margins  and  the  midvein  beneath,  1 — 2%  in.  long:  racemes 
slender-peduncled,  loose,  the  verticils  often  distinct;    pedicels  slender: 
calyx-teeth  elongated,  the  upper  notched  slightly  at  the  narrow  apex: 


106  LEGUMINOS^:. 

fl.  blue,  changing  to  dull  brown :  keel  ciliolate  below  the  middle.— By 
streamlets  and  on  wooded  northward  slopes  of  the  Coast  Range  at  low 
altitudes:  common  in  the  hills  near  Berkeley.  May — August. 

13.  L.  lit tonilis,  Dougl.     Stems  clustered,  decumbent  or  ascending, 
1 — 2  ft.  long,  from  yellow  roots  that  are  somewhat  fleshy  and  fusiform; 
herbage  canescently  silky :  leaflets  5—7,  acute,  1  in.  long,  silky  on  both 
sides:  fl.  distinctly  and  rather  remotely  verticillate  in  a  short-peduncled 
raceme:  calyx-lips  subequal,  entire:  banner  red,  shorter  than  the  blue 
wings :  keel  ciliate :  pod  linear,  hirsute :  seeds  linear,  brown  with  black 
spots. — Near  Point  Reyes,  on  seashore  sands. 

H—  H—  -i—  Suffrutescent  or  shrubby  species. 

14.  L.  albifrons,  Benth.    Arborescent,  the  distinct  trunk-like  woody 
stem  1—3  ft.  high,  parted  into  spreading  leafy  branches,  these  ending  in 
a  rather  long-peduncled  loose  raceme:  leaflets  7 — 9,  oblanceolate,  1  in. 
long  or  more, silvery-silky  on  both  sides:  fl.  verticillate, large,  deep  blue: 
upper  calyx-lip  broad,  cleft  to  the  middle,  or  less  deeply;  lower  entire; 
petals  subequal,  the  broad  banner  with  a  whitish  spot  which  soon  changes 
to  rose-purple;  keel  ciliate:  pod  2 in.  long,  5— 9-seeded:  seed  oval,  2  lines 
long,  brownish,  encircled  marginally  by  a  dark  line.    Var.   collinns, 
Greene.    Smaller  in  all  its  parts  and  with  no  trunk-like  stem,  the  branches 
decumbent  from  a  short  caudex. — Very  common  on  clayey  slopes  and 
along  ravines;  the  variety  on  rocky  summits  about  the  Presidio,  and  on 
the  islands  in  the  Bay.    Feb.— April. 

15.  L.  jucundus,  Greene.    Shrubby,  2—4  ft.  high;  the  branches  as- 
cending, leafy,  ending  in  a  long-peduncled  rather  loose  raceme:  leaves 
silky-canescent;    leaflets  7 — 9,  narrowly  oblanceolate,  acute,  not  very 
unequal :  fl.  very  distinctly  whorled :  calyx-lips  subequal,  the  upper  bifid : 
corolla  %  in.  long,  mainly  dark  violet,  but  with  a  yellow  spot  in  the 
middle  of  the  banner  which  soon  turns  to  a  dark  tawny  red,  the  very 
margin  white  changing  to  rose-red;  keel  naked;  banner  notably  smaller 
than  the   other  pelals. — Vaca  Mountains.    (L.   tricolor,   Greene,  not  of 
garden  catalogues). 

16.  L.  eminens,  Greene.    Of  almost  arborescent  form,  3—6  ft.  high : 
branches  stoutish  ascending,  very  leafy,  ending  in  a  rather  short  and 
dense  short-peduncled  raceme:  growing  branches  and  both  faces  of  the 
leaves  silvery-silky :  leaflets  7—9,  very  unequal,  the  longest  1%  in.,  the 
smallest  barely  1  in.  long:  fl.  scarcely  whorled  in  the  raceme;  upper 
calyx-lobe  very  broad,  scarcely  notched,  the  lower  narrow,  entire :  corolla 
about   %  in.  long,  purple,  the  banner  shorter  than  the  other  petals, 
changing  from  whitish  to  tawny;  keel  naked:  pods  villous,  rather  short, 
almost  erect,  about  4-seeded. —Description  drawn  from   a  plant  of  the 
Santa  Inez  Mts.;  but  the  same  appears  to  occur  on  Mt.  Tamalpais. 


LEGUMINOS^E.  107 

17.  L.  Chaniissoiiis,  Esch.    Commonly  3  ft.  high,  but  never  arbor- 
escent; the  suffrutescent  branches  forming  a  more  or  less  dense  tuft  and 
leafy  throughout:  the  petioles  short;  raceme  elongated  and  dense,  but 
scarcely  peduncled:  fl.  not  very  distinctly  whorled,  of  a  lavender  shade; 
banner  with  a  permanent  yellowish  spot. — Apparently  confined  to  the 
sand  dunes  of  the  San  Francisco  peninsula  and  Point  Reyes.    April — 
July 

18.  L.  variicolor,  Steud.     Woody  basal  branches  short,  slender,  very 
tough,  the  decumbent,  or  often  assurgent  annual  ones  very  leafy,  1  ft. 
long  or  less :  pubescence  of  the  leaves  scanty,  appressed,  the  stems  often 
sparingly  hirsute:  leaflets  7 — 9,  narrow,  acute:  raceme  short,  the  whorls 
often  3,  2  or  1  only:  fl.  large;  banner  white  or  pale  blue;  wings  blue; 
keel  ciliale  throughout  its  length:  pods  large. — Frequent  on  grassy  north- 
ward slopes  at  the  Presidio,  San  Francisco,  and  southward. 

19.  L.   arboreus,  Sims.    From  arborescent  and  6—10  ft.  high  to 
suffrutescent  and  bushy;  slightly  silky-pubescent:  leaflets  about  9,  nar- 
rowly lanceolate,  %— 1%  in.  long,  acute,  glabrate  above:  raceme  often 
1  fl.  long;  fl.  whorled,  sulphur-yellow;  keelciliate:  pod  2 — 3  in.   long, 
8 — 12-seeded:  seed  oblong,  dark. — Very  common  among  the  sand-hills, 
or  in  sandy  soil,  mostly  near  the  sea  or  along  the  shores  of  the  Bay. 

20.  L.  propinquns,   Greene.    Near  the  last,  but  small  and  more 
bushy,  usually  2—4  ft.  high,  puberulent,  except  the  glabrous  upper  face 
of  the  leaflets:  racemes  short  and  shorl-peduncled,  the  bracts  squarrose, 
very  caducous:  petals  violet,  the  banner  reddening  in  age;  keel  strongly 
ciliate:  pods  and  seed  nearly  as  in  the  preceding. — A  seaboard  species  of 
wide  range  north  and  south.    Point  Reyes,  etc. 

*  *  Pods  2-seeded;    cotyledons   connate.    Annuals   with  whorled  flowers 
and  persistent  bracts. 

21.  L.  microcarpns,  Sims.    Branched  from  the  base,  or  near  it,  1  ft. 
high  or  less,  somewhat  succulent,  villous  throughout:  leaflets  9,  cuneate- 
oblong,  1  in.  long  or  more:  racemes  short-peduncled:  bracts  subulate- 
setaceous,  equalling  the  calyx  or  shorter:  fl.  short-pedicelled,  purplish 
or  flesh-color:  calyx  densely  hirsute;  upper  lip  short,  subscarious,  enaar- 
ginate  or  cleft;  lower  obscurely  2— 3-toothed.— Throughout  the  State, 
apparently  in  the  interior  only. 

22.  L.  densiflorus,  Benth.    Stem  stout,  simple  below,  parted  in  the 
middle  into  numerous  wide  -spread  branches,  2  ft.  high,  succulent,  sparsely 
villous:  racemes  6— 10  in.  long,  long-peduncled:  bracts  setaceous  from 
abroad  base:  fl.  white  or  rose-color,  the  banner  greenish-dotted:  calyx 
sparingly  villous:  upper  lip  scarious,  deeply  cleft:  lower  long,  toothed. — 
Very  common,  both  on  the  seaboard  and  plains  of  the  interior.     A 


108  DRUPACEJE. 

yellow- flowered  form,  possibly  distinct  (L.  Menziesii,  Agh.)  occurs  in 
Napa  Valley  and  near  Antioch,  and  has  sometimes  been  confused  with 
the  next.  April,  May. 

23.  L.  lut  col  us,  Kell.  More  slender,  simple  below,  loosely  branching 
above,  2  ft.  high  or  more,  rigid,  not  succulent:  racemes  shorter  and  more 
dense;  bracts  linear-setaceous:  fl.  rather  small  for  the  group  (6  lines 
long),  pale  yellow,  subsessile:  upper  lip  of  calyx  ovate-lanceolate,  entire; 
lower  3-toothed. — A  mountain  species,  from  Contra  Costa  and  Sonoma 
counties;  otherwise  northern.  June — Sept. 

17.  XYLOTHERMIA,    Greene.    A  rigid  much  branched  spinescent 
shrub,  with  small  nearly  sessile  1 — 3-foliolate  exstipulate  leaves,  and 
large  solitary  almost  sessile  purple  flowers.    Calyx  campanulate,  repandly 
4-toothed.    Petals  equal;    banner  orbicular,  the  sides  reflexed;    keel- 
petals  oblong,  obtuse,   distinct.    Stamens  distinct.    Pod  linear,  com- 
pressed, straight,  several-seeded. 

1.  X.  montana  (Nutt.),  Greene.  Shrub  3 — 6  ft.  high,  the  branches 
spreading  widely:  leaves  crowded;  leaflets  %—%  in.  long,  oblanceolate, 
acute,  entire,  somewhat  silky  when  young:  fl.  near  the  ends  of  the  stiff 
spinescent  branchlets,  on  short  2-bracteolate  peduncles,  from  pale  rose- 
to  deep  red-purple,  about  %  in.  long. — At  middle  elevations  in  the  Coast 
Range;  often  forming  dense  thickets  on  hill-sides  and  summits. 

18.  THERMOPSIS,  Robert  Brown  (FALSE  LUPINE).    Erect  perennials 
with  palmately  3-foliolate  leaves,  foliaceous  stipules,  and  a  terminal 
raceme  of  yellow  flowers;  the  pedicels  subtended  by  persistent  bracts. 
Calyx  campanulate,  cleft  to  the  middle,  the  two  upper  teeth  often  united. 
Banner  roundish,  shorter  than  the  wings,  the  sides  reflexed;  keel  nearly 
straight,  obtuse,  equalling  the  wings.    Stamens  distinct.    Pod  linear, 
flat,  several-seeded. 

1.  T.  Californica,  Wats.  Stipules  broadly  lanceolate,  less  than  1 
in.  long;  leaflets  obovate  or  oblanceolate,  1 — 2  in.  long,  silky-tomentose 
on  both  faces :  pod  6 — 8-seeded.  Var.  velutina,  Greene.  Silvery-canes- 
cent  with  a  dense  velvety  pubescence;  leaflets  more  acute. — Type  common 
on  low  hills  toward  the  coast;  the  variety  on  Mt.  Hamilton.  May. 

OBDEB  XXXIV.      DRUPACE>€. 

Shrubs  or  trees  with  bark  exuding  gum;  bark,  leaves  and  seeds  more 
or  less  keenly  bitter.  Leaves  alternate,  simple,  with  small  caducous 
stipules.  Flowers  perfect  (except  in  Osmaronia},  regular.  Calyx  tubular 
or  campanulate,  free  from  the  ovary,  the  tube  lined  with  a  disk,  decid- 
uous; limb  5-lobed,  imbricate  in  aestivation.  Petals  5,  perigynous. 
Stamens  about  20,  inserted  within  the  petals  on  the  disk  of  the  calyx- 


DRUPACE^:.  109 

tube.  Pistil  1  (in  Osmaronia  5);  style  simple;  ovary  1-celled,  2-ovuled, 
becoming  a  drupe.  Seed  pendulous;  cotyledons  large,  thick,  fleshy; 
albumen  0. 

1.  PRUNUS,  Varro  (PLUM-TREE.  PRUNE).  Leaves  convolute  in 
the  bud.  Flowers  in  umbellate  clusters  from  lateral  buds,  appearing 
before  or  with  the  leaves.  Drupe  ovoid,  glabrous,  glaucous;  the  thick 
sarcocarp  pulpy,  sweet  or  pleasantly  acidulous,  and  with  the  distinctive 
flavor  of  plums;  putamen  bony,  smooth,  compressed,  acutely  edged  on 
one  margin,  grooved  on  the  other. 

1.  P.  subcordata,  Benth.  Arborescent,  3 — 10  ft.  high,  much  branched, 
more  or  less  spinescent;  nascent  leaves  and  twigs  finely  pubescent,  in 
age  glabrate:  leaves  ovate,  cuneate  or  subcordate  at  base,  obtuse  or 
acute,  sharply  serrulate,  about  1  in.  long,  short-petioled:  umbels  2—4- 
flowered;  pedicels  % — %  in-  l°ng>  fl-  white,  ^  in.  broad:  drupe  %  in. 
long,  red,  the  pulp  rather  hard  and  unpalatable.— Hillsides  and  banks. 
Fl.  March,  April.    Fr.  August,  Sept. 

2.  CERASUS,    Theophr.,    (CHERRY- TREE.     CHOKE-CHERRY.    ISLAY). 
Leaves  conduplicate  in  the  bud.     Flowers  corymbose  or  racemose  from 
lateral  buds  which  are  often  leaf-bearing.     Drupe  globose,   glabrous, 
destitute  of  bloom;  the  sarcocarp  sweet  rather  than  acidulous  (in  our 
species),  often  keenly  bitter,  sometimes  sour  and  astringent;  putamen 
osseous  or  ligneous,  smooth,  mostly  globose,  not  prominently  margined. 

*  Flowers  corymbose,  from  lateral  buds;  drupe  small,  with  bony  putamen. 

1.  C.  emarginata,  Dougl.  Shrub  3—8  ft.  high,  branched  from  the 
base  and  clothed  throughout  with  a  smooth  shining  bark:  leaves  obovate, 
oblong  or  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  retuse  or  emarginate,  on  sterile  twigs 
acutish,  %—l%  in.  long,  finely  crenate -serrulate,  mostly  uniglandular, 
and  that%  on  the  lower  part  of  the  blade,  well  above  the  junction  with 
the  petiole:  fl.  few,  in  a  short  corymb:  fruit  bright  red,  intensely  bitter. 
— Hills  of  the  Coast  Eange. 

*  *  Flowers  racemose,  from  axillary  leafless  buds. 

3.  C.  ilicifolia,  Nutt.    Evergreen,  often  12-18  ft.  high,  with  well 
rounded  head,  the  trunk  clothed  with  a  dark  rough  bark:  leaves  ovate 
or  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acute,  truncate  or  rounded  at  base,  coarsely 
spinose-toothed,  coriaceous,  glabrous  throughout,  1—2  in.  long,  short- 
petioled:  racemes  1—2  in.  long,  leafless;  fl.  small:  drupe  )<£  in.  thick  or 
more,  slightly  obcompressed,  putamen  scarcely  ligneous;  sarcocarp  thin, 
sweetish,  when  ripe. — Oakland  Hills,  thence  southward. 

*  *  *  Flowers  racemose  at  the  ends  of  leafy  branchlets;  drupe  small. 

4.  C.  demissa,  Nutt.    Deciduous,  3—12  ft.  high:  leaves  ovate  or 
oblong-ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  rounded  or  cordate  at  base,  sharply 


110  POMACES. 

serrate,  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath,  2 — 4  in.  long,  with  1  or  2  glands 
on  the  petiole  just  below  its  summit:  racemes  3—4  in.  long,  many-flowered: 
drupe  globose,  red  or  dark  purple,  astringent,  putamen  ligneous,  glo- 
bose.— Hills  behind  North  Berkeley;  also  in  San  Francisco  Co.  Fl. 
April,  fr.  Sept. 

3.  OSMAROXIA,  Greene.  (Oso  BERRY).  Deciduous  shrub,  with 
flowers  dioecious,  in  pendulous  racemes  terminating  short  leafy  branch- 
lets.  Calyx  turbinate-campanulate,  5-lobed.  Petals  5,  broadly  spatulate, 
erect  in  the  pistillate  flowers,  spreading  in  the  staminate.  Stamens  15, 
in  two  rows,  10  inserted  with  the  petals,  5  more  deeply  within  the  calyx- 
tube;  filaments  slender,  short.  Pistils  5;  styles  short,  lateral,  jointed  at 
base.  Drupes  1—4,  ovoid,  with  thin  pulp  and  osseous  putamen.  Seed 
solitary;  cotyledons  convolute. 

1.  0.  cerasiformis  (T.  &  G.),  Greene.  Stems  2—10  ft.  high,  the 
bark  dark  brown:  leaves  broadly  oblanceolate,  entire,  obtuse  or  acutish, 
mucronulate,  2—3  in.  long,  short-petioled:  racemes  shorter  than  the 
leaves;  bracts  conspicuous:  fl.  white,  very  fragrant:  drupes  6—8  lines 
long,  slightly  compressed,  blue-black;  pulp  very  thin,  bitter.— Coast 
Range  hills.  Jan. — April. 

ORDER  XXXV.     P  0  M  A  C~E  AL  . 

Trees  and  shrubs  with  astringent  but  neither  bitter  nor  poisonous 
properties;  not  gummiferous.  Leaves  alternate,  simple  or  unequally 
pinnate,  with  caducous  stipules.  Flowers  perfect,  regular,  racemosely 
or  corymbosely  clustered,  white  or  reddish.  Calyx-tube  urceolate  or 
campanulate,  more  or  less  coherent  with  the  ovary,  the  usually  short 
free  portion  lined  with  a  staminiferous  disk:  limb  5-lobed,  imbricate  in 
aestivation.  Petals  5,  perigynous.  Stamens  mostly  20,  inserted  on  the 
disk.  Ovary  of  2,  3  or  5  carpels,  becoming  a  pome;  styles  as  many  as 
the  carpels.  Seeds  usually  2  in  each  cell,  collateral,  ascending;  coty- 
ledons fleshy;  albumen  0. 

1.  AMELANCHIER,  Label.  (SERVICE-BERRY).  Shrubs  with  decid- 
uous oblong  or  rounded  serrate  or  subentire  leaves,  and  bracted  racemose 
white  flowers  appearing  with  them  in  early  spring;  the  bracts  caducous. 
Calyx-tube  broadly  turbinate;  segments  as  long  as  the  tube,  erect  or 
reflexed  in  flower.  Petals  linear-oblong;  plane.  Stamens  20,  shorter 
than  the  petals.  Styles  3—5,  coalescent  at  base  or  distinct;  carpels  as 
many,  incompletely  2-celled,  but  only  1  seeded.  Fruit  small,  berry-like, 
dark  purple,  more  or  less  glaucous,  the  pulp  sweet  and  edible. 

1.  A.  a  I  ni  folia.  Nutt.  Arborescent,  but  seldom  10  ft.  high:  leaves 
nearly  full  grown  at  flowering  time,  but  thin,  dark  green,  oval  or  oblong- 
ovate,  obtuse  at  both  ends,  coarsely  serrate  toward  the  apex,  otherwise 


ROSACES.  Ill 

entire,  woolly-pubescent  beneath,  even  in  age:  racemes  oo  -  flowered; 
bracts  setaceous,  long-woolly:  calyx  densely  tomentose,  the  triangular 
lanceolate  teeth  closely  reflexed:  petals  spatulate -linear,  %  in.  long, 
plane:  stamens  very  short,  not  equalling  the  calyx-teeth.— Banks  of 
streams,  and,  in  dwarf  form,  on  rocky  hills. 

2.  HETEROMELES,  Itewer  (CALIFORNIA  HOLLY.  CHRISTMAS  BEERY). 
A  small  evergreen  tree  with  simple  coriaceous  serrate  leaves,  and  num- 
erous small  white  flowers  in  terminal  corymbose  panicles.    Calyx  tur- 
binate;  limb  5-parted,  the  lobes  at  length  inflexed  over  the  carpels  and 
becoming    fleshy.    Petals    rounded,  concave.     Stamens    10;    filaments 
dilated  at  base  and  slightly  connate.     Ovary  2 — 3-celled,  4—6  ovuled; 
styles  and  stigmas  2—3.     Fruit  ovoid,  red,  berry-like  with  dry  mealy 
pulp;  carpels  free  from  the  fleshy  calyx-tube  above  the  middle.    Seeds 
1 — 2  in  each  cell,  erect;  testa  thin -.cartilaginous. 

1.  H.  arbutifolia  (H.  Ait.  f ),  Kramer.  Usually  10—25  ft.  high;  nascent 
parts  tomentulose:  leaves  dark  green  and  shining,  narrowly  oblong  to 
oblong-lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends,  sharply  but  not  very  closely 
serrate  or  dentate,  2 — 4  in.  long:  pome  3  lines  long:  seed  one-half  as 
long.  —  Very  common  along  streams  and  on  northward  slopes.  Fl.  July, 
fr.  Dec. 

3.  MALUS,  Tourn.    (APPLE-TREE.     CRAB- APPLE).     Small  deciduous 
trees.    Leaves  simple,  more  or  less  serrate ;    Flowers  rather  large,  reddish 
or  white,  corymbose  at  the  ends  of  short  lateral  branchlets.    Stamens 
20.    Styles  5,  more  or  less  united  at  base.     Carpels  5;  wholly  covered  by 
the    adnate   calyx-tube,  chartaceous    in^  fruit,  2-seeded.     Pome  large, 
globose,  depressed  at  each  end,  the  flesh  acidulous,  destitute  of  grit -cells. 

1.  M.  rivularis  (Dougl.),  Eo3m.    Tree  15—25  ft.  high:  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  1—3  in.   long,  often  slightly  3-lobed, 
sharply  serrulate,  more  or  less  pubescent  when  young :  corymb  somewhat 
racemose;  pedicels  slender,  1  in.  long:  petals  orbicular,  3—4  lines  broad, 
white:  pome  red  or  yellow,  short-cylindrical,  ^  in.  long  or  more. — The 
Oregon  Crab-apple  has  been  found  as  far  southward  as   Sonoma  Co. 

2.  M.  GOMMUNIS,  DC.,  the  common  apple  of  the  orchards,  already  of 
frequent  occurrence  by  waysides,  is  becoming  naturalized  in  California, 
as  it  already  is  in  many  parts  of  the  world  where  it  has  been  long 
cultivated. 

ORDER  XXXVI.      R  0  S  A  C  E  /£  , 

Herbs  or  shrubs  often  prickly,  with  alternate  frequently  compound 
leaves  and  mostly  foliaceous  commonly  adnate  stipules.  Flowers  perfect 
or  unisexual,  solitary,  cymose,  corymbose,  or  paniculate.  Calyx  free 
from  the  ovary,  4— 5-cleft,  the  segments  valvate  (rarely  imbricate)  in 


112  ROSACES. 

aestivation.  Petals  perigynous,  as  many  as  the  calyx-lobes  and  alternate 
with  them,  or  0.  Stamens  5 —GO  ,  perigynous.  Pistils  1 — GO  ;  ovary  usually 
1-celled  and  with  1  ovule,  sometimes  many-ovuled:  ovules  pendulous  or 
ascending.  Styles  as  many  as  the  ovaries.  Fruit  an  achene  or  an 
aggregation  of  drupelets,  sometimes  follicular  and  dehiscent  by  the 
ventral  suture.  Seeds  with  little  or  no  albumen. 

*  Unarmed  shrubs:  leaven  simple. 

Pistils  3 — 5-  mature  carpels  dry,  dehiscent, 

inflated,  several-seeded, OPULASTER  1 

not  inflated,  1-seeded, HOLODISCUS  2 

( fruit  a  plumose-tailed  achene, CERCOOARPUS  3 

(  fruit  an  achene  without  plumose  tail, ADENOSTOMA  4 

*  *  Prickly  shrubs. 

Fruit  a  mass  of  coherent  drupelets, RUBTJS  10 

Fruit  a  number  of  bony  achenes,  enclosed 

in  a  red  berry-like  calyx-tube ROSA  11 

-x-  *  *  Herbaceous  plants;  mostly  perennial. 

Leaves  unequally  pinnate;  pistil  1  only; 

Fl.  apetalous;  mature  calyx-tube  beset  with 

retrorsely  barbed  prickles,.. . . ACJENA  5 

Mature  calyx  bur-like  with  hooked  prickles AORIMONIA         6 

Leaves  variously  compound  or  cleft;  pistils  several 

or  many;  fruits  achenes; 
Small  annuals,  with  minute  green 

apetalous  flowers,  and  only  2  pistils, ALCHEMILLA       7 

Leaves  palmate  or  pinnate;  pistils  QO; 

achenes  on  a  dry  usually  hairy  receptacle, POTENTILLA      8 

Leaves  ternate;  pistils  x>;  achenes  on  a  conical 

fleshy  receptacle FRAGARIA          9 

1.  OP UL  ASTER,  Medic.  (NINE-BARK).  Shrubs  unarmed  with  sur- 
culose  shreddy-barked  stems  and  simple  more  or  less  lobed  and  toothed 
deciduous  leaves;  stipules  free  and  deciduous.  Flowers  white,  in  corymbs 
terminating  lateral  leafy  branchlets.  Calyx  5-lobed  with  campanulate 
tube.  Petals  5,  rounded.  Stamens  GO  ,  in  several  rows.  Pistils  1—5, 
becoming  as  many  inflated  2-valved  several-seeded  capsules  which  are 
alternate  with  the  calyx-lobes  when  of  the  same  number,  slightly  coherent 
toward  the  base.  Seeds  several,  obovoid,  with  a  shining  crustaceous 
testa,  and  copius  albumen. 

1.  0.  capitatus  (Pursh).  Surculiform  stems  10—20  ft.  long,  more 
or  less  tortuous  and  reclining  or  interlacing  among  the  branches  of 
small  trees:  leaves  short-petioled,  ovate,  acute,  more  or  less  distinctly 
3-lobed  and  coarsely  toothed,  2 — 3  in.  long,  glabrous  or  stellate-pubescent : 
fl.  in  hemispherical  corymbs:  pedicels  and  calyx  more  or  less  tomentose: 
follicles  usually  4,  exceeding  the  calyx,  3—4  lines  long,  ultimately 
splitting  into  2  valves. — Common  along  streams.  April,  May. 


ROSACES.  113 

2.  HOLODISCUS,  Maxim.  Unarmed  deciduous  shrubs  with  simple 
toothed  or  lobed  extipulate  leaves  and  terminal  panicles  of  numerous 
small  white  flowers.  Calyx  deeply  5-cleft,  nearly  rotate.  Petals  5, 
rounded,  imbricate  in  bud.  Stamens  20,  inserted  on  an  annular  peri- 
gynous  disk.  Pistils  5,  wholly  distinct,  becoming  1-seeded  hairy  carpels, 
alternate  with  the  calyx-lobes,  very  tardily  dehiscent  by  the  dorsal 
suture  only,  or  indehiscent. 

1.  H.  discolor  (Pursh),  Maxim.    Shrub  2—6  ft.  high,  the  branches 
short,  rigid,  clothed  with  a  gray  more  or  less  broken  and  shreddy  bark: 
leaves  ovate,  cuneately  narrowed  to  a  short  winged  petiole,  above  the 
middle  pinnately  toothed  or  lobed,  the  lobes  when  present  entire,  deep 
green  and  nearly  glabrous  above,  whitish-tomentose  beneath;  panicles 
erect  on  short  erect  or  ascending  branches;  carpels  more  or  less  densely 
hirsute  throughout.— On  dry  rocky  slopes  and  summits.    July. 

2.  H.  ariaefolius  (Smith).    Shrub  commonly  8—18   ft.    high,    with 
long  spreading  or  recurved  slender  branches,  these  and  the  stem  clothed 
with  a  smooth  unbroken  dark  brown  bark:  leaves  short-petioled,  deltoid- 
ovate,  2 — -3  in.  long,  two-thirds  as  broad,  almost  truncate  at  base,  pinnately 
shallow-lobed  from  base  to  apex,  the  lobes  entire  or  toothed,  green  and 
glabrate  above,  slightly   paler  beneath  with  sparse  villous  appressed 
pubescence:  panicle  ample,  6 — 10  in.  long,  drooping  in  fl.,  erect  in  fr.: 
carpels  compressed,  hirsute  along  both  sutures,  the  sides  glabrous   and 
covered  with  sessile  globular  resin-dots.— Woods  of  the  Coast  Eange,  at 
low  elevations  among  the  hills. 

3.  CERCOCARPUS,    HBK.     (MOUNTAIN    MAHOGANY).      Unarmed 
evergreen  shrubs  or  trees  with  simple  leaves,  small  stipules,  and  axillary 
solitary  or  fascicled  apetalous  flowers.     Calyx  salverform,  the  5-lobed 
limb  deciduous.     Stamens  x ,  in  2  or  3  rows  on  the  limb  of  the  calyx. 
Pistil  1;    style  terminal;  stigma    terminal;  ovule    solitary,   ascending. 
Fruit  a  terete  villous  achene  surmounted  by  a  long  villous  twisted  style. 
Seed  linear;  albumen  0. 

1.  C.  betulaefolius,  Nutt.  Shrubby  or  arborescent,  6 — 15  ft.  high, 
the  stem  with  a  gray  thin  flaky  bark;  branches  spreading  or  recurved: 
leaves  somewhat  coriaceous,  broadly  obovate  with  more  or  less  cuneate 
entire  base,  but  coarsely  serrate -toothed  above  the  middle,  conspicuously 
feather-veined,  glabrous  above,  pubescent  beneath,  ^ — %/4  in.  long: 
calyx-tube  at  length  %  in.  long:  tail  of  achene  often  3  in.  long. — Hills  of 
the  Coast  Kange. 

4.  ADEXOSTOMA,  Hooker  &  Arnott  (CHAMISO).     Unarmed  evergreen 
shrubs  with  rigid  linear  entire  sessile  fascicled  stipulate  leaves,  and 
small  white  flowers  in  closely  panicled  terminal  racemes.     Calyx  obcon- 
ical,  5- toothed,  10-striate,  the  orifice  bearing  5  oblong  glands.    Petals  5, 
orbicular.    Stamens  10 — 15,  inserted  in  bundles  alternate  with  the  petals. 


114  KOSACE^. 

Pistil  1,  simple;  style  laterally  inserted  and  flexuous  toward  the  base; 
ovary  1-celled,  1-  or  2-ovuled,  becoming  an  achene  covered  by  the 
hardened  persistent  calyx-tube. 

1.  A.  fasciculatnm,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Shrub  2—20  ft.  high,  the  virgate 
branches  covered  with  leaf-f ascicles :  leaves  linear-subulate,  2—5  lines 
long,  pungently  acute,  glabrous,  often  resinous;  stipules  small,  acute: 
fl.  crowded,  sessile;  calyx  1  line  long,  bracted  at  base,  the  teeth  much 
shorter  than  the  small  petals:  ovary  obliquely  truncate. — A  most  char- 
acteristic bush  of  the  summits  and  elevated  slopes  of  the  Coast  Range. 

5.  ACJ2NA,  Mulis.    Perennial  herbs,  or  the  stems  somewhat  woody 
at  the  decumbent  or  creeping  base.    Leaves  unequally  pinnate;  leaflets 
incised  or  pinnatifid.     Flowers  in  terminal  more  or  less  spicate  clusters. 
Calyx-tube  oblong,  contracted  at  the  throat,  persistent,  at  length  armed 
with  retrorsely  barbed  prickles;  limb  3—7  parted,  valvate,  deciduous. 
Petals  0.     Stamens  1—10.    Pistils   1  or  2;  ovary  free  from  the  calyx; 
style  terminal;  stigma  capitate,  multifid;  ovule  1,  suspended.    Achene 
enclosed  in  the  hardened  calyx -tube. 

1.  A.  t  Hilda,  Ruiz  &  Pavon.  Stems  1  ft.  high,  leafy  mostly  at  the 
creeping  and  woody  base;  herbage  silky-villous :  leaflets  9— 13,  oblong- 
ovate,  3—5  lines  long,  pinnately  cleft  into  3 — 7  segments:  fl.  small, 
greenish  purple  in  an  interrupted  spike;  filaments  exserted:  fr.  ovate, 
2  lines  long,  3 — 4-angled;  angles  with  2 — 4  stout  prickles,  the  intervals 
with  shorter  ones. — Grassy  summits  or  northward  slopes  of  hills  along 
the  sea  coast.  April— June. 

6.  AGRIMOXIA,  Brunfeh  (AGRIMONY).     Perennials  with  odd-pinnate 
leaves  and  long  slender  terminal  racemes  of  small  yellow  flowers.     Calyx - 
tube  urceolate;  throat  encircled  by  a  border  of  hooked  prickles;  limb 
5-lobed,  at  length  connivent.    Petals  5.     Stamens  5  —15,  in  1  row.    Pistils 
2,  distinct,  free  from  the  calyx;  styles  terminal;  stigma  dilated,  2-lobed: 
ovule  pendulous.     Achenes  1  or  2,  enclosed  in  the  bur -like  calyx, 

1.  A.  Eupatoria,  L.  Hirsute  or  glabrate,  2—4  ft.  high,  sparingly 
branched  above:  leaflets  5—7,  usually  2 — 3  in.  long  with  very  small  ones 
intervening,  oblong-obovate,  coarsely  toothed,  acute  at  each  end;  stipules 
large,  semicordate,  toothed  or  lobed:  calyx  in  fruit  % — %  in.  long,  the 
tube  10-sulcate  above:  achene  1,  subglobose,  1  line  thick. — Apparently 
widely  disseminated  in  California,  but  seldom  seen. 

7.  ALCHEMILLA,    Tragus.     Herbs    of    various   habit;    ours  small 
annuals  with  leafy  stems,  and  minute  green  flowers  fascicled  in  the  axils 
of  the  palmately  lobed  leaves.    Calyx- tube  urceolate;  limb  4— 5-cleft, 
with  or  without  as  many  minute  bractlets  or  intervening  teeth.     Stamens 
1  or  2,  minute.    Pistils  1  or  2;  style  basal  or  lateral;  ovule  1,  ascending. 
Achene  ovate,  compressed. 


ROSACES.  115 

1.  A,  arvensis  (L.),  Scop.  Slender,  1  —4  in.  high,  leafy,  floriferous 
and  hirsute-pubescent  throughout,  the  calyx-tube  densely  hirsute:  leaves 
3-parted,  the  segments  2— 3-cleft:  calyx-tube  much  contracted  under  the 
4-parted  limb,  bractlets  minute.  Var.  glabra,  Greene.  Glabrous,  even 
to  the  calyx-tube,  which  is  broader  than  in  the  type,  less  constricted  at 
the  orifice,  with  larger  bractlets. — Common  along  borders  of  thickets,  or 
on  open  plains;  the  variety  in  the  valley  of  the  Sacramento. 

8.  POTENTILLA,  Brunfels  (FIVE-FINGER).  Herbs  with  pinnately 
or  palmately  compound  leaves,  the  leaflets  usually  toothed  or  cleft,  and 
adnate  stipules.  Flowers  axillary  and  solitary  or  in  terminal  cymes. 
Calyx  from  flat  to  campanulate,  5-cleft,  valvate,  with  5  alternating  bract- 
lets.  Petals  5,  rounded  or  elongated,  yellow,  red  or  white.  Stamens 
5  —  oo  ;  filaments  filiform  or  dilated.  Pistils  1 — oo  ;  styles  more  or  less 
lateral,  deciduous.  Achenes  on  a  glabrous  or  hairy  dry  receptacle. 

*  Stamens   10 — 30,  uniform;  filaments  filiform,  or  dilated  at   base   only: 

petals  rounded. 
H—  Perennials;  stamens  more  than  10. 

1.  P.  Anserina,  L.    Leaves  often  1  ft.   long;  leaflets  7—21,  with 
smaller    ones     interposed,    oblong,    sharply    serrate,    white-tomentose 
beneath,  silky  or  glabrate  above:  stems  prostrate,  with  long  internodes, 
rooting  at  each  joint  and  producing  at  each  a  tuft  of  leaves  and  one  or 
more  long  peduncled  large  yellow  flowers:  petals  M~ M  in-  lonfif»  exceeding 
the  calyx:  stamens  20—25:  achenes  20—40:  receptacle  villous. — Along 
stream-banks,  margins  of  ponds,  or  in  springy  places  both  along  the 
seaboard  and  in  the  mountains. 

2.  P.  glandulosa,  Lindl.    Erect,  1—2  ft.  high,  glandular-pubescent 
and  ill-scented:  leaves  pinnate;  leaflets  5—9,  ovate   or  rhombic-ovate, 
coarsely  and  doubly  serrate:  cyme  lax,  leaf y-bracted :  fl.  small;  the  pale 
yellow  obovoid  petals  scarcely  equalling  the  calyx:  stamens  25,  in  1  row, 
on  the  margin  of  the  thickened  disk :  styles  attached  below  the  middle 
of  the  ovary. — Bushy  hills. 

•»—  •*-  Annuals  or  biennials;   stamens  10. 

3.  P.  millegrana,  Engelm.,  Wats.    Tall,  flaccid,  soft-pubescent,  leafy 
up  to  the  inflorescence:  leaves  ternate,  the  radical  on  long  slender  pet- 
ioles; leaflets  cuneate-obovate,  obtusely  serrate  at  apex  only;  stipules 
ovate-lanceolate,  entire:  cymes  diffuse',  fl.  very  numerous;  petals  yellow; 
stamens  about  10:  achenes  whitish. — Muddy  banks  of  the  lower  San 
Joaquin. 

4.  P.  biennis,  Greene.     Biennial,  branched  from  the  base,  erect  and 
rather  stout,  1  ft.  high  or  more,  the  stems   purple,  leafy,  the  whole 
herbage  pubescent  and  minutely  glandular:  stipules  oblong-lanceolate, 


116  ROSACES. 

obtuse  or  acute,  the  lowest  entire,  the  upper  more  or  less  toothed  or 
lobed:  leaflets  3  (rarely  5),  cuneate-flabelliform,  irregularly  incised,  the 
broad  teeth  or  lobes  mucronulate:  cymes  mostly  contracted  and  dense: 
petals  small,  yellow,  spatulate-oblong,  scarcely  equalling  the  calyx: 
stamens  about  10:  achenes  minute,  whitish. — Moist  places  in  the 
mountains. 

*  *  Perennials;  petals  obovate  to  linear;  stamens  10,  alternately  long  and 
short,  the  filaments  petaloid-dilated. 

-»—  Cymes  lax,  dichotomous;  bractlets  large,  often  exceeding  the  calyx-lobes. 

5.  P.  frondosa,  Greene,    Erect  or  decumbent,  1^—3  ft.  high,  leafy 
throughout,  viscidly  hirsute  and  heavy -scented:  radical  leaves  with  7 — 9, 
cauline  with  5 — 7   leaflets;  these  1 — 2  in.   long,  oval  or  oblong,  doubly 
incised,  thin  and  finely  rugose;  stipules  ovate-lanceolate,  coarsely  incised: 
cyme  widely  spreading,  loose  and  leafy:  calyx  short-oampanulate,  the 
large  spreading  bractlets  exceeding  the  segments,  trifid  at  apex:  stamens 
very  unequal:  petals   ligulate,  erect  or  little  spreading,  white. — Near 
Martinez,  Frank  Swett. 

6.  P.  Californica  (Ch.  &  Schl.),  Greene.    Size  and  habit  of  the  last, 
but  stem  less  leafy,  leaves  mostly  radical:  herbage  glandular-pubescent, 
very  fragrant;  leaflets  11 — 21,  the  uppermost  more  or  less  confluent,  the 
lower  distinct  but  approximate,   ^ — %   in.    long,    broadly   cuneiform, 
toothed  or  deeply  incised  at  the  rounded  apex:  calyx  %  in.  high,  short- 
campanulate;  bractlets  exceeding  the  calyx-lobes,  usually  3-toothed  at 
the  broad   apex,  the  middle    tooth  longest:    petals  white,  spatulate, 
spreading  or  suberect.    Var.   elata,  Greene.    More  slender  than  the 
type,  equally  fragrant:  leaflets  deeply  and  incisely  once  or  twice  cleft: 
bractlets  of  the  calyx  like  the  segments  triangular-lanceolate,  entire. — 
The  type  is  common  on  wooded  slopes  about  San  Francisco  and  Oak- 
land.   The  variety  is  of  Napa  Co.,  and  northward. 

7.  P.  Kelloggii,  Greene.    Stems  stout,  ascending,  or  almost  prostrate, 
1 — 2  ft.  long;  herbage  glandless,  scentless,  canescent  with  a  sho>  t  dense  silky 
pubescence:   leaflets  11 — 15,  obovate,  coarsely  toothed,  % — %  in.  long: 
calyx-tube  cupulate;  lobe,  lanceolate,  %  in.  long,  equalled  by  the  oblong 
entire  bractlets:  petals  pure  white,  spatulate  oblong,  ^  in.  long.— In 
sandy  soil  at  Alameda,  Lake  Merced,  etc. 

-i—  H—  Cymes  more  condensed;  bractlets  smaller  than  the  calyx-lobes;  leaflets 
in  many  pairs,  deeply  incised  or  lobed. 

8.  P.  teiiniloba,  Greene.   Stems  1  ft.  high;  herbage  canescently  villous: 
leaflets  %—%  iQ-  loQg»  cuneate-obovate,  deeply  parted  into  4—8  linear 
lobes,  or  the  uppermost    narrower,  few-lobed    or  linear  and    entire: 
cymes  compact:    calyx  2  lines  long;   lobes  linear,  surpassed  by  the 
oblong-spalulate  white  petals. — Sonoma  Co.,  Bigelow,  and  southward. 


ROSACE^E.  117 

9.  P.  Micheueri,  Greene.  Stems  6—8  in.  high,  tufted,  reddish,  and, 
with  the  younger  leaves,  somewhat  villous,  the  mature  herbage  glabrous: 
leaflets  in  about  15  pairs,  small  and  crowded,  5  -7-parted  into  oblong 
obtuse  entire  segments:  young  cymes  compact;  petals  cuneate-obcordate, 
exceeding  the  calyx,  white:  all  10  stamens  with  oblong-petaloid  white 
filaments,  the  alternate  ones  smaller.— Southern  flanks  of  Mt.  Tamalpais. 

9.  FR1GA.RL1,    Brunfels    (STRAWBERRY).    Perennial    stoloniferous 
herbs    with    3-foliolate    leaves;   the  leaflets    coarsely  toothed:    scapes 
cymosely    oo -flowered.     Flowers  as    in    Potentilla,   but  the  numerous 
achenes  borne  on  an  enlarged  pulpy  edible  receptacle.    Petals  white. 

*  Leaves  light-green,  of  thin  texture;  achenes  superficial. 

1.  F.  Californica,  Ch.  &  Schl.    Often  10  in.  high,  commonly  smaller : 
leaflets  cuneate-obovate,  rounded,  sparingly  villous  on  both  sides :  scapes 
and  petioles  slender:  fl.  ^  in.  broad;  calyx-teeth  and  often  the  petals 
also  more  or  less  toothed:  fr.  small,  globose. — Common  along  the  sea- 
board; preferring  wooded  or  bushy  slopes. 

*  *  Leaves  dark-green,  of  firmer  texture;  each  achene  inserted  in  a  small 
depression  of  the  receptacle. 

2.  F.  Chilensis,  Ehrh.    Dioecious:  scapes  and  petioles  short;  leaflets 
cuneate-obovate,  nearly  glabrous  and  somewhat  shining  above,  villous 
beneath:  fl.  1  in.  broad. — Sandy  banks  and  grassy  slopes  near  the  sea. 

10.  RUBUS,  Vergil.    Shrubs  with  stems  unarmed  or  prickly,  erect, 
reclining  or  prostrate.    Leaves  simple  and  lobed,  or  compound;  stipules 
adnate.     Flowers  white  or  red,  solitary,  corymbose  or  panicled.     Calyx 
persistent,  5-lobed,  without  bractlets.    Petals  (5)  and  stamens  (oo )  peri- 
gynous.     Pistils  2—  GO  ,  crowded  on  an  elevated  receptacle,  ripening  into  a 
coherent  body  of  small  drupes,  so  forming  the  aggregate  fruit  called  a 
raspberry  or  blackberry. 

*  Fruil  concave  beneath,  parting  freely  from  the  receptacle. 
H—  Unarmed;  leaves  ample,  palmately  lobed. 

1.  R.  parviflorus,  Nutt.  Erect,  3—8  ft.  high;  the  bark  of  the  main 
stem  becoming  brown  and  shreddy;  branchlets  and  pedicels  hirsute  and 
more  or  less  glandular-hispid:  leaves  membranous,  4—12  in.  broad, 
irregularly  serrate,  the  3—5  lobes  acute  or  acuminate:  fl.  few,  in  loose 
terminal  clusters,  white  or  pinkish,  1 — 2  in.  broad:  carpels  oo ,  tomentose; 
fr.  hemispherical,  scarlet  when  ripe,  "sweet  and  pleasantly  flavored." 
Var.  velutiiius,  Greene.  Leaves  smaller,  of  much  firmer  texture, 
densely  velvety-pubescent,  evenly  serrate:  fr.  dry,  insipid. — The  type  is 
found  only  in  the  mountains  of  the  interior  or  easterly  parts  of  the 
State.  The  variety  belongs  to  the  seaboard,  where  it  is  common.  Fl. 
March;  fr.  June. 


118  ROSACES. 

•»—  •*—  Stems  prickly;  leaves  3-foliolate. 

2.  R.  spectabilis,  Pursh.    Stoutish,  5—10  ft.  high,  sparingly  armed 
with  stout  straight  prickles:  leaves  occasionally  simple:  leaflets  ovate, 
acute  or  acuminate,  doubly  serrate,  often  more  or  less  lobed,  the  veins 
beneath  and  the  stalks  and  stalklets  sparingly  villous:/.  1 — 3,  large, 
red:  fr.   large,  ovoid,  red  or  yellow,   glabrous.    Var.  Men/iesii,  Wats. 
Foliage    somewhat  tomentose    and    silky. — Mendocino  Co.,   Bolander, 
northward,  in  moist  woods.    The  variety  is  of  the  San  Francisco  district, 
growing  on  wooded  banks  of  streams,  mostly  near  the  sea.    April — June. 

*  *  Fruit  persistent  on  the  elongated  receptacle. 

3.  R.  yitifolius,  Ch.  &  Schl.    Stems  woody,  very  prickly  and  glaucous, 
weak  and  trailing  or  suberect,  5—20  ft.  long:  leaves  pinnately  3— 5-f olio- 
late;  leaflets  ovate  to  oblong,  coarsely  toothed,  glabrous  or  more  or  less 
pubescent  or  tomentose:  stipules  oblanceolate  to  linear:  fl.  imperfect; 
staminate  large,  with  elongated  petals;  pistillate  small,  with  petals  short 
and  relatively  broad:  fr.   oblong,  black  and  sweet.—Very  common  on 
banks  of  streams  throughout  the  Coast  Range  and  in  the  interior.     Fl. 
Jan. — April;  fr.  May,  June. 

11.  ROSA,  Varro  (WILD  ROSE).  Prickly  shrubs  with  unequally 
pinnate  leaves,  adnate  stipules  and  solitary  or  corymbose  large  flowers. 
Calyx-tube  globose  or  urceolate:  limb  5-parted;  bractlets  0.  Petals  5, 
rounded,  spreading.  Stamens  GO,  on  a  thickened  margin  of  the  silky 
disk  which  lines  the  calyx-tube.  Pistils  oo  ;  ovaries  free  and  distinct; 
stylessubterminal;  ovules  solitary,  pendulous.  Fruit  of  osseous  achenes 
enclosed  in  the  fleshy-enlarged  red  berry-like  calyx-tube. 

*  Calyx-lobes  deciduous  from  the  fruit. 

1.  R.  gymnocarpa,  Nutt.    Slender,  1 — 4  ft.  high,  armed  with  scat- 
tered slender  and  weak  straight  prickles:  leaflets  5—9,  rather  remote, 
glabrous,  oval,  sharply  doubly  serrate,  %— 1  in.  long:  fl.  1,  2  or  3,  barely 
1  in.  broad:  calyx-lobes  ovate,  with  few  or  no  appendages:  fr.  3—5  lines 
long,  oval  or  oblong,  nearly  or  quite  closed  at  summit :  seeds  few,  smooth. 
—Common  in  shady  places,  near  streams  and  on  bushy  northward 
slopes.    March — May. 

*  *  Calyx-lobes  persistent. 

2.  R.  Sonomensis,  Greene.     Slender,  1  ft.   high,  with  many  very 
leafy  branches  well  armed  with  straight  prickles:  stipules  short,  almost 
truncate,  narrow,  the  margin  closely  glandular-ciliolate,  at  length  re  vo- 
lute: leaflets  5,  remote,  broadly  ovate  or  nearly  orbicular,  truncate  or 
somewhat  cordate  at  the  slightly  inequilateral  base,  % — %  in.  long,  the 
margin  evenly  and  coarsely  serrate,  the  serratures  minutely  glandular- 
denticulate,  both  surfaces  glabrous:  fl.  many,  small,  in  dense  terminal 


CALYCANTHE^l.  119 

corymbs:  calyx-tube  round-pyriform,  glandular-hispid;  lobes  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  without  foliaceous  tip  or  appendages,  erect  in 
fruit. — At  the  Petrified  Forest  in  Sonoma  Co.,  also  on  Mt.  Tamalpais. 

3.  R.  California,  Ch.  &  Schl.  Erect,  branching,  3—8  ft.  high; 
prickles  few,  stout,  usually  recurved,  mostly  infrastipular  in  pairs:  foliage 
deep  green,  of  firm  texture,  more  or  less  glandular  and  tomentose; 
stipules  entire:  leaflets  5—7,  ovate  or  oblong,  acute  or  obtuse,  the 
serratures  mostly  simple,  spreading  rather  than  falcate-incurved :  corymb 
few-  or  many-flowered;  pedicels  pubescent  and  glandular;  calyx-lobes 
foliaceous-tipped:  fruit  globose,  4—6  lines  thick,  the  persistent  lobes 
erect.— The  common  wild  rose  of  middle  parts  of  the  State. 

ORDER  XXXVII.      CALYCANTHE/E. 

A  small  order,  placed  here  on  account  of  the  analogy  subsisting 
between  it  and  some  Rosacese  in  point  of  floral  structure;  but  probably 
in  no  wise  related  to  that  order.  It  is  represented  in  our  district  by  one 
species  of 

1.  BUTNERIA,  Du  Hamel  (SWEET-SCENTED  SHRUB).  Fragrant  shrubs 
with  opposite  entire  exstipulate  leaves,  and  solitary  terminal  large  red 
or  purple  flowers.  Sepals  oo ,  in  many  ranks,  inserted  on  a  persistent 
obconical  tube;  the  outer  successively  shorter  and  bract-like,  the  inner 
longer  and  colored  like  the  petals;  all  deciduous.  Petals  oo,  on  the 
mouth  of  the  tube,  the  inner  shorter.  Stamens  oo ,  inserted  on  the  upper 
part  of  the  tube  within;  filaments  short,  persistent.  Pistils  oo ,  distinct, 
inserted  on  the  base  and  sides  of  the  calyx-tube;  styles  terminal. 
Achenes  enclosed  in  the  dry  thin  fibro-ligneous  calyx-tube.  Seed  erect; 
albumen  0;  cotyledons  foliaceous,  convolute. 

1.  B.  occidentalis  (H.  &  A.),  Greene.  Shrub  6—12  ft.  high:  leaves 
dark-green,  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  scabrous,  3 — 6  in.  long:  peduncles 
1 — 3  in.  long;  petals  and  larger  sepals  linear-spatulafce,  1  in.  long  or 
more;  inner  petals  incurved:  sterile  filaments  linear  subulate,  densely 
villous:  fruiting  calyx  ovate,  1^  in.  long:  achenes  villous,  4  lines  long. 
—Common  along  streams  in  the  lower  mountains.  Flowers  of  a  dull 
dark  red.  May — August. 

ORDER  XXXVIII.     SAXIFRAGES. 

Herbs  or  undershrubs  (Ribes  shrubby)  with  simple  alternate  usually 
exstipulate  leaves,  the  petiole  often  stipulaceously  dilated  at  base. 
Stems  mostly  simple  below,  commonly  leafless  and  scape-like.  Inflores- 
cence mostly  either  cymose,  racemose  or  paniculate.  Calyx  of  about  5 
sepals,  often  more  or  less  coherent  below  and  united  to  the  base  of  the 
ovary.  Petals  as  many  or  0.  Stamens  5  or  10,  perigynous  or  hypogy- 


120  SAXIFRAGES. 

nous.  Ovary  of  about  2  carpels  more  or  less  cohering  below,  commonly 
distinct  and  diverging  at  apex;  style  often  wanting  and  stigmas  sessile 
on  the  tips  of  the  lobes  of  the  ovary.  Fruit  capsular  or  follicular  (in 
Ribes  baccate).  Seeds  many,  small,  albuminous. 

*  Herbaceous  perennials. 

Stamens  10; 

Scape  leafless;  fl.  in  cymes SAXIFRAQA  1 

Stem  sparingly  leafy;  fl.  racemose TELLIMA  3 

Stem  sparingly  leafy;  fl.  panicled TIABELLA  4 

Stamens  5; 

Flowers  thyrsoid-panicled HEUCHERA  5 

Flowers  cymose-corymbose THEROFON  2 

Flowers  solitary  on  a  1-leaved  scape PARNASSIA  6 

*  *  Stems  more  or  lens  woody. 

Low  underahrub;  leaves  opposite WHIPPLEA  7 

Shrubs  (often  prickly);  leaves  alternate RIBEB  8 

1.  SAXIFKAGA,  Pliny  (SAXIFRAGE).  Short-stemmed  or  stemless 
herbaceous  plants  with  simple  leaves,  their  petioles  commonly  sheathing 
at  base.  Flowers  in  cymose  thyrsoid  or  panicled  clusters.  Sepals  dis- 
tinct, or  at  base  conjoined  to  each  other  and  the  base  of  the  ovary. 
Petals  entire,  imbricate  in  bud.  Stamens  10,  inserted  with  or  below  the 
petals,  on  the  base  of  the  calyx,  or  between  it  and  a  fleshy  disk.  Carpels 
2,  usually  partly  united,  dehiscent  by  the  inside  of  the  divergent  beaks. 
Seeds  with  thin  coat  and  no  wing  or  appendage 

1.  S.  Mertensiana,  Bong.    Scape  and  leaves  from  a  scaly-bulbous 
base,  glandular- pubescent,  ^— 1  ft.  high:  leaves  thin  and  pale,  round- 
cordate,  crenately  or  incisely  many-lobed,  %.— l/^  in.  broad,  on  long 
petioles  which  are  scarious-dilated  at  base:  cymose  panicle  loose,  the 
branches  often  flowering  at  apex  and  bearing  granular  bulblets  down 
the  sides:  petals  1 — 2  lines  long,  oval  or  oblong,  white,  with  a  pair  of 
oval  green  spots  near  the  base:  filaments  somewhat  petaloid-dilated. — 
Sonoma  Co.,  and  northward. 

2.  S.  Californica,  Greene.    Leaves  few,  rather  thick,  reddish-veined, 
sparsely  glandular- villous,  oval,  oblong  or  elliptical,  1 — 2  in.  long,  on 
broad  petioles  of  ^ — 1  in. ;  margin  coarsely  crenate  to  repand-denticulate, 
rarely  either  sharply  dentate  or  nearly  entire:  scape  6—18  in.  high, 
loosely  cymose-paniculate :  calyx  nearly  free  from  the  ovary,  the  sepals 
reflexed :  petals  oblong,  thrice  the  length  of  the  sepals,  white  or  rose- 
tinted:  filaments  subulate,  inserted  under  the  edge  of  an  elevated  perigy- 
nous  disk  which  equals  the  summit  of  the  ovary. — Plentiful  on  cool 
northward  slopes.     March— May. 

2.  THEROFOX,  Raf.  Perennial  herbs  with  erect  leafy  stems,  and 
corymbose  or  paniculate  cymes  of  white  flowers;  leaves  round-reniform, 
palmately  lobed  or  toothed,  the  teeth  with  callous-glandular  tips;  the 


SAXIFRAGES.  121 

petioles  stipularly  dilated  at  base.  Calyx  5-lobed;  lobes  valvate,  but 
early  open  in  the  bud;  the  tube  more  or  less  adherent  to  the  ovary. 
Petals  5,  entire,  imbricate  or  convolute  in  bud.  Stamens  5,  short,  alternate 
with  the  petals.  Capsule  2-celled,  dehiscent  down  the  beaks.  Seeds 
minutely  granulate  or  papillose. 

1.  T,  elatum,  (Nutt.).  Slender,  1—2  ft,  high,  glabrous  or  glandular- 
pubescent,  the  bases  of  the  petioles  bearing  brown  bristly  hairs :  leaves 
thin-membranaceous,  5— 7-lobed,  1—3  in.  broad:  calyx-lobes  lanceolate- 
triangular;  tube  oval  and  urceolate  in  fruit:  petals  cuneate-oblong, 
obtuse,  persistent,  in  age  recurved:  seeds  elongated- oblong,  acute  at  one 
end,  dark  brown,  rather  densely  tuberculate.— Shady  banks  and  rocky 
margins  of  streams.  May — August. 

3.  TELLIMA,  Robert  Brown.  Perennial  herbs,  with  leaves  chiefly 
radical,  round-cordate,  toothed  or  palmately  divided,  their  petioles 
stipulaceously  dilated  at  base.  Flowers  in  a  simple  terminal  raceme. 
Calyx  campanulate  or  turbinate,  5-lobed,  free  from  the  ovary,  or  adherent 
to  it  at  base  or  even  to  above  the  middle;  the  short  triangular  lobes 
valvate  in  bud.  Petals  5,  laciniate-pinnatifid,  or  3— 7-lobed,  or  entire, 
distant,  sometimes  involute  in  bud.  Stamens  10,  short,  included.  Ovary 
short,  1-celled,  with  2  or  3  parietal  placentae;  styles  2  or  3,  very  short; 
stigmas  capitate.  Capsule  conical,  opening  between  the  short  beaks. 
Seeds  very  numerous,  with  a  close  coat. 

*  Corolla  regular ,  the  petals  greenish,  sessile  by  a  broad  base,  laciniately 

pinnatifid;  styles  and  placentae  2. 

1.  T.  grandiilora  (Pursh).  Dougl.    Stoutish,  1—2    ft.    high,  from 
rather  coarse-tufted  rootstocks;  herbage  rough-hirsute:  leaves  round- 
cordate,  more  or  less  lobed,  2—4  in.  broad:  calyx  ^ — ^  in.  long,  inflated- 
campanulate:  petals  deeply  tinged  with  red:  seeds  light  brown,  oval, 
strongly  rugose-pitted. — Wooded  hills,  or  sometimes  in  open  ground, 
from  Santa  Cruz  northward.     May,  June. 

*  *  Corolla  slightly  irregular,  the  petals  while  or  pinkish,  entire  or  lobed 

or  toothed,  short-unguiculate;  styles  and  placentas  3. 

H—  Calyx  turbinate,  the  tube  more  or  less  adherent  to  the  ovary. 

2.  T.  affinis  (Gray),  Boland.      Stems  one  or  several  from  a  slender 
horizontal  or  ascending  tuberiferous  rootstock,  commonly  %  ft.  high, 
scabrous-hirsute:  radical  leaves  very  few,  round- reniform,  slightly  lobed. 
1  in.  broad;  cauline  relatively  broader,  3-lobed  to  the  middle,  the  lobes 
coarsely  toothed:  calyx  2^  lines  long;   pedicels  rather  longer:  lower 
petals  4  or  5  lines  long,  3-toothed,  the  upper  narrower  and  a  trifle  shorter, 
entire:  styles  short,  not  exserted  from  the  calyx:  seeds  oblong,  dark 
brown,  faintly  striate-pitted  or  almost  smooth. — Frequent  on  shady  hill- 
sides.   April — June. 


122  SAXIFRAGES, 

-H- •»—  Calyx  campanulate,  only  the  base  adherent. 

3.  T.  heterophylla  (T.  &  G),  Hook.  &  Am.    Slender,  1  ft.  high, 
scabrous-hirsute:  lowest    leaves  % — 1  in.  broad,  with  5  shallow  rounded 
lobes :  cauline  more  deeply  3-lobed  or  -parted:  pedicels  very  short,  the 
broad  truncate-based  calyx  appearing  almost  sessile  -.petals  (at  least  the 
lower  3)  obtusely  3-lobed:  styles  glabrous:  seeds  muriculate. — Common  in 
the  Coast  Kange. 

4.  T.  Bolanderi  (Gray),  Boland.    Near  the  last  but  larger,  often  2  ft. 
high,  more  hirsute:  radical  leaves  1^ — 2J^  in.   broad;  cauline  more 
divided;  petals  3—4  lines  long,  obovate  or  oval,  the  upper  entire,  the  lower 
often  with  a  lateral  tooth  on  each  side:  seeds  muricate-scabrous. — South- 
ern slope  of  Mt.  Diablo,  Brewer. 

4.  TIARELLA,  Linn.      Perennial  herbs    with    simple    or  3-foliate 
alternate  more  or  less  distinctly  stipulate  leaves,  and  a  terminal  panicle 
or  raceme  of  small  white  flowers.    Calyx  5-parted,  the  lobes  valvate. 
Petals  5,  entire,  unguiculate.     Stamens  10,  inserted  with  the  petals  into 
the  base  of  the  calyx;   antlers  with  2  parallel  cells.    Ovary  1-celled, 
compressed,  the  two  valves  early  separating  and  becoming  unequal,  one 
becoming  lanceolate-elongated,  the  other  remaining  short.    Seeds  few 
at  the  base  of  each  placenta. 

1.  T.  unifoliata,  Hook.  Pubescent,  6 — 15  in.  high;  leaves  thin,  ovate- 
cordate,  rounded  or  triangular,  3 — 5-lobed,  the  lobes  crenate-toothed, 
the  radical  ones  long-petioled,  the  cauline  few,  small,  short-petioled :  pani- 
cle narrow  and  raceme-like :  petals  almost  filiform. — From  San  Mateo  Co., 
Kellogg,  northward,  in  woods. 

5.  HEUCHERA,  Linn.    (ALUM-KOOT).    Perennial  herbs,  with  leaves 
and  flowering  stems  from  a  short  branching  caudex,   the  former  long- 
petioled,    palmately  veined,  roundish    cordate,  slightly  lobed.    Stems 
somewhat  scapiform,  bearing  few  alternate  reduced  leaves  and  a  panicle 
or  thyrse  of  cymose-dichotomous  clusters  of  small  white  flowers.     Calyx 
campanulate,  5-lobed,    the  tube    adherent  to  the  ovary  below;  lobes 
obtuse,  imbricate  in  bud.    Petals  5,  small,  entire.     Stamens  5,  alternate 
with  the  petals;    anthers  2-celled.    Capsule    1-celled,  with    2  parietal 
placentae,  2-beaked,  dehiscent  between  the  beaks.     Seeds  horizontal, 
oval,  muriculate  or  hispidulous. 

1.  H.  niicrantha,  Dougl.     Leaves  thin,  1 — 3  in.  broad,  ovate -cordate, 
5 — 9-lobed,  hairy  on  the  veins  beneath:  stem  villous,  bearing  a  few  small 
leaves  and  a  loose  panicle  often  1^  ft.  long:  calyx  campanulate,  1 — 2  lines 
long,  acute   at  base,  shorter   than  the  slender    pedicels,  puberulent: 
narrowly  spatulate  petals  and  slender  filaments  white,  well  exserted.— 
Common  in  shady  ravines.    May — July. 

2.  H.  pilosissima,   Fisch  &  Mey.    Hirsute  with    rusty    and    viscid 
spreading  hairs:  leaves  1 — 3  in.  broad,  round-cordate,  obtusely  lobed 


SAXIFRAGES.  123 

and  crenate:  stem  1 — 2^  ft.  high,  naked  or  few-leaved,  rather  densely  and 
thyrsoidly  paniculate:  calyx  densely  hairy,  subglobose,  the  tube  rounded, 
the  lobes  incurved:  filaments  and  narrowly  spatulate  petals  little  exserted. 
Var.  Hartwegi,  Wats.  Stems  2—3  ft.  high:  panicle  more  open;  the 
whole  plant,  and  especially  the  calyx,  less  hairy. — In  the  Coast  Range, 
and  apparently  not  common;  at  all  events  seldom  seen. 

6.  PAR1VASSIA,  Tourn.    Glabrous  stemless  perennials,  with  entire 
petioled  exstipulate  leaves  and  simple  1-flowered  scapes.     Calyx  5-parted; 
the  base  free  from  or  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  ovary.     Petals  5,  oval  or 
oblong,  imbricate  in  bud,  white,  with  conspicuous  green  veins,  widely 
expanding,  tardily  deciduous.    Stamens  5,  alternating  with  the  petals, 
and  with  as  many  clusters  of  short  gland-tipped  sterile  filaments.     Ovary 
ovate,  1-celled,  with  3  or  4  parietal  placentae;  stigmas  as  many,  closely 
sessile  each  directly  over  its  corresponding  placenta.    Capsule  3  -4-valved 
from  the  apex,  the  valves  placentiferous  in  the  middle. 

1.  P.  Californica,  Greene.  Radical  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-oblong, 
1 — 2  in.  long,  tapering  from  the  broad  and  sometimes  slightly  rounded 
base  to  a  long  or  short  petiole :  scapes  1 — 2  ft.  high,  the  very  small  sessile 
but  not  clasping  leaf  borne  much  above  the  middle:  petals  oval  or 
obovate,  sessile,  entire,  %  in.  long:  sterile  filaments  about  20  in  each  set, 
united  to  the  middle,  each  tipped  with  a  conspicuous  antheroid  protu- 
berance.—In  the  mountains  above  New  Almaden,  /.  Burtt  Davy. 

7.  WHIPPLEA,    Torrey.    Slender  diffuse    hairy  undershrub,  with 
short-petioled  leaves,  and  terminal  naked-peduncled  clusters  of  small 
white  flowers.     Calyx  white  like  the  petals,  5-clef t :  tube  adnate  to  lower 
part  of  the  ovary.     Petals  5,  ovate  or  oblong,  narrowed  at  base.    Stamens 
usually  10;  filaments  subulate.     Ovary  3— 5-celled,  with  a  single  ovule 
in  each  cell;   styles  distinct;  stigmas  introrse.      Capsule  septicidally 
parting  into  distinct  cartilaginous  1-seeded  portions  which  open  ventrally 
only.    Seeds  oblong,  with  a  short  obtuse  appendage  at  each  end. 

1.  W.  modesta,  Torr.  Stems  1  ft.  long  or  more:  leaves  thin,  ovate 
or  oval,  somewhat  toothed  or  entire,  1  in.  long  or  less :  fl.  2  lines  broad 
or  less:  calyx  tube  nearly  hemispherical:  capsule  globular;  styles  decid- 
uous from  it. — Borders  of  thickets,  or  in  deep  woods,  in  the  Coast  Range. 

8.  RIBES,   Fuchs.    Shrubs,  with  alternate  palmately  lobed  often 
resinous -glandular  or  viscid  leaves;  the  stipules  when  present  adnate  to 
the  petiole.    Flowers  racemose  (rarely  solitary)  on  short  leafy  shoot- 
from  lateral  buds;  pedicels  subtended  by  a  bract  and  usually  bibracteo- 
late  about  midway.    Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  globose  ovary  and  more  or 
less  produced  above  it,  5-lobed  (4-lobed  in  n.  9),  the  lobes  commonly 
spreading  or  reflexed,  usually  colored.     Petals  5,  mostly  smaller  than 
the  calyx-lobes,  inserted  in  or  near  the  sinuses.     Stamens  5,  alternate 


124  SAXIFRAGES. 

with  the  petals.  Ovary  1-celled;  placentae  2,  parietal;  styles  2,  more  or 
less  united;  stigmas  terminal.  Fruit  a  berry,  crowned  with  the  withered 
remains  of  the  flower. 

*  Unarmed:  leaves  convolute  in  bud;  calyx-tube  elongated. 

1.  R.  tenniflorum,  Lindl.     Shrub  5—10  ft.  high,  nearly  glabrous, 
glandless:  leaves  light  green,  3— 5-lobed  at  apex,  not  at  all  cordate: 
racemes  GO  -flowered;  bracts  green  and  conspicuous:  fl.  bright   yellow, 
scentless;  calyx  salverform,  the  tube  ^  in.  long  or  more,  thrice  longer 
than  the  oval  lobes:  berry  glabrous,  amber-colored  and  translucent, 
acidulous  when  ripe. — Wild  Cat  Creek,  Behr;  also  near  Niles. 

*  *  Unarmed;  leaves  plaited  in  the  bud;  calyx-tube  broader. 

2.  E.  glutiiiosniii,  Benth.    Often  6 — 15  ft.  high:  leaves  thin,  3—5  in. 
broad,  glutinous  when  young,  glabrous  or  more  or  less  pubescent  in 
age,  not  rugulose;  petioles  very  abruptly  dilated  at  base  and  obscurely 
ciliolate:  racemes  long-peduncled,  pendulous,  very  many -flowered:  calyx 
with  2  caducous  bracteoles  at  base,  cleft  scarcely  to  the  middle,  the  tube 
cylindrical,  the  whole  from  pale  pink  to  rose-color:  berry  large,  globose, 
blue  with  a  dense  bloom,  and  glandular-hispid;  pulp  black,  dry,  insipid. 
Var.  melanocarpum.    Ripe  berries  black,  without  any  trace  of  bloom. — 
Very  common  along  streams  among  the  hills.     The  variety  at  Berkeley, 
and  in  Santa  Clara  Co.    Fl.  Jan.— April;  fr.  August,  Sept. 

3.  R.  malvacenm,  Smith.    More  rigid  and  compact,  3 — 6  ft.  high: 
leaves  thick,  1 — 2  in.  broad,  strongly  rugulose  and  somewhat  scabrous 
above,  more  or  less  densely  white-tomentose  beneath;  the  slight  stipular 
dilatation  of  the  petiole  only  obscurely  ciliolate :  racemes  short-peduncled, 
dense;  pedicels  and  ovaries  whitish-tomentose :  calyx-tube  subcylindrical, 
abruptly  dilated    and    broadest  just    above   the    ovary;    segments   short, 
spreading,  the  whole  rose-color:  petals  white,  roundish  or  subreniform: 
berry  oval,  %  in.  long,  purple,  glaucous;  pulp  soft  and  sweet. — On  dry 
open  hills  of  the  Coast  Range,  from  Bolinas  Ridge,  Drew,  and  Vaca 
Mts.,  Jepson,  southward.    Fl.  Nov. — March;  fr.  May. 

*  *  *  Thorny;  leaves  plaited;  flowers  few. 
•H-  FL  5-merous;  calyx-lobes  reflexed. 

4.  R.  divaricatum,  Dougl.    Nearly  glabrous:  stems  clustered,  the 
widely  spreading  branches  5—12  ft.  long:  leaves  roundish,  3 — 5-lobed; 
the  lobes  incisely  toothed:    peduncles   elongated,   slender,  drooping, 
3— 9-flowered;  pedicels  with  a  small  broad  bract  at  base:  fl.  %  in.  long; 
calyx  green  without,  dark  livid  purple  within,  the  oblong-linear  lobes 
exceeding  the  campanulate  tube;  petals  white,  fan-shaped,  plane,  the 
margins  convolulely  overlapping:  filiform  villous  filaments  and  deeply 
cleft    style    long-exserted:   berry  small,  glabrous,   black,  agreeable.— 
Along  streams  and  on  northward  slopes. 


SAXIFRAGES.  125 

5.  R.  Victoris,  Greene.     Shrub  5  ft.   high;  branches  very  prickly: 
leaves  and  growing  branchlets  pubescent   and  viscid:  pedicels  short, 
deflexed,  with  1  or  2  persistent  bracts  and  as  many  short-pedicellate 
greenish  flowers  J^ — M  in>  long-  calyx-tube  short-campanulate,  much 
exceeded  by  the  greenish  lobes:  petals  \%  lines  long,  white,  thinnish 
involute,  acute,  more  or  less   toothed  at  apex;  filaments  stoutish,  little 
surpassing  the  petals;    anthers  large,  subsagittate,  mucronate;   berry 
glandular-hispid.— By  streams  in  the  Coast  Range  north  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, and  in  the  Vaca  Mts. 

6.  K.  Californicum,  Hook.  &  Arn.     Shrub  2—4  ft.  high,  with  very 
rigid  and  Jlexuous  glabrous  branches:  leaves  small,  3 — 5-lobed  and  incised, 
sparsely  glandular-puberulent  when  young,  not  at  all  viscid  or  heavy- 
scented,  in  maturity  glabrous:  peduncles  very  short,  1 — 3-flowered;  the 
very  short  pedicels  each  with  a  small  round-ovate  bract  beneath :  calyx- 
tube  very  short,  the  reflexed  lurid-purple  segments  thrice  as  long; 
petals  white,  thick,  strongly  involute,  truncate  and  erose-toolhed  at  sum- 
mit; filaments  stout,  thrice  the  length  of  the  petals,  the  anthers  ovate- 
oblong,  mucronate,  reddish;  ovary  glandular-hispid:  berry  large,  prickly. 
—On  bleak  hills.    Fl.  Feb.,  March. 

7.  R.  subvestitum,  Hook.  &  Arn.     Tall  leafy  open  and  rather  hand- 
some shrub  5 — 10  ft.  high;  branches  usually  more  or  less  setose-hispid: 
leaves  more  or  less  glandular-pubescent,  very  viscid  and  heavy-scented: 
peduncles  1 — 3-flowered;  pedicels  elongated:  calyx-tube  broadly  cam- 
panulate,  ll/£  lines  long,  the  red-purple  reflexed  segments  nearly  twice 
as  long:  petals  white- waxy,  truncate,  entire,  strongly  involute;  filaments 
well-exserted:  ovary  densely  glandular-hairy:  berry  large,  as  densely 
clothed  with  short  stiff  gland-tipped  hairs;    pulp  soft,  sweet.— Very 
common  in  the  Coast  Ranges  from  at  least  Sonoma  Co.  to  Monterey. 
March,  April. 

8.  R.   Menziesii,  Pursh.     Size  and  habit  of  the  last:  leaves  more 
than  1  in.  broad  and  of  greater  length,  deeply  3-cleft,  the  lobes  coarsely 
incised,  usually  soft-pubescent  beneath,  seldom  or  never  viscid:  peduncles 
slender,  pendulous,  1 — 2-pedicellate  above  the  middle,  the  bracts  small, 
persistent:  fl.  %  in-  long;  calyx  of  a  rich  red-purple,  pubescent  exteriorly, 
the  tubular-f unnelform  tube  about  half  as  long  as  the  ligulate  reflexed 
segments:    petals    large,  thickish,   truncate,    involute,    cream-color  or 
whitish:  filaments  subulate,  not  exserted,  only  the  large  linear-oblong 
mucronate   white    anthers    borne  beyond  the   petals:    ovary    densely 
echinate:  fruit  very  prickly. — Marin  Co.     April,  May. 

•J—  H-  Fl.  4-merous;  calyx-lobes  erect. 

9.  R.  speciosum,  Pursh.     Shrub  6—10  ft.  high,  with  long  leafy  red- 
bristly  branches:  subaxillary  spines  3,  united  at  base:  leaves  subcoriaceous, 


126  CRASSULACE^. 

dark  green,  very  smooth  and  shining  above,  rounded  and  3-lobed;  lobes 
short,  crenately-toothed:  peduncles  pendulous,  2— 5-flowered:  fl.  bright 
red,  often  2  in.  long  from  the  base  of  the  ovary  to  the  tips  of  the  long- 
exserted  stamens;  calyx  cylindraceous,  the  4  (rarely  5)  lobes  erect; 
anthers  oval,  small;  ovary  bristly:  berry  small,  rather  dry,  densely 
prickly. — Frequent  along  the  seaboard,  southward;  not  certainly  known 
as  within  our  limits. — March— May. 

OEDEB  XXXIX.     CRASSULACE>£, 

Succulent  herbs  with  exstipulate  leaves.  Flowers  symmetrical, 
cymosely  arranged.  Sepals  3—20,  more  or  less  united  at  base.  Petals 
as  many,  inserted  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx,  distinct  or  cohering  below 
to  form  a  gamopetalous  corolla.  Stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as 
the  petals,  when  of  the  same  number  alternate  with  them;  filaments 
subulate.  Ovaries  as  many  as  the  petals,  opposite  to  them,  each  with 
or  without  a  hypogynous  scale  at  base.  Fruit  follicular.  Seeds  attached 
to  the  margins  of  the  suture,  small,  albuminous. 

1.  TILLJ3A,  Michdi.  Small  and  slender  fleshy  glabrous  annuals. 
Leaves  opposite,  entire.  Flowers  minute,  axillary,  white  or  pinkish. 
Sepals  and  petals  3—5,  distinct  or  united  at  base.  Stamens  as  many. 
Carpels  distinct;  styles  short-subulate.  Follicles  1 — several-seeded. 
Seeds  striate  lengthwise. 

*  Fl.  clustered;  petals  acuminate;  carpels  1 — ^-seeded. 

1.  T.  minima,   Meiers.    Simple  or  with    few  or  many    ascending 
branches,  1 — 3  in.  high:  herbage  very  light  green  when  young,  in  age 
reddish:  internodes  short:  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  1  line  long, 
connate:  fl.  in  short   axillary  panicles,  mostly  subsessile,  occasionally 
some  with  long  pedicels:  sepals  4,  %  line  long,  acute,  nearly  or  quite 
equalled  by  the  linear-lanceolate  acuminate  petals:  carpels  acute,  not 
longer    than  the  petals. — Very  common  in  clayey  soils  in  the  hilly 
districts.     March— May. 

*  #  Fl.  solitary;  petals  oval  or  oblong;  carpels  several-seeded. 

2.  T.  Drnmmondii,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Stems  very  slender,  dichotomous, 
diffuse,  rooting  at  some  of  the  lower  nodes,  1  in.  long  or  more :  leaves 
oblong-linear,  slightly  connate :  pedicels  at  length  equalling  or  exceeding 
the  leaves :  petals  red,  fully  equalling  the  obtuse  carpels,  and  twice  or 
thrice  the  length  ot  the  calyx-lobes. — Common  in  moist  low  places  in 
wheat  fields  near  Suisun.     May. 

3.  T.  Bolauderi,  Greene.    Stems  stoutish,  simple,  2—5  in.  long,  the 
lower  portion  with  long  internodes  and  rooting  at  the  nodes;  leaves 
linear  or  linear-oblong,  acutish,  subterete,  slightly   connate;  fl.  short- 


CRASSULACE^.  127 

pedicellate,  the  pedicel  in  fruit  elongated  and  surpassing  the  leaves: 
petals  oblong,  acutish,  equalling  the  carpels,  more  than  twice  the  length 
of  the  ovate  calyx-segments. — Frequent  on  muddy  shores  about  San 
Francisco.  May. 

2.  SEDUM,  Columna  (STONE-CHOP).  Glabrous  perennials  or  annuals. 
Flowers  in  cymes,  mostly  secund.  Sepals  4  or  5,  united  at  base.  Petals 
as  many,  distinct.  Stamens  twice  as  many.  Carpels  distinct,  or  rarely 
connate  at  base,  few-  or  many-seeded. 

*  Perennial. 

1.  S.  spathulifolium,  Hook.     Glaucous  and  of  ten  pulverulent :  stems 
4 — 6  in.  high,  ascending  from  a  branched  and  rooting  caudex:  leaves 
flat,  obovate  or  spatulate,  obtuse,  6—10  lines  long:  fl.  3  lines  long:  petals 
yellow,  lanceolate,  acute,  twice  longer  than  the  ovate  acute  sepals. — 
Rocky  places  on  the  northward  slopes  of  hills  and  mountains  from  San 
Francisco  and  Berkeley  northward. 

*  *  Annuals. 

2.  S.  radiatnm,  Wats.    Stems  3—6  in.   high,  decumbent  at  base: 
leaves  oblong  or  oblong-ovate,  obtuse  or  acutish,  somewhat  clasping  by 
the  narrower  base,  % — %  in.  long:  fl.  sessile;  sepals  short,  triangular; 
petals  yellow,  narrowly    lanceolate,   acuminate,  3  lines  long:  carpels 
broad,  abruptly  divergent  from  the  united  bases.— Mt.  Hamilton.    Strictly 
annual,  though  propagating  by  deciduous  buds  formed  in  the  axils  of 
the  lowest  leaves. 

3.  S.  pumilnin,  Benth.    Slender,  erect,  1—3  in.  high:  leaves  1 — 2 
lines  long,  ovate-oblong:  fl.  sessile  in  sparingly  branched  cymos;  calyx- 
lobes  minute,  triangular;  petals  yellow,  linear,  acute,  1J£  lines  long: 
follicles  short,  1-seeded,  the  seed  erect,  filling  the  cavity. — Hills  of  Napa 
Co.  and  eastward. 

3.  COTYLEDON,  Nicander.  Succulent  herbs  coarser  than  Sedum 
and  larger,  but  quite  like  them  in  all  other  respects  save  that  the  petals 
are  more  or  less  united  into  a  tube,  and  the  follicles  erect  or  suberect 
rather  than  spreading;  the  inflorescence  in  ours  compound-cymose. 

1.  C.    ca'spitosa,   Haw.    Nearly  or    quite  acaulescent,  dull   green: 
leaves  ovate-oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  the  larger  1^ — 3  in. 
long:  flowering  branches  J£— 1  ft.  high,  with  broadly  triangular-ovate 
clasping  bracts:  pedicels  short  and  stout,  subtended  by  broad  bracts: 
sepals  ovate,  2  lines  long  or  less:  petals  yellow,  broadly  lanceolate,  acute, 
4 — 5  lines  long:  carpels  ovate-oblong,  about  3  lines  long — From  near 
San  Francisco  northward. 

2.  C.  farinosa  (LindL),  Baker.     Short-caulescent,  more  or  less  white- 
farinose:  leaves  rather  flaccid,  ascending,   lanceolate,   acuminate,  the 


128  FICOIDE^E. 

larger  ones  2—4  in.  long,  acute :  flowering  branches  6-10  in.  high,  with 
scattered  broadly  ovate  to  lanceolate  clasping  bracts:  bracts  ovate- 
lanceolate:  pedicels  1 — 3  lines  long:  sepals  broadly  lanceolate,  %  in. 
long:  petals  yellow,  oblong-lanceolate,  mostly  acuminate,  4 — 6  lines 
long:  carpels  ovate-oblong,  ^  in.  long.— Near  Sonoma. 

OBDEB  XL.     F  I  C  0  I  D  E  >£  . 

Very  succulent  herbs  or  shrubs.  Leaves  plane,  triquetrous  or  terete, 
without  stipules.  Calyx-lobes  usually  5,  unequal,  foliaceous.  Petals 
very  many  and  linear  or  0.  Stamens  5— oo,  with  slender  filaments, 
inserted  on  the  calyx-tube.  Styles  4-20.  Fruit  4— 20-celled,  dehiscent 
stellately  across  the  summit,  or  circumscissile,  or  indehiscent.  Seeds 
usually  numerous  and  minute. 

1.  MESEMBKYANTHEMUM,  Breyne.  Flowers  large,  terminal. 
Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary.  Petals  and  stamens  very  numerous. 
Fruit  structurally  capsular,  but  in  ours  juicy  and  baccate. 

1.  M.  aequilaterale,   Haw.    Perennial,   glabrous,    glaucescent,    the 
stout  prostrate  stems  several  feet  long,  the  short  flowering  branches 
ascending;  leaves  opposite,  very  fleshy,  triquetrous  with  linear  sides, 
] — 3  in.  long:  fl.  solitary,. subsessile,  1%  in.  broad,  bright  rose-purple: 
calyx-tube  turbinate,  %  in.  long  or  more;  the  larger  lobes  as  long: 
stigmas  6—10:  fr.  large,  fragrant,  edible.— On  banks  and  cliffs  near  the 
sea;  also  Australian  and  Chilian. 

2.  SESUVIUM,  Linn.  (SEA  PUBSLANE).    Flowers  small,  axillary  and 
terminal.     Calyx-tube  free  from  the  ovary;  lobes  5,  apiculate  on    the 
back  near  the  top,  scarious-margined,  often  purplish  within.    Petals  0. 
Stamens  5— oo,  inserted    at  the  top  of  the  calyx-tube.     Styles  3—5. 
Capsule  ovate-oblong,  3— 5-celled,  circumscissile,  oo  -seeded. 

1.  S.  Portulacastrum,  L.  Stems  prostrate,  1  ft.  long  or  more: 
leaves  linear-  to  oblong-lanceolate,  ^ — 1%  in-  l°n^  acute  or  obtuse:  fl. 
sessile  or  pedicellate:  calyx  3 — 5  lines  long,  the  lobes  purple:  stamens 
numerous.— Lower  San  Joaquin,  Bioletti. 

3.  TETRAGONIA,   Linn.    Perennial,  with    alternate    plane    fleshy 
leaves  and  axillary  greenish  apetalous  flowers.    Calyx  4-cleft,  adherent 
to  the  ovary,  4— 8-horned;  the  lobes  yellowish  within.    Stamens  several. 
Styles  3—8;    ovary  3— 8-celled.     Fruit  osseous,  nut-like,  indehiscent, 
3 — 8-celled,  the  cells  1-seeded. 

1.  T.  expausa,  Murr.  Leaves  petiolate,  rhombic-ovate,  acute  or 
acuminate,  entire,  more  or  less  crystalline-papillose,  1—2  in.  long:  ti. 
sessile,  1—3  in  each  axil:  fr.  4-horned,  about  %  in.  long,  scarcely  as 
broad.— Beaches  of  San  Francisco  Bay,  in  Marin  and  Alameda  counties. 


EPILOBIACE^.  129 

OBDEB  XLL     EPILOBIACE^E. 

Herbs,  often  with  hard  shrubby-looking  stems  shedding  a  thin  papery 
outer  bark.  Leaves  simple,  usually  alternate,  entire,  toothed  or  pinna- 
tifid.  Flowers  axillary  to  the  leaves,  or  in  bracted  or  naked  racemes  or 
spikes,  rarely  panicled,  usually  4-merous.  Calyx-tube  partly  or  wholly 
adherent  to  the  ovary;  lobes  valvate  in  bud.  Petals  borne  on  the  throat 
of  the  calyx-tubes  or  at  the  sinuses  of  the  lobes,  convolute  in  bud. 
Stamens  2 — 8.  Style  single;  stigma  capitate  or  4-lobed;  ovary  2  or  4- 
celled.  Seeds  naked  or  appendaged;  albumen  none. 

Free  portion  of  the  calyx-tabe  deciduous  from  the  ovary; 

Seeds  with  a  coma  \  fl'  ema11'  Purplish  or  white EPILOBIUM       1 

<fl.  large,  scarlet ZAUSCHNERIA  2 

C  fl.  yellow (ENOTHERA      3 

not  8     J  fl-  purple  or  (  Calyx-lobes  reflexed  j  petals  sessile.  GODETIA  4 

< "  ungaiculate.CLARKiA  5 

16  [  rose-color  (  Calyx-lobes  ascending BOISDUVALIA  6 

Only  the  segments  of  the  calyx  free  from  the  ovary, 

these  persistent    j  fl'  ^petalous ISNARDIA  7 

<  petals  yellow JUBSLBA 

1.  EPILOBIUM,  C.  Oesner  (  WILLOW-HEBE).  Tube  of  calyx  little 
prolonged  beyond  the  ovary;  limb  deeply  4-cleft,  campanulate  or  funnel- 
form,  or  4-parted  to  the  base  with  the  lobes  spreading,  deciduous.  Petals 
4,  spreading  or  erect,  often  emarginate  or  bifid,  purplish  or  white.  Sta- 
mens 8,  the  4  alternate  ones  shorter;  anthers  elliptical  or  roundish,  fixed 
near  the  middle.  Stigma  oblong,  clavate,  or  with  4  spreading  or  revolute 
lobes.  Capsule  mostly  linear,  4-sided,  4-celled,  4-valved.  Seeds  numer- 
ous, ascending;  the  summit  bearing  a  tuft  of  long  white  hairs. 

*  Annuals,  with  terete  stems;  leaves  alternate  (except  the  lowest}. 

1.  E.  in  in  11  In  in,  Lindl.     Diffusely  branched  from  the  base,  the  mostly 
decumbent  branches  % — 1  ft.  long,  puberulent :  leaves  ovate-lanceolate 
or  lanceolate,  entire  or  repand-denticulate,  }4,—%  in.  long:  fl.  solitary  in 
all  the  axils;  petals  obcordate,  white  or  with  a  tinge  of  rose:  4  long 
stamens  equalling  the  style;  stigma  clavate,  the  lobes  at  length  expanded 
and  fimbriate:  capsule  pedicellate,  about  1  in.  long:  seeds  rather  few, 
smooth. — In  the  Coast  Eange,  on  dry  hills.     April — June. 

2.  E.  paniculatnm,  Nutt.    Erect,  slenderly  paniculate-branched  above, 
1 — 10  ft.  high,  from  wholly  glabrous  to  minutely  and  densely  glandular- 
pubescent:  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  or  linear,  obscurely  serrulate, 
1 — 2  in.  long,  with  smaller  ones  fascicled  in  the  axils,  the  floral  reduced 
to  subulate  bracts:  corolla  cruciform;  the  rose-colored  petals  quadrate- 
oblong,  abruptly  and  often  deeply  notched,  rose-purple  and  veiny,  1 — 2 
lines  long,  rotate-spreading:  capsule  pedicellate,  1  in.  long,  attenuate  at 
each  end,  often  arcuate:  seeds  minutely  papillose. — Dry  ground;  com- 
mon.   July — Nov. 


130  EPILOBIACE^:. 

*  *  Perennials;  leaves  mostly  opposite  (except  the  upper). 

3.  E.  Francis  can  um,  Barbey.    Very  stout,  2 — 4  ft.  high,  pubescent 
u'ith  soft  short  glandular  hairs:  stem  reddish,  subterete,  but  with  delicate 
sharp  angles  running  down  from  the  leaf -bases:  lower  leaves  opposite, 
with  short  but  distinct  petiole,  blade  2—4  in.  long,  oblong  lanceolate, 
rounded  at  base,  serrulate :  racemes  dense,  leafy-bracted,  the  red-purple 
or  pale  flowers  appearing  somewhat  corymbose:  petals  %  in-  l°ng  or 
more,  deeply  emarginale:  capsule  2  in.  long:  seed  obovoid-oblong,  acutely 
pointed  at  base,  the  hyaline  papillae  forming  close  longitudinal  lines. — 
Plentiful  in  springy  places,  along  streamlets  and  shores  of  ponds  about 
8 an  Francisco.    June — Dec. 

4.  E.  Watsonii,  Barbey.     Size  of  the  preceding,  but  not  stout,  the 
terete  stems  with  less  marked  lines,  somewhat  hoary  with  a  soft  pubes- 
cence: leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  rather  obtuse,  denticulate,  rounded  to 
short-winged  petioles:  fl.  not  crowded,  suberect  in  the  axils  of  the  more 
reduced  and  acute  upper  leaves,  rose-red;  petals  elongated-obcordate: 
seeds  more  coarsely  granulate -striate. — On  Russian  River,  Sonoma  Co. 

5.  E.  holosericeum,  Trel.    Loosely  branched,   at  least  the  upper 
leaves  and  branches  canescent  with  sub-appressed  hairs;  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate,  obtuse  or  sometimes  acute,  remotely  serrulate,  attenuate,  or 
abruptly  contracted  and  then  cuneately  narrowed,  to  short  petioles: 
fl.  small,  scattered  on  the  elongated  branches,  pale:  mature  capsules  on 
peduncles  equalling  the  floral  leaves :  seeds  short-beaked,  very  minutely 
papillose-striate.— Solano  Co.,  along  streams. 

6.  E.  adenocanlon,  Hausskn.,  var.  occidentale,  Trel.     Tall,   with 
paniculate  ascending  branches  and  long  internodes;  branches,  inflores- 
cence and  capsules  glandular-pubescent;    leaves  ovate-   or    triangular 
lanceolate,    ascending,    abruptly    rounded    to    short  winged     petioles, 
prominently  denticulate,  the  floral  small,  acute  at  both  ends:  fl.  small: 
capsule  slender,  short-pedicellate;   seed  elongated,  obovoid,  minutely 
striate. — Common  by  streams  and  about  springy  places. 

7.  E.  Californicum,  Hausskn.  Tall,  slender,  more  sparingly  branched, 
glabrous  below;  pubescence  of  the  buds,  pods,  etc.,  of  coarse  ascending, 
not  glandular  hairs:  leaves  lanceolate,  acutish,  rather  remotely  serrulate, 
short-petiolate:  fl.  scattered:  fruiting  peduncles  slender,  almost  equalling 
the  floral  leaves;  capsules  nearly  glabrous:  seeds  almost  beakless. — 
Apparently  along  the  seaboard  only,  and  less  common  than  the  last. 

2.  ZAUSCHNERIA,  Presl  Perennial  herbs  spreading  by  subterra- 
nean shoots.  Flowers  racemose  along  the  leafy  branches,  large,  scarlet. 
Calyx-tube  globose-inflated  just  above  the  ovary,  thence  becoming 
narrow-funnelform,  4-lobed,  within  bearing  8  small  scales,  4  erect  and 
4  deflexed.  Petals  4,  little  exceeding  the  calyx-lobes,  obcordate  or 


EPILOBIACE^.  131 

deeply  cleft.  Stamens  8,  the  4  alternate  ones  shorter;  anthers  linear- 
oblong,  attached  by  the  middle.  Stigma  peltate  or  capitate,  4-lobed. 
Capsule  slender-fusiform,  4- angled,  4-valved,  oo  -seeded.  Seeds  comose. 

1.  Z.  Californica,  Presl.    Decumbent,  1 — 3  ft.  high,  canescenl  with  u, 
minute  but  dense  tomentose  pubescence:  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  % — 1^ 
in.   long,  entire  or  denticulate,  thickish,  seldom  at  all  feather-veined: 
fl.  1M  in.  long;  calyx- tube  narrow-funnelform,  twice  the  length  of  the 
linear-lanceolate  segments,  these  surpassed  by  the  deeply  cleft  petals : 
capsule  nearly  glabrous,  distinctly  pedicelled:  seeds  oblong-obovate. — 
In  the  Coast  and  Mt.  Diablo  Eanges,  from  Lake  Co.  southward,  on  dry 
open  ground.    July — Nov. 

2.  Z.  latifolia,  Greene.    Decumbent,  seldom  1  ft.   high,  commonly 
nearly  glabrous:  leaves  from  broadly  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  % — 1  *&• 
long,  very  acute,  more  or  less  serrate-toothed,  thin,  conspicuously  feather  - 
veined:  fl.  1  in.  long;  calyx-tube  narrowly  cylindrical  for  about  2  lines 
above  the  globose  base,  thence  widening  abruptly  to  a  funnelform 
throat,  the  whole  not  longer  than  the  petals:  capsule  subsessile,  glabrous. 
— Eastern  base  of  the  Mt.  Diablo  Range.    June — Nov. 

3.  (EXOTHERA,  Linn.  (EVENING  PBIMROSE).     Herbs   exceedingly 
diverse  in  habit.    Leaves  alternate.    Flowers  yellow,  white  or  purplish, 
axillary,  spicate  or  racemose.     Calyx-tube  prolonged  above  the  ovary, 
mostly  deciduous.    Petals  4,  mostly  vespertine  as  to  time  of  opening,  and 
evanescent,  usually  obcordate,  or  flabelliform.     Stamens  8,  equal,  or 
those  opposite  to  the  petals  shorter;  anthers  various.     Ovary  4-celled, 
oo-ovuled;    style  filiform;    stigma  4-lobed  or  capitate.     Capsule   from 
membranaceous  to  woody,  more  or  less  perfectly  4-valved  and  dehiscent, 
or  indehiscent.     Seeds  in  1  or  2  rows  in  each  cell,  horizontal  or  ascending, 
naked,  often  angled. 

*  Tall  annuals  or  biennials;  calyx-lube  elongated,  deciduous  from  the  ovary; 
fl.  in  a  leafy  spike,  vespertine;  stigma-lobes  linear. 

1.  (E.    Men nis,   L.     Erect,    3 — 5  feet  high,  the  older    parts,  and 
especially  the  capsules,  hirsute:  leaves  rather  thin, lanceolate,  denticulate: 
calyx-tube   1^  in.   long;  segments  %  in.,  their  tips  very  short,  not 
contiguous:   petals  1  in.  long,  light  yellow:  filaments  subulate,  short, 
the  long  anthers  exserted:  style  short;  stigma-lobes  green,  not  widely 
spreading:  capsule  1^  in.  long,  tapering  from  below  the  middle  to  apex, 
scarcely  angular,  the  valves  separating  at  apex  only. — Along  the  Sacra- 
mento River  in  Solano  Co.,  (E.  Jepsonii,  of  Fl.  Fr.,  but  probably  not 
specifically  distinct. 

2.  CE.  GRANDIFLOBA,  Ait.    Erect,  3— 5  ft.  high;  stem  and  inflorescence 
scabrous  and  sparsely  hirsute;  the  ovate-lanceolate  denticulate  leaves 
minutely  and  sparsely  pubescent:  calyx-tube  1—2  in.  long,  the  segments 


132  EPILOBIACE^. 

almost  as  long,  their  slender  tips  elongated:  petals  obcordate,  \% — 2  in. 
long,  yellow,  turning  to  deeper  yellow:  filaments  filiform,  declined:  style 
shorter  than  the  petals;  linear  stigma-lobes^  in.  long,  yellow:  capsule 
obtusely  quadrangular,  slightly  tapering  from  near  the  base:  seeds 
sharply  angled. — Common  in  cultivation,  and  sparingly  naturalized 
about  Oakland,  Alameda,  etc.  Differing  from  (E.  biennis  by  its  large 
almost  scentless  flowers,  declined  stamens,  etc. 

*  *  Acaulescent;  fl.  diurnal,  yellow,  erect  in  bud;  calyx-tube  filiform  above 

the  ovary;  stigmas  capitate. 
•i—  Perennials;  calyx-tube  persistent;  capsules  not  winged. 

3.  (E.  ovata,  Nutt.    Sparingly  pubescent:   leaves  mostly    oblong- 
lanceolate,  entire  or  denticulate,  often  somewhat  undulate,  occasionally 
pinnatifid,  3—8  in.  long:  calyx-tube  1—4  in.  long:  petals  % — %  in.  long: 
capsules  partly  subterranean,  chartaceous,  1  in.  long,  tapering  above, 
scarcely  dehiscent:  seeds  ovoid-oblong,  smooth. — Very  common  in  open 
grounds.    Feb.— May. 

•»—  •»—  Annual;  calyx-lube  deciduous;  capsules  winged. 

4.  (E.  graciliflora,  Hook.  &  Am.    Herbage  green  and  pilose:  leaves 
linear,  entire  or  obscurely  denticulate:  calyx-tube  not  longer  than  the 
leaves;    segments    short:    petals    3—5    lines    long,  obcordate,  turning 
greenish:  capsule  hard  coriaceous,  %  in.  long  or  less,  angled  at  base, 
4-winged  above,  the  wings  obliquely  truncate  and  hairy;  seeds  smooth. 
— Hillsides  and  plains  in  Contra  Costa  Co. 

*  *  *  Caulescent;  calyx-lube  obconic  or  shorl-funnelform;  stigma  capitate ; 

capsules  sessile,  mostly  contorted. 

-»—  Maritime  plants,  with    short  primary  axis  bearing  crowded  elongated 

narrow  leaves,  and  radiating  decumbent  or  prostrate  shrubby- looking 

flowering  branches;  fl.  diurnal;  capsules  contorted. 

5.  OE.  spiralis,  Hook.    Radiating  branches  stout,  procumbent,  1—3 
ft.  long:  leaves  from   spalulate  to  ovate-cordate,  1 — 3  in.  long,  entire  or 
dentate,  more  or  less  hirsute:  petals  4 — 6  lines  long:  anthers  linear- 
oblong,  fixed  in  the  middle:  capsule  acutely  quadrangular,  hirsute: 
seeds  ovate,  acute  at  base,  compressed,  dark  brown. — Plentiful  on  the 
sand  hills  of  San  Francisco,  flowering  almost  throughout  the  year. 

6.  (E.  mierantha,  Hornem.    Size  and  habit  of  the  last  but  more 
slender  and  hirsute,  the  small  calyx  densely  hairy:  leaves  from  narrowly 
oblanceolate  to  linear-oblong,  2—4  in.  long,  acutish,  more  or  less  undulate: 
petals  1—2  lines  loag,  entire  or  emarginate:  capsule  4-angled,  contorted, 
rather  slender,  gradually  attenuate  upwards,  sparsely  hirsutulous. — At 
San  Francisco,  near  the  Presidio,  etc.,  and  southward  along  the  coast. 


EPILOBIACE.E.  133 

-«—  -i—  Plants  itot  maritime,  erect  at  base  and  with  ascending 

branches;  capsules  narrow. 

•H-  Radical  leaves  narrow  and  peliolate,  the  cauline  broad,  sessile; 
capsules  sharply  angled,  much  contorted. 

7.  <E.  hirtella,   Greene.    Stoutish,    erect,    simple,  or    with   a   few 
ascending  branches  from  the  base,  6 — 10  in.  high,  short-hirsute:  radical 
leaves  oblanceolate,  denticulate,  \%  in.  long;  cauline  ovate,  sessile,  ^  in. 
long,  coarsely  toothed  and  more  or  less  undulate  or  crisped:  petals  1  line 
long  or  more:  capsules  hirsute,  narrow,  attenuate  upwards,   once  or 
twice  coiled:  seeds  pale,  smooth,  more  or  less  regularly  rhombic-ovate. 
— Common  in  the  hill  country  away  from  the  sea,  from  Sonoma  Co.  and 
Solano  southward. 

•M--M-  Without  radical  leaves;   branches  many,  slender,  leafy;  capsules 
narrowly  linear,  slightly  or  not  at  all  contorted. 

8.  <E.  strigulosa  (F.  &  M.),  Torr.  &  Gray.    Erect-spreading,  %—I  ft. 
high,  all  but  the  older  parts  clothed  with  short  white  hairs:  leaves  %  in. 
long,  linear-lanceolate,  acutish,  denticulate,  subsessile:  petals   broadly 
obovate,   \%   lines   long,  yellow,  turning  deep  red:    anthers  roundish, 
basifixed:  capsule  about  %   in.  long,  sessile,  straight  or  arcuate,  not 
contorted,  scarcely  attenuate  at  apex.— Sandy  soil;  common. 

9.  (E.  campestris,   Greene.    Branched  from  the  base  and  bushy, 
6 — 10  in.  high  and  as  broad,  more  or  less  hirsute-pubescent  throughout: 
leaves  linear-lanceolate,  1  in.  long,  dentate:  petals  very  broadly  cuneate- 
obovate,  4~-5  lines  long,  turning  brick-red:  anthers  linear-oblong,  %  line 
long,  fixed  toward  the  middle  and  versatile:  pods  more  than  1  in.  long, 
narrowly  linear,  slightly  incurved.    Var.  cruciata,  Greene.    Petals  half 
as  large,  narrowly  obovate  or  oblong,  often  emarginate.— Common  on 
the  plains  from  Antioch  southward. 

4.  GODETIA,  Spach.  Erect  simple  or  branching  annuals.  Leaves 
alternate,  entire  or  denticulate.  Flowers  mostly  purple,  showy,  in  leafy 
spikes  or  racemes.  Calyx-tube  above  the  ovary  obconic  or  short-funnel- 
form,  deciduous.  Petals  4,  broad,  sessile,  entire,  emarginate  or  cleft, 
diurnal  and  lasting  for  two  days  or  more.  Stamens  8.  unequal,  the 
filaments  opposite  the  petals  shortest :  anthers  perfect,  elongated,  attached 
by  the  base,  erect  or  recurved.  Ovary  4-celled,  oo-ovuled;  style  short; 
stigma-lobes  short,  linear  or  roundish.  Capsule  ovate  to  linear,  4-sided, 
coriaceous.  Seeds  ascending  or  horizontal,  in  1  or  2  rows,  obliquely 
angled,  the  upper  part  tuberculate-margined. 

*  Flowers  in  a  strict  dense  spike;  capsule  ovate  or  oblong. 
-i—  Tips  of  the  calyx-lobes  not  free  in  the  bud;  sides  of  capsule  not 

%-costate:  seeds  in  2  rows  in  each  cell. 

1.  G.  purpurea  (Curtis),  Wats.  Stem  erect,  6—15  in.  high,  puber- 
ulent:  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate-oblong,  obtusish,  entire,  glaucescent: 


134  EPILOBIACE.E. 

calyx-tube  funnelform,  as  long  as  the  segments:  petals  broadly  obovate, 
%  in.  long  or  more,  crenulate,  deep  purple :  stamens  much  shorter  than 
the  petals:  stigma  lobes  broad  and  short,  dark  purple:  capsule  ovate- 
oblong,  % — %  in.  long,  hairy,  the  sides  nearly  flat,  with  a  strong 
midvein.— Dry  hills  of  the  Mt.  Diablo  Eange. 

H—  H—  Tips  of  the  calyx-lobes  slightly  free  in  the  bud;  capsule  2-costate  on 
at  least  two  of  the  sides;  seeds  in  1  row  in  each  cell. 

2.  G.    lepida,    Lindl.     Branching    above,    pubescent    with    short 
appressed  hairs:  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  entire,  slightly  pubescent:  calyx- 
tube  obconical,  very  short,  greatly  surpassed  by  the  segments:  petals 
rounded  and  emarginate  at  apex,  pale  purple,  with  a  dark  red  cuueate 
spot  at  summit:  stigma  purple,  cruciform:  capsule  ovate-oblong,  sessile, 
closely  ribbed  and  sulcate,  white- villous.— Mt.  Diablo  Range. 

3.  G.  micropetala,  Greene.    Slender,  simple,  1—3  ft.  high,  puber- 
ulent:  leaves  1  in.  long,  narrowly  lanceolate,  entire,  sessile:  spike  rather 
short:   calyx-tube  scarcely  2  lines  long;  segments  4  lines,  the   slender 
elongated  tips  twisted  in  the  bud:  petals  linear-lanceolate,  only  3  lines 
long,  entire  or  erose:  stigma  purple,  the  lobes  broad  and  short:  capsule 
sessile,  %  in.  long,  linear-oblong,  abruptly  pointed,  hirsute,  the  alternate 
sides  bicostate. — Contra  Costa  Co.,  near  Walnut  Creek,  Martinez,  etc. 

4.  G.  Arnottii,  (T.  &  G.),  Walp.    Nearly  glabrous,  slightly  glaucous, 
1 — 2  ft.  high,  densely  flowered  at  the  leafy  summit:  leaves  mostly  opposite, 
except  the  floral,  oblong-lanceolate,  obscurely  denticulate:  calyx-tube 
short:  corolla  deep  purple:  stigma  purple,  the  lobes  oval:  capsule  cylin- 
drical-conic, bicostate  on  the  sides.— Common  in  the  Sacramento  Valley. 

5.  G.  albescens,  Lindl.    Rigid,  pubescent,  the  branches  very  short, 
crowded  at  the  summit:  leaves  glabrous,  glaucous,  lanceolate,  entire: 
fl.  sessile,  densely  crowded  among  the  upper  leaves  on  the  short  branch- 
lets  :  calyx-tube  funnelform,  as  long  as  the  segments :  petals  obcordate* 
Yz  in.  long,  pale  purple,  with  a  small  darker  spot  in  the  centre:  stigma- 
lobes    narrow,  greenish:   capsule   oblong,  8-sulcate,   acuminate,  villous: 
seeds  roundish,  scabrous. — Solano  Co.  and  southward. 

*  *  Flowers  in  loose  spikes  or  racemes;  capsules  mostly  linear; 
seeds  in  1  row. 

Je-  Racemes  erect  in  bud;  calyx-lobes  distinct  and  rejlexed  in  flower ; 
capsules  sessile. 

6.  G.  quadrivulnera  (Dougl.),  Spach.    Very  slender,  1—2  ft.  high, 
puberulent:  leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  entire  or  slightly  denticu- 
late: calyx-tube  obconic,  2—3  lines  long:  petals  purplish  with  a  dark 
spot  at  summit,  3—6  lines  long:  stigma-lobes  short,  purple:  capsules  5 — 10 
lines  long,  attenuate  at  apex,  bicostate  at  the  alternate  angles — Common 
toward  the  coast  everywhere. 


EPILOBI  ACE^E.  135 

7.  G.  viminea  (Dougl.),  Spach.      Glabrous,   1—3  ft.    high:    leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  entire,  narrowed  at  base,  1 — 2  in.  long,  puberulent: 
calyx-tube  2—4  lines  long :  petals  purplish  with  a  dark  spot  at  summit, 
%—!}£  in.  long:  stamens  short,  subequal:    stigma-lobes   linear-oblong, 
purple:  capsules  1 — 1%  in.  long,  pubescent,  slightly  bicostate  on  the 
sides. — From  middle  parts  of  the  State  northward. 

8.  G.  tenella  (Cav.),  Wats.    Puberulent,  slender,  erect,   %— 1%  ft. 
high;  leaves  linear,  acute  or  obtuse,  mostly  entire,  more  or  less  narrowed 
at  base,  % — 2  in.  long:  calyx-tube  obconic,  1—3  lines  long:  petals  3 — 5 
lines,  deep  purple:  stigma-lobes  purple:  capsule  linear,  attenuate  at  apex, 
8 — 14  lines  long,  quadrangular,  the  sides  not  costate  but  the  midvein 
usually  prominent.— Common. 

H—  •)—  Racemes  nodding  in  the  bud;  calyx-lobes  united  and   turned   to   one 
side  under  the  open  corolla;  capsule  pedicellate. 

9.  G.   amoeiia  (Lehm.),  Lilja.    Slender,  1—2  ft.   high,  puberulent: 
leaves  lanceolate  or oblanceolate,  entire  or  denticulate:  calyx-lube  obconic, 
2 — 4  lines  long:  petals  8—15  lines  long,  white,  pink  or  purple,  with  a 
dark  purple  spot  near  the  base:  filaments  rather  stout;  anthers  deep  crim- 
son, the  vacant  upper  end  white  or  yellowish:  stigma-lobes  linear:  capsule 
1 — 1^  in.  long,  narrowed  at  each  end;  pedicel  2—6  lines  long.— Along 
the  coast;  the  typical  white-flowered  form  seldom  seen. 

10.  G.  rubicunda,  Lindl.    Near  the  preceding,  but  often  4  ft.  high: 
calyx-tube  longer,  funnelf or m:  petals  purple,  with  an  orange  spot  at  base: 
anthers  orange-red,  the  empty  end  bright  yellow :  capsule  sessile,  scarcely 
attenuate  at  apex. — Of  more  northerly  general  range  than  the  preceding. 

11.  G.  hispidnla,  Wats.     Simple,  a  few  inches  high,  often  1 -flowered: 
pubescence  hispidulous:  leaves  narrowly  linear,  1 — 2  in.  long:  calyx- tube 
2—3  lines:  petals  purple,  %—liu.  long:  filaments  slender:  stigma-lobes 
linear:  capsules  % — %in.  long,  attenuate  at  apex,  below  abruptly  contracted 
to  a  short  pedicel. — A  little  known  species  of  the  valleys  of  the  Sacra- 
mento and  San  Joaquin. 

12.  G.  biloba  (Durand),  Wats.     Slender,  1—2  ft.  high,  sparingly 
branching,  nearly  glabrous:  leaves  linear  to  narrowly  lanceolate,  1 — 2  in. 
long,  obscurely  denticulate,  the  lower  on  long  and  slender  petioles :  petals 
light-purple   % — %  in.   long,   cuneate-obovale,  deeply   2-lobed:    capsule 
puberulent,  % — %  in.  long,  attenuate  at  apex,  narrowed  at  base  into  a 
short  pedicel. — Plentiful  in  the  Briones  Hills  of  the  Mt.  Diablo  Kange  in 
Contra  Costa  Co.  not  far  from  Martinez;  otherwise  only  in  the  Sierra. 

5.  CLARKIA.,  Pursh.  Erect  sparingly  branched  annuals,  with  race- 
mose or  spicate  purple  flowers  nodding  in  the  bud.  Calyx-tube  more  or 
less  prolonged  above  the  ovary,  deciduous.  Petals  4,  unguiculate,  often 


136  EPILOBIACE.E. 

lobed  or  cleft.  Stamens  normally  8,  but  those  opposite  the  petals  often 
sterile  or  rudimentary,  or  sometimes  wanting;  anthers  oblong  or  linear, 
fixed  by  the  base.  Ovary  4-celled;  style  elongated;  stigma  with  4  broad 
spreading  lobes.  Capsule  linear,  attenuate  above,  coriaceous,  straight 
or  somewhat  curved,  4-angled,  4-celled,  4-valved  to  the  middle.  Seeds 
angled  or  margined. 

*  Calyx-tube  elongated  and  almost  filiform ;  stamens  4  only. 

1.  C.  conciima  (F.  &  M.),  Greene.    Simple,  or  with  a  few  subcorym- 
bose  branches,   1 — 2  ft.  high,   glabrous  or  puberulent:    leaves  ovate, 
entire:  calyx- tube  almost  filiform,  1  in.   long:  corolla  regular;  petals 
3^— %  in.  long,  cuneate-obovate,  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  broadest,  little 
longer  than  the  others:  filaments  subulate;  anthers  recurved  after  dehis- 
cence,  somewhat  villous:  stigma  subpeltate,  the  lobes  short,  rounded: 
capsule  subcylindrical,  in  maturity  obscurely  quadrangular,  acutish. — 
Coast  Range  at  considerable  elevations.     May,  June. 

2.  C.  grandiflora  (F.  £  M.),  Greene.    Near  the  preceding,  but  dif- 
fusely branching  from  the  base:  corolla  larger,  irregular,  the  3  upper 
petals   approximate,  ascending,  the  lower  one  remote  from  these   and 
declined,  the  middle  lobe  of  each  attenuate  to  a  claw  and  far  surpassing 
the  others.— Very  common  in  the  Mt.  Diablo  Range,  perhaps  identical 
with  the  preceding. 

3.  C.  Breweri  (Gray),  Greene.  Glabrous,! — 2ft.  high:  leaves  lanceo- 
late, entire,  short-petioled:  calyx-tube  slender,  more  than   1  in.   long, 
abruptly  dilated  at  base:  corolla  irregular;  petals  round-obcordate,  with 
a  linear-spatulate  middle  lobe  proceeding  from  the  deep,  or  rather  shallow 
sinus  and  far  exceeding  the  others:  filaments  clavate:  anthers  densely 
white-villous  along  the  sutures,  erect  after  dehiscence  as  before:  capsule 
sessile,  1  in.  long,  curving  away  from  the  stem:  seeds  large,  tuberculate, 
conspicuously  winged. — On  Mt.  Hamilton. 

*  *  Calyx-tube  obconic;  petals  never  3-lobed;  stamens  8,  all  perfect. 

4.  C.  elegans,  Dougl.     Glabrous  or  puberulent,  reddish  and  glaucous, 
erect,  1—6  ft.  high,  simple  or  somewhat  branching,  stout   and  rigid: 
leaves  broadly  ovate  to  linear,  repand-dentate:  petals  entire,  the  rhom- 
boidal  limb  about  equalling  the  linear  claw:  filaments   with   a   densely 
hairy  scale  on  each  side  at  base:  capsule  %—%  in-  long,  stout,  sessile, 
4-angled,  somewhat  curved,  often  hairy.— On  open  or  half-shaded  hill- 
sides, very  common. 

5.  C.  rhomboidea,  Dougl.    Puberulent  or  glabrous,  1—3  ft.  high, 
rather  slender:  leaves  thin,  entire,  oblong-lanceolate  to  -ovate,  1 — 2  in. 
long:  petals  with  rhomboidal  limb  and  short  broad  claw  which  is  often 
broadly  toothed :  filaments  with  hairy  scales  at  base:  capsules  pedicellate, 
8—12  lines  long,  4-angled,  glabrous,  curved  near  the  base.— Of  wider 
range  than  the  last;  equally  common. 


EPILOBIACE^.  137 

6.  BOISDUVALIA,  Spach.     Annuals,  rigid   and   leafy,  rather   low 
(except  the  first  species);  the  leaves  alternate,  sessile.    Flowers  small, 
purple,  in  leafy-bracted  spikes.    Calyx-tube  funnelform  above  the  ovary, 
deciduous;  lobes  not  reflexed  in  flower.     Petals  4,  obovate-cuneiform, 
sessile,   2-lobed.     Stamens  8,   all  perfect,  unequal;   filaments  slender, 
naked  at  base;  anthers  oblong,  fixed  near  the  base.     Ovary  4-celled, 
several-ovuled;  stigma-lobes  short,  somewhat  cuneate.    Capsule   mem- 
branaceous,  ovate-oblong  to  linear,  nearly  terete,  acute,  dehiscent  to  the 
base.    Seeds  in  1  row  in  the  cell. 

1.  B.  densiflora  (Lindl.),  Wats.     Stoutish,  sparingly  branching,  1—5 
ft.  high,  soft-pubescent  throughout:  lower  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
serrate-toothed;  the  floral  broader,  entire:  flowers  in  rather  dense  ter- 
minal spikes:  calyx  1% — 3  lines  long,  half  as  long  as  the  purple  petals: 
capsules  ovate-oblong,  glabrous  or  villous,  2—4  lines  long;  cells  3—6- 
seeded,  the  partition  separating  from  the  valves  and  adhering  to  the 
placenta:  seeds  nearly  a  line  long.    Var.  imhricata,  Greene.    Less  can- 
escent  than  the  type,  the  whole  plant  larger  and  coarser;  spikes  thick 
and  dense,  the  capsules  concealed  under  the  very  broad  acute  closely 
imbricated  bracts. — Abundant  in  low  grounds.    July— Oct. 

2.  B.  stricta  (Gray),  Greene.     Canescent  with  a  short  stiff  spreading 
pubescence;  plant  slender,  seldom  1  ft.  high:  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear, 
narrow  at  base,  entire  or  denticulate,  the  floral  not  differing  from  the 
others  except  as  being  smaller:  flowers  in  a   loose   simple  spike,  minute: 
capsules   linear-acuminate,  4— 6  lines  long;  cells  6— 8-seeded:  seeds  }£ 
line  long  or  less,  ovate. — Frequent  from  Santa  Clara  Co.  northward. 

3.  B.  cleistogama,  Curran.    Pale  and  glaucescent,  glabrous  or  hispid- 
ulous;  4 — 10  in.  high,  rather  slender:  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  % — 1%  in. 
long,  remotely  serrate:  fl.  small,  rose-red,  the  earliest  ones  cleistogamous : 
capsule  rather  coriaceous:    seeds  numerous.— Common    on  the  lower 
Sacramento  plains;  also  in  Sonoma  Co. 

7.  ISKAKDIA,  Linn.  Herbs  (ours  creeping  and  aquatic  or  riparian) 
with  entire  opposite  leaves,  and  axillary  commonly  apetalous  4-merous 
flowers.     Calyx-tube  prismatic,  not  produced  beyond  the  ovary;  lobes 
4,  persistent.    Stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many.    Ovary  broad  at  apex 
and  usually  flattened,  or  crowned  with  a  conical  style-base;  stigma  capi- 
tate, 4-grooved.     Capsule  4-celled,  dehiscent  by  lateral  slits  or  terminal 
pores.     Seeds  very  many,  minute. 

1.  I.  pal  list  ris,  L.   Glabrous;  stems  4 — 10  in.  long:  leaves  all  opposite, 
oval  or  ovate,  acute,  % — 1  in.  long,  tapering  to  a  short  petiole:  fl.  sessile, 

1  in  each  axil:  petals  rarely   present,  minute,  reddish:  capsule  oblong, 

2  lines  long  or  less,  somewhat  4-angled.— On  muddy  shores  in  the  Sacra- 
mento and  San  Joaquin  valleys. 


138  HALORAGE.E. 

8.  JUSSUEA,  Linn.  Habit  of  the  preceding.  Leaves  attenuate. 
Flowers  5-merous;  petals  yellow.  Calyx-tube  not  angular,  elongated, 
not  produced  beyond  the  ovary ;  lobes  conspicuous,  persistent.  Capsule 
in  ours  indehiscent.  Seeds  very  numerous. 

1.  J.  diffusa,  Forsk.  Perennial,  the  stout  floating  stems  1  ft.  to  2 
yards  long:  herbage  altogether  glabrous:  leaves  obovate  to  obovate- 
oblong  and  even  lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acute,  1—2^  in.  long,  on  petioles 
of  % — 1  in.;  stipules  gland-like  or  slightly  scale-like:  fl.  6— 8  lines  broad, 
deep  yellow;  the  petals  obtuse:  fr.  1  in.  long,  spongy;  the  pedicel  %  in.  or 
more. — Plentiful,  forming  extensive  floating  masses,  covering  the  surface 
of  sluggish  waters  of  the  lower  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin. 

OBDEB  XLIL     HALORAGE>£. 

Plants  herbaceous  and  mostly  aquatic,  with  small  inconspicuous 
usually  apetalous  flowers  sessile  in  the  axils  of  leaves  or  bracts.  Calyx, 
in  fertile  flowers,  adnate  to  the  ovary,  its  limb  short  or  absolete.  Fruit 
indehiscent  and  nut-like,  1 — 4-celled,  with  a  single  seed  suspended  in 
each  cell.  Cotyledons  small  and  short.  Albumen  copious. 

1.  LIMtfOPEUCE,  Vaillant.  Erect  stoutish  but  low  perennial  aquat- 
ics. Stem  simple,  short-jointed,  with  linear  entire  leaves  in  whorls  of 
8  or  12.  Calyx-tube  globular;  the  limb  entire.  Petals  0  Stamen  1; 
filament  subulate.  Ovary  1-celled;  style  becoming  filiform  and  elongated, 
stigmatic  throughout.  Fruit  oblong-ovoid,  nut-like,  1-seeded. 

1.  L.  vulgaris,  Vaill.     Stem  %—l  ft.  high;  herbage  glabrous:  leaves 
% — 1  in-  l°ng»  acute:    calyx  %  line  long:    style  and  stamen  rather 
conspicuous:  nutlet  nearly  1  line  long. — In  shallow  ponds  and  pools, 
and  about  springy  places,  but  not  often  met  with. 

2.  MYKIOPHYLLTJM,  Malthiolus  (WATEB-MILFOIL).    Aquatic  per- 
ennials.   Leaves  verticillate,  the  submersed  ones  pinnately  divided  into 
capillary  or  filiform  segments;  the  emersed  ones  pectinate,  or  toothed, 
or  entire.    Flowers  spicate  or  axillary,  commonly  unisexual;  the  stam- 
inate  with  a  very  short  calyx-tube,  and  2 — 4-lobed  limb  or  none.    Petals 
2 — 4.    Stamens  4 — 8.    Calyx  of  pistillate  fl.  with  a  more  or  less  deeply 
4-grooved  tube  and  4  minute  lobes  or  none.    Styles  4,  short,  often 
plumose  and  recurved.    Fruit  quadrangular,  when  ripe  splitting  into 
4  one-seeded  carpels. 

1.  M.  spicatum,  L.  Stems  often  many  feet  long,  growing  in  deep 
waters,  branching  above:  flowers  in  emersed  short-peduncled  verticillate 
spikes  2—3  in.  long;  bracts  reduced  and  inconspicuous;  submersed  leaves 
in  whorls  of  4  or  5:  petals  4,  deciduous:  stamens  8:  carpels  rounded  on 
the  back,  with  a  deep  wide  groove  between  them.— Mountain  Lake,  San 
Francisco.  July. 


CERATOPHYLL^.  139 

2.  M.  hippuroides,  Nutt.    Stems  4—8  in.  long,  growing  in  mud  or 
shallow  water,  the  emersed  branches  erect,  simple,  leafy,  flowering  through- 
out: submersed  leaves  in  whorls  of  4  and  6,  with  6—8  pairs  of  capillary 
pinnae;  emersed  ones  often  alternate,  linear-lanceolate,  serrate  or  dentate, 
or    the  uppermost  entire;    the  lowest  often  pinnatifid:    petals   often 
pinkish  and  somewhat  persistent :  stamens  4 :  carpels  carinate  and  some- 
what roughened;  deep  grooves  between  them. — In  Marin  Co.,  also  on 
the  lower  San  Joaquin.    June — Sept. 

3.  CALLITBICHE,  Columna.    Small  and  slender,  growing  in  water 
or    on    moist    shaded  ground.    Leaves  opposite,  linear,  spatulate   or 
obovate.    Flowers  solitary  in  the  axils,  subtended  by  a  pair  of  falcate  or 
lunate  membranous  bracts,  mostly  consisting  of  a  single  stamen  and 
pistil.     Filaments    elongated:    anthers  reniform,  the   cells    ultimately 
confluent.     Styles  2,  filiform,  papillose.    Fruit  sessile  or    peduncled, 
4-celled,  more  or  less  carinate  or  winged  on  the  margins,  4-lobed,  the 
lobes  united  in  pairs,  forming  2  discs  with  a  groove  between  them,  at 
maturity  parting  into  4  compressed  carpels,  each  1-seeded. 

1.  C.  margiuata,  Torr.    Usually  terrestrial  and  very  small;  when 
aquatic  the  submersed  leaves  linear,  1-nerved,  passing  gradually  into 
the    emersed,  which   are    oblanceolate   or  spatulate,  3-nerved:    styles 
elongated,  reflexed,  deciduous:  mature  fruit  on  slender  pedicels,  often 
buried  in  the  mud,  deeply  emarginate  at  both  ends,  broader  than  high,  the 
margins  of  the  thick  carpels  widely  divergent  and  narrowly  winged. — 
Low  grounds,  among  growing  grain,  etc.,  from  San  Mateo  and  Alameda 
counties  northward.     June. 

2.  C.  palustris,   L.    Usually  aquatic,  with  linear  retuse    or  bifid 
submersed  leaves,  and  spatulate  or  obovate  emersed  ones,  these  rounded 
or  truncate  or  retuse  at  apex,  narrowed  into  a  margined  petiole,  and 
profusely  dotted  with  stellate  scales:  fr.  sessile,  oblong,  with  a  small 
apical  notch,  narrow- winged  above,  deeply  grooved  between  the  lobes. — 
In  sluggish  or  stagnant  shallow  pools.    June. 

OBDEB  XLIII.     CERATOPHYLL/E. 

Represented  by  a  single  species  of  the  genus 

1.  CERATOPHYLLUM,  Linn.  (HOBNWOBT).  Aquatic  herbs,  with 
rigid  verticillate  leaves,  these  usually  pinnatifid  and  the  segments 
toothed.  Flowers  clustered  in  the  leaf -axils,  involucrate,  unisexual. 
Involucre  multifid.  Calyx  and  corolla  wanting.  Stamens  14—20.  Ovary 
ovate,  1-celled;  style  filiform,  incurved.  Fruit  a  small  nutlet:  the  seed 
pendulous.  Albumen  0;  cotyledons  4,  verticillate,  2  larger  than  the 
others;  plumule  conspicuous,  compound. 

1.  C.  demersum,  L.  Stem  1 — 2  ft.  long,  nearly  glabrous;  in ternodes 
short;  leaves  in  whorls  of  6  or  8;  the  linear  segments  acute,  aculeate- 


140 

toothed:  achene  2  lines  long  or  more,  elliptical,  somewhat  compressed, 
short-stipitate,  with  a  short  spine  or  tubercle  on  each  side  near  the 
base,  not  margined;  style  equalling  the  achene. — At  San  Francisco, 
according  to  Chamisso. 

ORDER  XLIV.     S  A  L  I  C  A  R  I  >£  , 

Herbs  with  entire  leaves,  and  axillary  or  spicate  mostly  5-merous 
purplish  flowers.  Calyx  tubular,  enclosing  the  ovary  but  free  from  it; 
the  petals  and  definite  stamens  borne  on  the  throat  of  it.  Style  I. 
Capsule  mostly  1-celled  by  the  vanishing  of  the  thin  partitions.  Seeds 
numerous,  small,  on  a  central  placenta,  exalbuminous. 

1.  LYTHRUM,  Linn.  Calyx  cylindrical,  10— 12-angled  or  -striate, 
10 — 12-toothed;  the  teeth  alternately  long  and  erect  and  shorter  and 
incurved.  Petals  5  or  6,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx-tube  alter- 
nately with  the  erect  teeth.  Stamens  from  the  middle  or  the  base  of 
the  calyx-tube,  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals.  Style  filiform; 
stigma  capitate. 

*  Petals  minute,  pale. 

1.  L.  Hyssopifolia,  L.    Annual,  simple  or  branching,  erect,  4 — 10  in. 
high:  herbage  pale,  glabrous:  lowest  leaves  opposite:  fl.  subsessile  in 
the  axils  of  the  alternate  leaves,  very  small,  whitish  or  pale-purple. — Not 
rare  in  the  Coast  Range,  from  Humboldt  Co.  southward  throughout  the 
State;  also,  in  a  large  form,  in  the  interior,  near  Stockton,  etc. 

2.  L,  cidsiirgeiis,    Greene.     Stoloniferous    perennial,    the    5-angled 
branches  1 — 3  fl.  long,  decumbent  or  assurgent;  herbage  pallid,  glabrous, 
slightly  succulent:  calyx  2%  lines  long,  12-striate,  the  striae  at  length 
widening  below:  petals  pale  purple. — Plant  very  near  the  preceding  in 
all    points    except    its    great  size   and  perennial    stoloniferous   habit. 
Common  in  wet  places  near  the  Bay,  at  West  Berkeley,  etc. 

*  *  Petals  larger,  bright  red-purple. 

3.  L.  Californicnm,   Torr.   &  Gray.    Stoloniferous    perennial,    the 
roots  spreading  near  the  surface  of  the  ground:  stem  erect,  2 — 3  ft.  high, 
simple  below,  paniculately  branching  above:  lower  leaves   lanceolate; 
upper  and  floral  linear:  striae  of  the  calyx  not  wing-margined;  teeth 
very  short. — In  marshy  land;  also  along  streams,  and  in  springy  places. 

2.  AMMAXNIA,  Houston.  Glabrous  opposite-leaved  annuals;  the 
flowers  2  or  more  in  each  axil.  Calyx  subglobose,  more  or  less  distinctly 
4-angled,  4-toothed,  usually  with  horn-shaped  appendages  alternating 
with  the  teeth.  Petals  4,  purplish,  small  and  deciduous,  sometimes 
wanting.  Stamens  4 — 8.  Capsule  globular. 

1.  A.  coccinea,  Bottb.  Erect,  stoutish,  ^—2  ft.  high,  with  few 
spreading  branches:  stem  4-angled:  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  1—3  in. 


L  0  A  S  E  M .  141 

long,  with  a  broad  auricled  base:  fl.  1—5  in  each  axil,  mostly  sessile: 
calyx  1J£  lines  long,  in  fruit  becoming  2  lines  broad:  petals  small,  bright 
purple:  capsule  bursting  irregularly. — Common  along  the  lower  Sacra- 
mento and  San  Joaquin. 

2  A.  humilis,  Michx.  Smaller;  leaves  linear-oblanceolate,  not  auri- 
cled at  base  but  tapering,  sometimes  short-petiolate :  fl.  1 — 3  in  each 
axil :  calyx  globular,  the  accessory  teeth  as  long  as  the  lobes  or  shorter : 
petals  small,  purplish:  capsule  globular,  dehiscent  septicidally. — Habitat 
of  the  preceding,  but  less  frequent. 

ORDER  XLV.     L  0  A  S  E  >£  . 

Rigid  herbs  clothed  with  stinging  or  jointed  and  barbed  hairs.  Bark 
of  stems  often  white  and  deciduous.  Leaves  without  stipules.  Calyx-tube 
adnate  to  the  1-celled  ovary.  Stamens  often  very  numerous,  and  some 
of  the  outer  petaloid.  We  have  but  the  following  genus. 

1.  MENTZELIA,  Plumier.  Annuals  and  biennials.  Leaves  alternate, 
mostly  coarsely  toothed  or  pinnatifid.  Flowers  solitary  or  cymose,  large 
or  very  small,  yellow.  Calyx-tube  cylindrical,  ovoid  or  turbinate;  the 
5-lobed  limb  persistent.  Petals  5  or  10.  Stamens  GO  ,  inserted  on  the 
throat  of  the  calyx;  filaments  free,  or  in  clusters  opposite  the  petals, 
filiform,  or  the  outer  more  or  less  dilated  and  without  anthers.  Ovary 
truncate  at  summit,  1-celled;  ovules  horizontal  or  pendulous,  in  1  or  2 
rows  on  the  3  parietal  placentae.  Capsule  mostly  cylindrical,  opening 
irregularly  at  the  summit.  Seeds  angled  or  compressed. 

*  Annuals,  small- flowered;  petals  5  only;  stamens  rather  few. 

1.  M.  allinis,  Greene.     Stoutish,  often  2  ft.  high,  simple  and  leafy 
below,  widely  branching  above;  leaves  lanceolate,  deeply  sinuate-pinnat- 
ifid:  fl.  scattered,  %  in.  broad;  calyx-lobes  attenuate-subulate,  2 — 3  lines 
long:  capsule  1  in.  long,  almost  linear,  hispid  with  short  stiff  hairs  which 
have  a  pustulate  base:  seeds  prismatic,  with  grooved  angles.— Plains  of 
the  San  Joaquin,  and  far  southward. 

2.  M.  micrantha  (H.  &  A.),  Torr  &  Gray.     More  slender,  the  inflor- 
escence   in  age  compactly  dichotomous:    leaves    ovate,   from  entire  to 
serrate-toothed:  fl.  very  small;  5  of  the  filaments  petaloid  and  einargin- 
ate:  capsules  3 — 6  lines  long,  few-seeded:  seed  prismatic,  twice  as  long 
as  broad,  the  base  often  oblique,  angles  with  very  shallow  groove,  sides 
faintly  tuberculate. — Santa  Clara  Co.,  in  the  mountains.    May— July. 

3.  M.  Lindleyi,  Torr.  &  Gray.    Slender,  simple  or  bushy-branched, 
1 — 3  ft.  high;  leaves  ovate  to  narrowly  lanceolate,  2—3  in.  long,  from 
pectinate-pinnatifid  to  coarsely  toothed:  fl.  axillary  and  terminal:  calyx- 
lobes  rather  broadly  lanceolate,  % — %  in.   long:  fl.  vespertine:  petals 
obovate,  abruptly  acuminate  or  cuspidate,  1  in.  long  or  more,  golden 


142 


ARISTOLOCHIACE^E. 


yellow:  filaments  many,  very  slender,  unequal,  the  longest  almost 
equalling  the  petals;  anthers  minute,  oval:  capsule  1  in.  long  or  more: 
seeds  angular,  tuberculate.— Common  in  the  Mt.  Diablo  Kange. 

*  *  Flowers  large;  petals  about  10^  stamens  very  numerous. 

4.  M.  hi'victuilis  (Dougl.),  Torr.  &  Gray.  Biennial,  stout,  Branched 
above,  2—3  ft.  high;  stem  white,  scarcely  roughened:  leaves  lanceolate, 
sinuate-toothed,  2—8  in.  long:  fl.  sessile  on  short  branches,  3—4  in. 
broad,  light  yellow,  diurnal:  calyx-tube  naked;  segments  1  in.  long  or 
more:  petals  oblanceolate,  acute,  almost  equalled  by  the  numerous 
stamens:  capsule  1^  in.  long,  3—4  lines  in  diameter:  seeds  minutely 
tuberculate,  \y2  lines  broad. — In  the  mountain  districts  at  low  altitudes, 
and  on  the  plains  near  the  foothills.  July — October. 

ORDER  XLVI.     ARISTOLOCHIACE/E. 

Shrubs  or  perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  entire  mostly  cordate  or 
reniform  exstipulate  leaves,  and  solitary  apetalous  perfect  flowers.  Peri- 
anth lurid-purple  or  greenish,  with  a  valvate  regularly  or  irregularly 
3-lobed  limb:  the  tube  more  or  less  adnate  to  a  6-celled  ovary,  which 
becomes  a  6-valved  capsule,  or  a  berry.  Stamens  6—12,  on  the  ovary, 
more  or  less  adnate  to  the  style;  anthers  extrorse.  Styles  usually  6, 
united  at  the  base.  Seeds  in  1  or  2  rows  in  each  cell. 

1.  ARISTOLOCHIA,  Diosc.  (PIPE-VINE).  Perianth  very  irregular; 
tube  inflated  above  the  ovary,  deciduous  from  it.  Anthers  6,  sessile  and 
adnate  to  the  short  simple  style.  Stigma  3 — 6-lobed  or  -angled.  Fruit 
capsular,  6 -angled,  6-valved,  septicidally  dehiscent. 

1.  A.  Californica,  Torr.     A  deciduous  shrubby  climber,  6—10  ft. 
high,  pubescent  with  short  silky  hairs:  leaves  ovate-cordate,  obtuse  or 
acutish,  2—4  in.  long,  short-petioled :  peduncles  slender,  1—2  in.  long, 
with  a  small  cordate  or  obovate  bract  in  the  middle :  calyx-tube  broadly 
saccate  and  doubled  upon  itself,  1 — 1J£  in.  long  from  the  base  to  the  top 
of  the  curvature,  y2  in.   broad,  little  contracted  at  the  throat;  limb 
bilabiate,  the  upper  lip  of  2  broad  obtuse  lobes,  with  a  disk-like  thicken- 
ing on  the  inner  side:  anthers  contiguous  in  pairs  under  each  of  the  3 
broad  stigma-lobes:  ovary  linear-clavate,  pubescent:   capsule  spongy- 
coriaceous,  obovate,  attenuate  to  a  slender  base,  \%  *&•  long,  6- winged; 
spongy. — Banks  of  streams;  not  very  common.    April. 

2.  AS  ARUM,  Diosc.  (WILD  GINGER).    Perianth  regular,  campanulate; 
limb  3-cleft,  persistent,  the  tips  of  the  segments  infolded  in  the  bud. 
Stamens  12,  nearly  free  from  the  styles,  the  alternate  ones  shorter; 
connective  continued  beyond  the  anthers,  pointed.    Styles  6,  more  or 
less  united.    Capsule  globose,  fleshy,  irregularly  dehiscent.    Seeds  large, 
thick,  in  2  rows  in  each  cell. 


CUCURBITACE^:.  143 

1.  A.  caudal  inn,  Lindl.  Acaulescent,  with  creeping  aromatic  root- 
stocks,  the  branches  of  these  bearing  2  long-petioled  leaves  and  a 
pedunculate  flower:  leaves  cordate-reniform,  somewhat  cucullate,  acutish 
or  obtuse,  2 — 4  in.  long,  sparingly  pubescent  above :  peduncles  slender, 
6 — 15  lines  long:  ovary  4  lines  broad:  calyx-lobes  oblong,  with  long- 
attenuate  apex,  1 — 2^  in.  long:  filaments  stout,  the  free  apex  of  the 
connective  shorter  than  the  anther:  styles  united,  equalling  the  stamens: 
seeds  1^  lines  long,  ovate. — Woods  of  the  Coast  Range.  April. 

ORDER  XLVII.     CUCURBITACE/E. 

Herbs,  tendril-bearing,  trailing  or  climbing,  commonly  scabrous  and 
succulent.  Flowers  axillary  to  the  alternate  leaves,  unisexual.  Calyx- 
tube  coherent  with  the  ovary;  limb  of  5  lobes  or  teeth.  Corolla  with 
petals  more  or  less  united.  Stamens  5,  more  or  less  united;  anthers 
2-celled,  or  one  of  them  1-celled.  Ovary  2— 3-celled;  stigma  3— 5-lobed. 
Fruit  fleshy.  Seeds  large,  usually  compressed,  exalbuminous;  cotyledons 
fleshy. 

1.  CUCURBIT  A,  Pliny  (SQUASH.  PUMPKIN).  Flowers  solitary. 
Caylx-tube  campanulate,  5  lobed.  Corolla  campanulate,  5-cleft  to  the 
middle  or  lower,  the  lobes  recurved.  Sterile  fl.  with  stamens  at  the 
base  of  the  corolla;  filaments  distinct;  anthers  more  or  less  united, 
flexuous.  Fertile  fl.  with  3  rudimentary  stamens;  ovary  oblong,  with 
3  placentae  and  many  horizontal  ovules;  style  short;  stigmas  3,  2-lobed 
Fruit  indehiscent;  in  our  species  with  a  hard  shell-like  rind. 

1.  C.  foetidissima,  HBK.     Boot  large,  fusiform:  stems  long,  trailing: 
leaves  scabrous,  triangular-cordate,  acute,  the  slight  lobes  rounded  or 
angled,  mucronate-denticulate;  petiole  shorter  than  the  blade:  tendrils 
3 — 5-cleft:  fl.  3—4  in.  long,  yellow;   corolla-lobes  obtuse,  mucronate: 
calyx-tube   ^  in.  long,  the  linear  lobes  as  long:  fr.  globose,  2 — 3  in. 
thick,  smooth,  yellow,  on  a  peduncle  1 — 2  in.  long;  shell  filled  with  a 
fibrous    bitter    pulp:    seed    thin,    obovate,  4 — 5    lines    long,   obtusely 
margined. — From  San  Joaquin  Co.  southward,  on  low  plains. 

2.  MICRAMPELIS,  Raf.  (Bio-RooT).    Membranous-leaved   trailing 
or  climbing  herbs,  with  simple  tendrils,  and  small  white  or  greenish 
flowers,  the  fertile  solitary,  the  sterile  racemose  or  panicled  from  the 
same  axil.    Calyx-tube  broadly  campanulate;  teeth  small  or  obsolete. 
Corolla  rotate  or  campanulate,  deeply  5— 7-lobed,  with  elongated  seg- 
ments.   Sterile  fl.  with  stamens  at  base;  filaments  short,  united:  anthers 
distinct  or  more  or  less  coherent.    Fertile  fl.  pedicellate,  with  or  without 
abortive  stamens.     Ovary  globose  or  oblong,  bristly,  2— 4-celled;  cells 
1 — 4-ovuled:  style  short;  stigma  2— 3-parted  or  -lobed.    Fruit  prickly, 
fibrous  and  watery-pulpy,  dehiscing  irregularly  near  the  apex.    Seeds 


144  CUCURBITACEjE. 

large,  ovoid  or  more  rounded,  more  or  less  compressed,  encircled  by  a 
mere  marginal  line;  hilum  linear,  acute;  cotyledons  thick,  remaining 
within  the  integuments  after  germination.  Our  species  perennials  with 
very  large  fleshy  fusiform  roots. 

*  Leaves  rather  longer  than  broad;  corollas  rotate. 

1.  M.  fabacea  (Naud.),  Greene.     Glabrous,  or  the  younger  parts 
with  scattered  short  curved  hairs:  stem  10—30  ft.  long:  leaves  2—6  in. 
broad,  of  round-ovate  general  outline,  more  or  less  deeply  and  angularly 
5 — 7-lobed;  lobes  abruptly  acute,  mucronate,  the  sinuses  obtuse:  sterile 
fl.  15—30  in  slender  racemes,  the  pedicels  1—2  lines  long;  corolla  3—4 
lines  broad,  of  a  dull  or  greenish  white:  fertile  fl.  5—6  lines  broad, 
without  abortive  stamens:   ovary  globose,  densely  echinate,  2-celled, 
4-ovuled:  //•.  globose,  "2  in.  long,  densely  covered  with  stout  pungent  spines 
% — 1  in.  long:  seeds  4,   obovoid,   10  lines  long^  6  lines  broad.     Var. 
agrestis,  Greene.    Stems  2—4  ft.  long,  prostrate  or  merely  trailing; 
leaves  and  fruits  much  smaller,  the  latter  armed  only  sparsely  with  very 
short  spines.— The  type  is  common  all  along  the  seaboard,  growing  in 
thickets  and  climbing  high  over  shrubs  and  small  trees.    The  variety  is 
a  weed  in  grain  fields  along  the  eastern  foothills  of   Mt.   Diablo.    Fl. 
Jan. — April. 

*  *  Leaves  broader  than  long;  corollas  campanulate. 

2.  M.  Marali  (Wats.),  Greene.    Stems  3 — 30  ft.  long:  leaves  reniform 
or  round-cordate,  3 — 6  in.  broad,  pedately  lobed:  racemes  of  sterile 
flowers  %—l  ft.  long;  corolla  %  in.  long  or  more,  campanulate,  clear 
white:  fertile  fl.  with  abortive  stamens;  pedicel  slender,  2 — 6  lines  long: 
ovary  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  more  or  less  clothed  with  soft  spines,  2 — 
3-celled;  ovules  1—4  in  each  cell,  ascending  or  horizontal,  attached  to 
the  outer  side  of  the  cell :  fr.  ovate-oblong,  4  in.  long,  attenuate   at  each 
end,  more  or  less  muricate  with  short  weak   spines:  seeds   horizontally 
placed,  somewhat  elliptical  or  nearly  orbicular,  compressed,  1  in.  long  and 
about  half  as  thick. — Shady  banks,  or  open  northward  slopes,  trailing  or 
high-climbing;    common  about  Mt.   Tamalpais,  also  in  Alameda  and 
Contra  Costa  counties. 

3.  M.  Watsonii  (Cogn.),  Greene.    Slender,  not  succulent,  glaucous: 
stems  6 — 8  ft.  long:  leaves  broad-reniform,  5— 7-lobed,  2—4  in.   broad, 
the  lobes  broader  above,  sinuate-toothed  or  -lobed :  sterile  racemes  few- 
flowered;  fl.  small,  white:  fertile  fl.  without  abortive  stamens,  on  slender 
pedicels  1—2  in.  long;  ovary  glabrous  or  muricate:  fr.  nearly  globose,  1 
in.  thick  or  more,  naked  or  with  a  few  weak  spines  near  the  base,  2-celled, 
%—4-seeded:  seed  nearly  globose,  %  in.  thick,  attached  to  the  outer  side 
of  the  cell,  marginless. — Vaca  Mts     March — May. 


AKALIACE.E.  145 

ORDER  XL  VIII.    ARALIACE^E, 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees,  with  mostly  hollow  stems,  and  alternate  lobed 
or  compound  leaves.  Flowers  small,  in  simple  panicled  or  racemosely 
arranged  umbels.  Calyx  joined  to  the  ovary,  entire  or  toothed.  Petals 
5,  deciduous.  Stamens  5,  inserted  around  the  border  of  the  calyx  out- 
side of  an  epigynous  disk.  Ovary  more  than  2-celled;  styles  as  many  as 
the  cells,  sometimes  connate.  Fruit  berry-like.  Seeds  pendulous;  em- 
bryo minute;  albumen  fleshy. 

1.  AR  A  LI  A,  Vaiilant (SPIKENARD).  Our  species  a  very  coarse  peren- 
nial herb,  with  ternately  compound  leaves  and  large  serrate  leaflets. 
Calyx  5-toothed  or  entire.  Disk  depressed  or  0.  Fruit  laterally  com- 
pressed, becoming  3— 5-angled,  fleshy  externally;  endocarp  chartaceous. 

1.  A.  Californica,  Wats.    Unarmed,  6—10  ft.  high:  leaflets  cordate- 
ovate,  4 — 10  in.   long,   abruptly  acuminate,  simply  or  doubly  serrate: 
umbels  in  loose  terminal  and  axillary  compound  or  simple  racemose 
panicles  1—2  ft.  long,  each  umbel  subtended  by  several  linear  bractlets : 
fl.  2  lines  long;  disk  and  style-base  obsolete;  styles  united  for  half  their 
length :  f  r.  2  lines  long. — In  shaded  and  moist  ravines. 

2.  HEDERA,  Pliny  (!VY).   Shrubby,  climbing  "by  aerial  roots.  Leaves 
coriaceous,  evergreen,  simple,  lobed.    Flowers  in  a  terminal  panicle  of 
umbels.     Calyx  5-toothed.     Styles  united  into  a  single  very  short  one. 
Berry  smooth,  black;  seeds  2 — 5. 

1.  H.  HELIX,  Gerarde  (1633).  Leaves  ovate,  angularly  3 — 5-lobed, 
those  of  the  sterile  and  young  shoots  more  deeply  so  than  those  of  the 
flowering  branches;  these  bushy,  erect,  projecting  a  foot  or  more  from 
the  climbing  main  stem:  umbels  globose:  fl.  yellowish-green. — The 
English  fvy,  common  on  trees  in  parks,  and  on  buildings,  and  well 
adapted  to  our  climate,  fruits  freely  here,  and  will  often  be  met  with  wild. 

ORDER  XLIX.     UMBELLIFER/E. 

Herbs  with  mostly  hollow,  striate,  angled  or  fluted  stems,  and  usually 
compound  leaves  which  are  prevailingly -alternate;  the  petiole  dilated 
or  even  sheathing  at  base.  Flowers  small,  in  simple  or  compound 
umbels  (sometimes  sessile  and  therefore  capitate).  Calyx  almost  wholly 
adnate  to  the  2-celled  ovary.  Petals  5,  mostly  valvate  in  bud,  usually 
inflexed  at  apex  in  flower.  Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  petals;  anthers 
ovate,  subdidymous.  Styles  2,  simple,  more  or  less  dilated  at  base  into 
a  stylopodium.  Fruit  of  2  closely  approximated  and  often  ribbed,  some- 
times winged,  always  1-seeded  carpels;  the  intervals  between  the  ribs 
usually  occupied  by  one  or  more  oil-tubes  or  viltse.  The  face  by  which 
the  two  carpels  meet  or  partly  cohere  is  called  the  commissure.  A 


146  TJMBELLIFER^. 

slender  prolongation  of  the  axis  between  these  faces  is  called  a  carpo- 
phore, which,  in  maturity,  is  apt  to  split  into  2  branches,  with  a  carpel 
suspended  from  each. 

*  Umbels  simple,  or  imperfectly  or  irregularly  compound. 

Low,  flaccid;  leaves  simple; 

Stems  creeping;  peduncles  erect,  scapif  orm HYDROCOTYLE       1 

Stems  trailing;  peduncles  short,  not  scape-like BOWLESIA 

Rigid,  branching;  leaves  elongated,  firm,  setaceously 

toothed  or  lobed ...ERYNGIUM  3 

Umbels  irregularly  compound:  fruit  without 

ribs,  subglobose,  prickly  or  tuberculate SANICULA  4 

*  *  Umbels  regularly  compound;   leaves  compound,  often  finely  dissected- 

Fruit  somewhat  flattened  laterally,  not  broadly  winged; 

Oblong  or  rounded;  oil-tubes  2  or  3  in  the  intervals VEL^A  5 

Broadly  ovate;  ribs  obtuse;  oil-tubes  none CONIUM  6 

Ovate  or  oblong;  ribs  corky;  oil-tubes  2  or  more SiUM  7 

Broad-ovate  or  rounded;  ribs  broad;  oil-tubes  solitary CICUTA 

Styles  elongated;  oil-tube  1  in  each  interval;  seed 

flat  on  the  face (ENANTHE  9 

Styles  not  elongated;  oil-tube  1  to  the  interval:  seed  terete APIUM  10 

Fruit  very  small;  ribs  obscure:  oil-tubes  solitary APIASTRUM  11 

Fruit  ovate  or  oblong;  ribs  filiform;  oil-tubes  1  to 

each  interval CARUM  12 

Carpeln  5-angled;  ribs  slender;  oil-tubes 

several  to  the  interval PIMPINELXA        13 

Calyx  with  turgid  border  and  no  teeth FCENICULDM        14 

Ribs  of  carpel  beset  with  hooked  prickles; 

Seed  nearly  flat  on  the  face DAUCUS  23 

Seed  deeply  channeled  on  the  face CAUCALJS  24 

f  attenuate  at  base MYRRHIS  20 

Carpels  much  elongated  ]  short-beaked CH^EROPHYLLUM  21 

'long-beaked  ..SCANDIX  22 

Fruit  not  compressed;   ribs  corky (ENANTHE 

Fruit  slightly  compressed  dorsally;  some  of  the 

ribs  narrowly  winged SELJNUM  15 

Fruit  strongly  compressed  dorsally  and  winged; 

Lateral  wings  broad;  dorsal  less  prominent ANGELICA  16 

Lateral  wings  thick,  corky:  dorsal  obscure LEPTOT^ENIA        17 

Lateral  wings  thin,  coherent  until  maturity; 

Oil-tubes  running  the  whole  length  of  the  carpel PEUCEDANUM       18 

Oil-tubes  obnlavate,  running  from  the  apex  to 

below  the  middle  of  the  carpel SPHONDYLIUM     19 

1.  HYDROCOTYLE,  Tourn.  (MARSH  PENNYWORT).  Low  glabrous 
herbs,  growing  in  or  near  water,  with  creeping  stems.  Leaves  rounded, 
toothed  or  lobed,  sometimes  peltate;  stipules  scale-like.  Flowers  incon- 
spicuous, in  simple  umbels,  or  in  whorls  one  above  another,  on  a  scapi- 
form  erect  peduncle.  Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Petals  entire,  acute.  Fruit 
flattened  laterally,  suborbicular,  acutely  margined,  and  with  2  or  more 
less  prominent  ribs  or  nerves  on  each  side;  oil-tubes  0;  carpels  coherent. 


UMBELLIFER.E.  147 

1.  H.  prolifera,  Kell.    Herbage  light  green  and  flaccid:  leaves  about 
1  in.  broad,  peltate,  emarginate  at  base,  simply  crenate,  on  petioles  1—4 
in.  long:  peduncles  equalling  or  exceeding  the  leaves:  fl.  in  1 — 4  whorls, 
each  4— 12-fiowered,  with  many  bractlets;  pedicels  1—6  lines  long:  fr.  1 
line  wide,  emarginate  at  base;  ribs  2  on  each  side,  prominent. — Said  to 
occur  near  San  Francisco;  common  in  the  Suisun  marshes.     June — Aug. 

2.  H.  ranunculoides,  L.     Herbage  dark  green,  fleshy:  leaves  1—2  in. 
broad,  round  reniform,  3— 7 -clef I,  the  lobes  crenate;  petioles  2—10  in. 
long;  peduncles  much  shorter  (^ — 3  in.),  reflexed  in  fruit:  fl.  5 — 10  in  a 
capitate  umbel:    fr.  very  shortly  pedicellate,  1 — 1^  lines  broad,  with 
thickened  but  scarcely  angled  margins,  rather  obscurely  nerved  on  each 
side,  longer  than  the  pedicels.— In  shallow  ponds,  margin  of  lakes,  etc., 
along  the  seaboard. 

2.  BOWLESIA,    Ruiz  &  Pavon.      Slender  very  flaccid  herbs,  with 
sparse  stellate  pubescence,  and  opposite  simple  leaves  with  scarious 
lacerate  stipules.     Flowers  minute,  white,  in  simple  few-flowered  umbels 
on  axillary  peduncles.    Calyx-teeth  rather  prominent.    Petals  elliptical, 
obtusish.    Fruit  broadly  ovate,  with  narrow  commissure,  turgid,  becom- 
ing depressed  on  the  back,  without  ribs  or  oil- tubes. 

1.  B.  lob  at  a,  R  &  P.  Annual,  the  slender  stems  more  or  less  dicho- 
tomous,  2  in.  to  1  ft.  long:  leaves  round-reniform  or  cordate,  % — 1^  in. 
broad,  shorter  than  the  slender  petioles,  deeply  5-lobed;  lobes  acutish, 
entire  or  few-toothed :  umbels  short-peduncled,  1— 4-flowered:  fr.  1  line 
long,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  pubescent,  the  inflated  calyx  not  adherent  to 
the  carpels. — Among  rocks,  under  trees,  etc.,  on  hillsides.  April,  May. 

3.  ERYNCrlUM,  Nicander  (BUTTON  SNAKEROOT).     Perennials   with 
rigid  coriaceous  spinosely  toothed  or  divided  leaves,  and  white  or  blue 
flowers  sessile  in  dense  heads  which  are  encircled  by  a  series  of  bracts 
forming  an  involucre;  each   flower  also  subtended  by  a  rigid  bract. 
Calyx-teeth  manifest,  rigid,  persistent.     Fruit  ovoid  or  obovoid,  scarcely 
compressed,  covered  with  hyaline  scales  or  vesicles;  ribs  obsolete;  oil- 
tubes  0;  carpels  and  seeds  semiterete. 

1.  E.  armatum,  C.  &  K.    Diffusely  branching,!  ft.  high  or  more: 
radical  leaves  oblanceolate,  serrately  or  spinosely  dentate  or  incised, 
attenuate  to  a  margined  petiole;  cauline  narrower,  sessile:  heads  pedun- 
cled,    globose,   %  in.   thick;    bracts   of  involucre  triangular-lanceolate, 
entire,  thick-margined,  1  in.  long  and  much  exceeding  the  head;   bracllels 
similar  and  as  prominent:    fr.   with    lanceolate -acuminate  calyx-lobes 
longer  than  the  styles. — Common  in  low  ground. 

2.  E.  Vaseyi,  C.  &  B.    Smaller,  branching  above:   leaves  oblanceo- 
late, irregularly  spinose-serrate,   attenuate  at  base:    involucral  bracts 


148  UMBELLIFER^l. 

narrow,  rigid,  spinescent  at  lip  and  spinose-toothed,  1  in.  long  or  less; 
bractlets  similar:  fr.  with  lanceolate  acuminate-cuspidate  calyx-lobes 
exceeding  the  short  styles.— With  the  last. 

3.  E.  petiolatum,  Hook.     Erect,  1 — 5  ft.  high,  branching  above:  rad- 
ical leaves  oblanceolale,  irregularly  spinose-serrate,  narrowed  to   an  elon- 
gated fistulous  petiole,  or  the  very  lowest  reduced  to  a  long  terete  petiole; 
cauline  mostly  sessile :  heads  peduncled,  globose,  %  in.  high;  involucral 
bracts  linear-lanceolate,  spinosely  tipped  and  toothed,  often  1  in.  long; 
bracllels  lanceolate,  cuspidate-tipped,  little  exceeding  the  flowers,  scari- 
ous-winged  below:  fr.  with  calyx-lobes  like  the  bractlets  but  smaller, 
shorter  than  the  long  styles. — Perhaps  not  in  our  district. 

4.  E.  artieulatiini,  Hook.    More  or  less  branching,  erect,  decumbent 
or  rarely  prostrate:  radical  and  lower  leaves  consisting  of  a  long  artic- 
ulated petiole  with  or  without  a  small  lanceolate  entire  or  laciniate 
blade;  cauline  sessile:  bracts  of  involucre  %  in.   long,  exceeding  the 
heads,  linear,  cuspidate,  spinosely  toothed;   bractlets   tricuspidate,  little 
exceeding  the  flowers,  the  central  cusp   largest:  calyx-lobes  lanceolate, 
cuspidate,  little  exceeding  the  styles.    Var.   microcephalnm,  C.  &  E. 
Very  small  and  slender:  bracts  ovate -acuminate,  little  surpassing  the 
heads,  these  only  2—3  lines  long;    calyx-lobes  short-mucronate. — In 
swamps  and  wet  meadows. 

5.  E.  Harknessii,  Ourran.     Slender,  not  rigid,  dichotomously  branch- 
ing, 3 — 4  ft.  high :  leaves  much  as  in  the  last,  but  blade  of  the  lowest  with 
perfectly  entire  and  unarmed  margin;  cauline  petiolate,  sparingly  soft- 
spinuloseon  the  margin:  heads  round-ovate,  %  in.  high,  blue:  bracts  of 
the  involucre  longer  than  the  head  but  deflexed:  calyx-segments  subulate, 
pungently  mucronate,  equalling  the  long  styles. — In  the  Suisun  Marsh. 
August— October. 

4.  SA.NICULA.,  Brunfels  (SANICLE).  Glabrous  perennials  (n.  1  bien- 
nial), with  chiefly  radical  leaves,  these  mostly  palmately  divided  and 
sometimes  subdivided.  Flowers  unisexual,  in  irregularly  compound 
few-rayed  umbels;  these  in  volucrate  with  sessile  leaf -like  usually  toothed 
bracts;  the  bracts  of  the  involucels  usually  small  and  entire.  Calyx-teeth 
persistent.  Fruit  subglobose  or  obovoid,  densely  uncinate-  prickly  or 
tuberculate;  ribs  obsolete;  oil-tubes  many. 

*  Mature  fruit  pedicelled;  leaves  palmately  lobed  or  divided. 

1.  S.  Menziesii,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Biennial:  stem  solitary,  erect,  branch- 
ing loosely  above,  2—5  ft.  high:  leaves  2 — 3  in.  broad,  of  rounded  outline, 
but  with  deep  broad  lobes  and  cordate  base,  the  shining  surface  delicately 
i-nifinte;  the  3—5  lobes  sharply  toothed,  the  teeth  setaceously  tipped; 
involucre  small,  of  2  or  3  narrow  leaflets;  the  involucels  of  6 — 8  lanceo- 


UMBELLIFEE^.  149 

late  entire  bracts  a  line  long:  fr.  obovate,  a  line  long  or  more,  covered 
ii'ith  hooked  prickles. — Abundant  in  open  woods,  and  along  streams  in 
shade  of  thickets.  May,  June. 

2.  S.  arctopoides,  Hook.  &  Arn.     The   whole  herbage  of  a  greenish 
yellow,  and  with  an  offensive  odor:  main  stem  simple,  very  short;  the 
many  scape-like  flowering  branches  at  first  depressed,  later  becoming 
elongated  and  divergent,  3 — 6  in.  long,  each  bearing  an  umbel  of  1 — 3 
elongated  rays :  leaves  deeply  3-parted,  the  lanceolate  segments  once  or 
twice  laciniately  cleft:  involucre  of  1  or  2  leaflets;  heads  large,  %  in. 
broad,  encircled  by  8  or  10  oblanceolate  mostly  entire  bracts  which  are 
yellow  and  resemble  the  rays  of  a  composite:  fr.  ]  J£  lines  long,  naked  at 
base,  strongly  armed  above. — Bleak  hills  near  the  sea,  at  San  Francisco, 
etc.    Feb.— -April. 

*  *  Mature  fruit  sessile;  leaves  palmately  divided  (except  in  n.  4). 

3.  S.  nndicaulis,  Hook.  &  Arn.    Stems  several,  slender,  erect,   1  ft. 
high  or  more:  leaves  long  petioled,  of  cordate  outline,  3-parted;  divisions 
laciniately  once  or  twice  pinnatifid,  the  segments  with  widely  spreading 
acute  often  spinosely  pointed  teeth:  fl.  yellow,  in  many  small  heads  dis- 
posed in  compound  umbels  terminating  sparingly  leafy  branches:  fr. 
naked  at  base,  uncinate-bristly  above.— Wooded  hills,  along  borders  of 
thickets,  etc.,  towards  the  sea.     March— May. 

4.  S.  maritima,  Kell.     Stoutish,   1   ft.   high,   rather  fleshy:    radical 
leaves   long-pelioled,   the   lowest  oblong-cordate,   not   lobed,  but   crenate- 
dentate;  some  of  the  later  more  or  less  deeply  3-lobed,  2—4  in.  long: 
involucre  of  large  leaf -like  lobed  or  parted  bracts:  umbel  of  about  3 
elongated  rays :  fl.  yellow,  the  sterile  ones  short-pediceljate :  fr.  nearly 
naked  below,  prickly  above,  2  lines  long.— In  lowlands  adjacent  to  salt 
marshes  near  Alameda,  San  Francisco,  etc.     March — May. 

*  *  *  Fruit  sessile;  leaves  pinnately  divided  and  subdivided. 

5.  S.  bipinnatiflda,  Dougl.    Stoutish,  slightly  fleshy,  1—2  ft.  high, 
herlmge  of  a  peculiarly  dark  green:  leaves  mostly  radical,  but  an  opposite 
pair  on  the  stem  near  the  base,  with  1 — 3  above  these,  all  pinnately  3 — 
7-parted,    the  divisions    incisely    toothed  or  lobed,  decurrent  on  the 
toothed  rachis,  the  teeth  acutely  or  somewhat  setaceously  pointed:  um- 
bel of  3  or  4  greatly  elongated  rays:  fl.  very  dark  purplish  red:  fr.  1^ 
lines  long,  prickly.— Very  common  on  hillsides  and  open  grounds  gen- 
erally.    March — May. 

6.  S.   bipinnata,    Hook.  &  Arn.     Erect  and  rather  slender,  from  a 
somewhat  fusiform-tuberous  and  perhaps  only  biennial   root,  1 — 2  ft. 
high:  leaves  not  fleshy,  the  segments  or  leaflets   remote,  not  decumbent, 
narrowly  obovate,   cuneate,  mucronate-dentate :  umbel  compound:  fl. 
yellow:  fr.  naked  at  base,  echinate  above.— Foothills  of  the  inner  Coast 
ranges.     Feb. — April. 


150  UMBELLIFEB^:. 

7.  S,  saxatilis,  Greene.     Stems   many,  depressed,  1   ft.   long,  from  a 
fleshy  napiform  root:   leaves  ternately   pinnate,   the  ultimate  segments 
broad,  coarsely  toothed:  branches  repeatedly  dichotornous,  with  pedi- 
cellate heads  in  all  the  forks :  small  involucels  of  very  unequal  f oliaceous 
entire  or  toothed  bractlets:  fr.  strongly  tuberculate,  the  tubercles   of  the 
upper  part  ending  in  a  broadly  subulate  incurved  point. — Summit  of   Mt. 
Diablo,  growing  among  loose  rocks. 

8.  S,  tuberosa,  Torr.     Very  slender,  the  solitary  erect  freely  branch- 
ing stem  6—18  in.    high,  from   a  small   roundish  not  deeply  seated 
tuberous  root:  leaves   small,  finely  twice  or  thrice  pinnate,  the   ultimate 
segments  small:  umbels  1— 4-rayed,  small:  fl.  yellow,  the  sterile  ones 
long  pedicelled:  fr.  broader  than  long,  tuberculate. — Kocky  hills,  in  sterile 
clayey  soil.     March— May. 

5.  TELJEA,    De  Candolle.      Glabrous    or    pubescent.    Boots  thick, 
elongated,  yellow,  fragrant.    Leaves  mostly  radical,  pinnately  or  ternately 
compound.    Involucre    sometimes    wanting.    Involucels    conspicuous. 
Flowers  yellow.     Fruit  somewhat  flattened  laterally,  with  prominent 
equal  filiform  ribs,  and  thin  pericarp.     Oil-tubes  conspicuous,  3—6  in 
the  intervals,  4—10  on  the  commissural  side. 

1.  V.  Hartwegi  (Gray),  C.  &  B.  Subacaulescent,  light  green,  the 
petioles  and  veins  somewhat  scabrous:  leaves  biternate  and  quinate; 
leaflets  obovate  or  oval-oblong,  1-— 2  in.  long,  mostly  confluent,  coarsely 
and  deeply  mucronate-serrate :  peduncles  1 — 2  ft.  high;  umbel  16—20- 
rayed,  usually  without  involucre,  but  the  umbellets  subtended  by 
linear-oblong  reflexed  bractlets;  rays  2^ — 4  in.  long;  pedicels  short:  fr. 
nearly  orbicular,  smooth,  3 — 4  lines  long,  1% — 3  lines  broad,  sharply 
ribbed.  Near  San  Francisco. 

2  Y.  Kelloggii  (Gray),  C.  &  B.  More  slender  than  the  last,  mostly 
puberulent:  leaves  triternate;  leaflets  ovate,  % — %  in-  long;  usually 
3-lobed:  umbel  8 — 16-rayed,  mostly  without  involucre,  the  involucels  of 
small  linear  bractlets',  rays  1—3  in.  long:  fr.  1—2  lines  long,  nearly  as 
broad,  retuse  at  base,  the  ribs  filiform. — Hills  of  the  Coast  Bange,  in 
wooded  or  open  ground. 

6.  CONIUM,  Linn.  (POISON  HEMLOCK).    Tall  glabrous  biennial,  with 
large  ternately-dissected  thin  leaves,  and  compound  umbels  of   small 
white  flowers  terminating  the  paniculate  branches.     Calyx-teeth  obsolete. 
Fruit  broadly  ovate,  laterally  compressed;  carpels  with  5  prominent 
obtuse  often  undulate  or  crenulate  ribs,  and  no  oil-tubes. 

1.  C.  MACULATUM,  L.  Boot  fusiform:  stem  stout,  fistulous,  3—7  ft. 
high,  glaucescent,  spotted  with  purple:  leaves  a  foot  long  or  more, 
two-thirds  as  broad:  segments  %  in.  long,  pinnatifid,  the  lobes  acute: 
umbels  12—  20-rayed:  rays  1—1%  in.  long:  fr.  1^  lines  long,  shorter 
than  the  pedicels.— Waste  grounds,  in  shady  places. 


UMBELLIFER^.        .  151 

7.  SIUM,  Diosc.  (WATER  PARSNIP).    Glabrous  perennial   aquatics, 
with  angled  stems,  pinnate  leaves  with  leaflets  pinnatifid  or  serrate,  and 
white  flowers;  the  involucres  and  involucels  of  several  bracts.    Calyx- 
teeth  minute.    Fruit  oblong,  ovate  or  nearly  globose;  ribs  prominent  or 
obscure;  oil-tubes  few  or  many  in  the  intervals. 

*  Fruit  with  corky  ribs;  oil-tubes  between  them. 

L  8.  heterophyllum,  Greene.  Stem  stoutish  and  brittle,  strongly 
angular  and  somewhat  flexuous,  3  ft.  high,  from  a  cluster  of  fleshy  fibrous 
roots,  these  thickened  below  the  middle:  lowest  leaves  simple,  2—10  in. 
long,  rhombic-lanceolate,  serrate  or  laciniate,  on  a  stout  fistulous  petiole 
which  is  still  longer  and  usually  submerged;  the  later  radical  3-lobed  or 
-parted,  thus  passing  to  the  cauline  which  are  pinnate,  mostly  with  only 
2  or  3  pairs  of  leaflets,  these  broadly  lanceolate,  acute,  serrate:  bracts  of 
involucre  broadly  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end:  fr.  1J£  lines  long,  broadly 
ovoid;  oil-tubes  broad,  solitary  between  the  ribs,  2  on  the  face:  seed 
angular. — Common  in  brackish  swamps,  under  the  influence  of  tide- 
water, at  Suisun,  Stockton,  etc. 

*  *  Fruit  with  angled  corky  covering;  oil-tubes  beneath  this. 

2.  S.  erectum,  Huds.  Stems  angular,  1—3  ft.  high,  from  a  stolon- 
iferous  crown,  usually  erect,  corymbosely  branching  above:  leaflets 
about  6  pairs,  ovate  oblong  to  linear,  1J£— 2  in.  long,  often  laciniate  at 
base,  the  upper  ones  usually  more  or  less  deeply  incised:  peduncles  1 — 2 
in.  long:  rays  1  in.  or  less:  involucre  and  involucels  of  6— 8 linear  entire 
lanceolate  bracts:  fr.  %  line  long,  less  compressed  than  in  the  above: 
oil-tubes  small  in  twos  and  threes,  concealed  beneath  the  corky  covering 
(confluent  ribs). — San  Mateo  Co. 

8.  CICUTA,  Sealer.   (WATER  HEMLOCK).      Glabrous  tall  branching 
perennials  of  marshes  and  stream  banks.    Bootstocks  short  and  erect,  or 
horizontal  and  rooting  from  beneath.     Leaves  pinnately  or  ternately 
compound.     Umbels  of  white  flowers  many-rayed;  involucre  small  or  0; 
involucels  of  several  small  bractlets.     Calyx-teeth  small,  acute.     Stylo- 
podium  depressed.    Fruit  broadly  ovate  or  rounded,  slightly  compressed 
laterally,  but  the  commissure  narrow;  ribs  broad,  obtuse,  corky;  oil- tubes 
solitary  in  the  intervals.    Seed  subterete. 

1.  C.  Bolanderi,  Wats.  Roots  numerous,  very  coarse,  4—7  in.  long, 
whorled  around  the  base  of  a  short-conical  strictly  erect  axis:  stem  stout, 
erect,  4—9  ft.  high,  purplish  below  and  very  glaucous,  paniculate  from 
below  the  middle:  radical  leaves  on  petioles  2  ft.  long  or  more,  the  blade 
twice  or  thrice  pinnate:  leaflets  narrowly  lanceolate-acuminate,  2 — 4  in. 
long,  closely  and  sharply  serrate,  the  setaceous  tips  of  the  teeth  some- 
what spreading. — Marshes  about  Suisun  Bay;  also  in  similar  situations 
(always  within  reach  of  tide-water)  near  Napa. 


152  .        UMBELLIFER^E. 

2.  C.  Californica,  Gray.  Eoolstock  horizontal,  freely  branching,  the 
branches  % — 1  ft-  l°ng>  the  older  portion  slender  (%  in.  thick  or  more) 
with  long  internodes.  upper  end  abruptly  davate-enlarged  and  short-jointed: 
stem  erect,  3—6  ft.  high:  lowest  leaves  bipinnate,  the  upper  simply  pin- 
nate; leaflets  ovate-lanceolate :  involucre  nearly  obsolete:  seed  sometimes 
with  2  oil-tubes  in  the  intervals.— In  eddies  and  along  the  margins  of 
swift-flowing  mountain  streams  of  the  Coast  Kange  only,  from  near 
Santa  Cruz  and  Mt.  Hamilton  to  the  Oakland  Hills. 

9.  (ENANTHE,   Diosc.    Aquatic  perennials,   with  glabrous  decom- 
pound leaves  and  involucrate  umbels.     Calyx-teeth  prominent,  acute. 
Stylo  podium  short-conical:  styles  elongated  in  age.    Fruit  oblong,  not 
compressed,  with  broad  commissure,  rounded  corky  ribs,  and  oil-tubes 
solitary  in  the  intervals.    Seed  compressed  dorsally,  flat  on  the  face. 

1.  (E.  Californica  (H.  &  A.),  Wats.  Eootstocks  erect  or  ascending, 
1 — 2  in.  long,  %  in.  thick,  solid :  stem  solitary,  decumbent  or  procumbent, 
rooting  at  the  lower  joints,  erect  above  and  with  one  or  more  umbellif- 
erous branches :  leaves  ternate  and  bipinnate  (or  the  upper  ones  simply 
pinnate),  the  pinnae  nearly  sessile :  leaflets  approximate,  ovate,  acutish, 
toothed,  at  base  often  lobed,  3^—1  m.  long:  fr.  1%  lines  long,  oblong, 
obtuse  at  each  end,  tipped  with  the  long  spreading  styles;  ribs  and 
commissure  corky:  oil-tubes  at  the  angles. — Very  common,  forming 
dense  masses  covering  shallow  pools,  back  of  the  salt  marshes  and 
among  the  hills.  April — Nov. 

10.  APIUM,  Brunfeh.    Glabrous  biennial,  with  pinnately  or  ternately 
compound  leaves,  and  nearly  naked  umbels  of  small  whitish  flowers. 
Calyx-teeth    obsolete.    Stylopodium   depressed  or  0.    Fruit  ovate   or 
broader;  the  carpels  straight,  obtusely  ribbed;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the 
intervals.    Seed  nearly  terete. 

1.  A.  GRAVEOLENS,  L.  (CELERY).  Biennial,  with  fibrous  roots:  stem 
erect,  2 — 3  ft.  high,  branching  freely:  leaves  pinnate;  leaflets  in  1  or  2 
pairs,  cuneate-obovate  or  rhomboidal,  sparingly  toothed,  1-^2  in.  long, 
those  of  the  uppermost  leaves  3  only,  oblanceolate,  nearly  entire :  umbels 
sessile  or  short-peduncled;  rays  6 — 12,  slender,  1  in.  long:  fr.  %  line 
long. — Common  in  marshy  grounds  throughout  the  Bay  region. 

11.  APIASTRUM,   Nutt.     A  small  and   rather    delicate    branching 
annual,  with  leaves  dissected  into  linear  segments.    Umbels  sessile  in 
the  forks,  or  opposite  the  leaves,  naked,  few-rayed.     Calyx-teeth  obsolete. 
Petals  ovate,  concave,  obtuse.     Stylopodium  depressed;  styles  short. 
Fruit  cordate,  laterally  compressed,  the  commissure  narrow;  ripe  carpels 
incurved,  with  5  often  obscure  rugulose  ribs;  oil-tubes  broad  and  solitary 
in  the  intervals,  with  a  narrow  one  under  each  rib. 

1.  A.  augustifolium,  Nutt.  A  few  inches  to  nearly  a  foot  high; 
branches  more  or  less  dichotomous :  leaves  1 — 2  in.  long,  biternately  or 


UMBELLIFER^E.  153 

triternately  dissected  into  almost  filiform  segments:  rays  of  umbel  very 
unequal:  fr.  ^  line  long,  somewhat  broader,  the  5  primary  ribs  occasion- 
ally supplemented  by  4  less  prominent  intervening  ones. — Common  on 
bushy  hills.  April — June. 

12.  CARUM,  Turner.    Glabrous  erect  rather  slender  herbs,  our  species 
perennial,  with  tuberous  or  fusiform  or  coarse-fibrous  usually  fascicled 
roots,  pinnately  ternate  leaves  with  few  linear  leaflets,  and  involucrate 
umbels  of  white  flowers.    Calyx-teeth  small.    Fruit  ovate  to   linear- 
oblong;  pericarp  thin,  with  obtuse  often  filiform  ribs;  oil-tubes  solitary 
in  the  intervals. 

1.  C.  Kelloggii,  Gray.     Stems  several,  3 — 6  ft.  high,  from  a  strong 
tuft  of  coarse  hard  fibrous  roots:  lower  leaves  ternate,  the  pinnate  divisions 
with  linear  segments  1 — 3  in.  long  or  more:  involucre  and  involucels 
prominent,  somewhat  scarious:  calyx- teeth  subulate,  conspicuous:   fr. 
oblong,  1% — 2)£  lines  long;  stylopodium  prominent,  styles  as  long: 
seed  sulcate  beneath  the  large  oil-tubes. — On  open  plains  and  hillsides. 

2.  C.  Gairdneri  (T.  &  G.),  Gray.    Stem  solitary,  1—4  ft.  high,  from 
a  fascicle  of  fusiform  tuberous  roots:  leaves  mostly  simply  pinnate,  with 
3 — 7  linear  or  almost  filiform  leaflets  2 — 6  in.  long,  the  lowest   rarely 
themselves  pinnately   divided,  the  uppermost  cauline  usually  simple: 
involucre  of  few  bracts  or  0:  involucels  of  linear-acuminate   bractlets: 
fr.  ovate,  ^ — 1  line  long,  with  long  styles:  seed  terete. — Dry  hills. 

13.  PIMPItfELLA,  Brunfds.     Perennials  with  decompound  foliage 
and  nearly  naked  umbels.     Calyx-teeth  obsolete.     Fruit  ovate,  laterally 
compressed  but  with  broad  commissure;  carpels  5-angled,  with  distant 
usually  slender  ribs,  and  several  oil-tubes  in  the  intervals.     Seed  some- 
what flattened  dorsally,  with  plane  or  slightly  convex  face. 

1.  P.  apiodora,  Gray.  Stoutish,  erect,  glabrous,  2—3  ft.  high,  sweet- 
scented:  leaves  mostly  radical,  2— 3-ternate:  leaflets  cuneate-ovate, 
laciniately  pinnatifid  and  toothed,  1  in.  long:  umbels  long-peduncled, 
6 — 15-rayed;  rays  1 — 2  in.  long,  hispidulous-puberulent:  fl.  white  or 
pinkish:  fr.  broadly  ovate  (not  known  in  its  mature  state),  1^  lines 
long:  oil-tubes  4—6  in  the  intervals,  8  or  more  on  the  face.— Hills  of 
Marin  Co.,  near  Sausalito. 

14.  FCENICTJLTJM,  Pliny  (FENNEL).     Perennial,  erect  and  tall,  with 
dark  green  striate  stem,  and  equally  dark  sweet-scented  and  -flavored 
leaves  dissected  into  countless  linear-setaceous  leaflets.    Flowers  yellow, 
in  umbels  destitute  of  bracts  and  bractlets.     Calyx  with  turgid  border 
and  no  teeth.  Fruit  oblong;  carpels  5-ribbed;  oil  tubes  solitary  in  the 
intervals,  2  on  the  face. 

1.  F.  VULGARE,  Gerarde.  Cultivated  from  ancient  times,  and  formerly 
in  high  repute  as  a  medicinal  and  culinary  herb;  naturalized  in  many 


154  UMBELLIFERjE. 

parts  both  of  the  Old  World  and  the  New,  and  common  in  central  and 
southern  California,  attaining  the  height  of  3—6  ft.;  readily  known  by 
its  dark  green  finely  dissected  foliage  and  large  umbels  of  greenish- 
yellow  small  flowers.  May — Sept. 

15.  SELINUM,  Theoplir.    Caulescent,  branching  perennials.    Calyx- 
teeth  obsolete.    Fruit  with  prominent  crenulate  disk.    Carpel  decidedly 
winged;  oil-tubes  usually  only  one  in  each  interval,  2—4  on  the  face. 

1.  S.  Paciflcum,  Wats.  Leaves  ternate-bipinnate;  segments  ovate, 
acutish,  1  in.  long,  laciniately  toothed  and  lobed;  peduncles  stout,  the 
umbel  about  15-rayed;  bracts  of  involucre  1  in.  long,  equalling  the  rays, 
lobed  and  toothed;  involucels  of  several  linear  entire  or  3- toothed  bract- 
lets:  fr.  oblong,  3 — 4  lines  long;  wings  narrow;  oil-tubes  conspicuous, 
rarely  2  in  the  intervals:  seed  channelled  under  the  dorsal  oil-tubes. — 
Near  Sausalito,  and  in  the  Mission  Hills. 

16.  ANGELICA,    Braunschweig.     Perennials,  stout  and  tall.      Seg- 
ments of  the  large  pinnately    or  ternately    compound  leaves  broad, 
toothed;   petioles  dilated.    Umbels  many-rayed,  nearly  or  quite  naked. 
Flowers  white  or  purple.     Calyx-teeth  minute  or  oboslete.     Fruit  ovate 
or  oblong,  strongly  flattened  dorsally,  with  a  very  broad  commissure, 
margined  by  a  broad  somewhat  scarious  wing;  dorsal  ribs  prominent, 
more  narrowly  winged;  oil-tubes  1—3  in  the  intervals. 

1.  A.  tomentosa,  Wats.    Hoary-tomentose,  or  the  stem  in  age  glabrate: 
leaves  quinately  bipinnate;  leaflets  firm,  ovate,  acute,  very  oblique  at 
base,  2—4  in.  long,  the  lower  sometimes  lobed,  serrate  with  unequal 
acute  teeth:  umbels  naked,  often  dense:  rays  1 — 3  in.  long:  fr.  3  lines 
long,  broadly  elliptical,  the  lateral  wings  thin,  the  dorsal  acutish :  seed 
thin,  plane  on  the  face,  channeled  on  the  back  by  the  impressed  dorsal 
oil-tubes. — Banks  of  streamlets  among  the  hills. 

2.  A.  Calif  or  nica,  Jepson.    Stem  4  ft.  high,  glabrous,  only  the  leaves 
and  ends  of  the  rays  puberulenl:  leaflets  broadly  ovate,  2  in.  long,  thinnish, 
the  lower  often  lobed  or  divided  at  base,  all  irregularly  serrate  and  the 
serratures  mucronate:  peduncles  with  broadly  dilated  bracts  about  in 
the  middle:  rays  40—50,  unequal,  1—6  in.  long:  fr.  oblong,  about  4J£ 
lines  long,  the  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs  winged:  oil-tubes  3  in  the 
intervals,  2  on  the  face.— Vaca  Mountains. 

17.  LEPTOTJSNIA,  Null.    Glabrous  subacaulescent  perennials,  with 
thick  often  very  large  fusiform  roots,  pinnately  decompound  leaves. 
Fruit  strongly  compressed  dorsally,  oblong  or  elliptical,  with  thick  corky 
lateral  wings,  the  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs  filiform  or  obscure;  oil- 
tubes  3—6  in  the  intervals,  4—6  on  the  face,  mostly  small,  sometimes 
obsolete. 


UMBELLIFER^.  155 

1.  L.  dissecta,  Nutt.  Leafy  at  base,  1 — 3  ft.  high:  leaves  broad, 
1  ft.  long,  ternate  and  thrice  pinnate;  segments  ovate  or  oblong,  % — 1 
in.  long,  laciniate-pinnatifid  and  toothed,  puberulent  on  the  veins  beneath 
and  along  the  margins:  umbel  8 — 20-rayed,  involucrate  with  few  linear 
bracts,  the  bractlets  of  the  involucels  more  numerous:  fl.  yellow  or 
purplish:  fr.  sessile  or  nearly  so,  5 — 9  lines  long,  about  3  lines  broad: 
seed  face  plane. — On  dry  hills. 

18.  PEUCEDANUM,  Theophr.  Perennials  of  diverse  habit,  ours 
mostly  low  and  subacaulescent,  with  fusiform  root.  Leaves  ternately  or 
pinnately  dissected.  Involucre  0:  involucels  usually  present.  Flowers 
white  or  yellow.  Calyx-teeth  obsolete  or  manifest.  Fruit  strongly 
flattened  dorsally,  oblong  to  suborbicular,  glabrous  or  tomentose;  carpel 
with  dorsal  and  intermediate  ribs  filiform  and  approximate,  the  lateral 
ones  developed  into  a  broad  thin  wing  which  until  maturity  is  coherent 
with  that  of  its  companion  carpel,  forming  a  broad  scarious  wing  to  the 
fruit  as  a  whole.  Oil- tubes  1 — 8  in  the  intervals,  2— 10  on  the  face. 

*  Stout;  leaves  finely  dissected;  fruit-wings  broad;  fl.  while. 

1.  P.    eurycarpum,  C.  &  E.     Boot  tuberous-enlarged:   stem  1 — 2 
ft.  high,  branching,  pubescent:  leaves  subdivided  into  countless  small 
linear  cuspidate  segments:  umbel  3— 12-rayed,  with  involucels  of  lanceo- 
late acuminate  often  united  bractlets;  rays  % — 4  in.  long;  pedicels  1 — 5 
lines:  fr.  glabrous,  5 — 9  lines  long,  broadly  elliptical,  the  wings  as  broad 
as  the  body  or  broader,  the  ribs  filiform;  oil-tubes  large,  solitary  in  the 
intervals,  2  on  the  face. — Plains  and  hills  of  the    interior. 

2.  P.  dasycarpum,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Subacaulescent  from  a  fusiform 
root,  tomentose-pubescent:  leaves  small,  with  countless  short  linear 
segments:  peduncles  stout,  ^ — 1ft.  high;  umbel 6 — 12-rayed;  involucels 
of  linear-lanceolate  more  or  less  tomentose  bractlets;  rays  1 — 3  in., 
pedicels  3 — 5  lines  long:  fr.   nearly  orbicular,  4—7  lines  long,  nearly 
glabrous  or  coarsely  pubescent,  the  thin  scarious  wings  broader  than  the 
body:  oil-tubes  large,  usually  solitary  in  the  intervals,  4  on  the  face: 
seed  deeply  sulcate  under  the  oil-tubes. — In  the  interior. 

3.  P.    tomentosnm,  Benth.    Subacaulescent,  more  or  less  densely 
villous-tomentose  and  purplish:  leaves  cut  into  very  small  filiform  or 
very  narrow  segments:  peduncles  1  ft.  high  or  more:  umbel  of  4—8 
equal  rays  1—3  in.  long;  involucels  of  linear-lanceolate  or  ovate-acumi- 
nate bractlets:  calyx-teeth  manifest:  fr.   ovate  to  orbicular,  5 — 9  lines 
long,  densely  tomentose;  wings  rather  thick,  from  somewhat  narrower  to 
even  broader  than  the  body,  the  prominent  ribs  concealed  by  the  tomen- 
tum:  oil-tubes  mostly  3  in  the  intervals,  4  on  the  face. — Common  on 
bushy  hills  and  open  plains. 


156 


UMBELLIFERJE. 


*  *  More  slender,  leaves  much  dissected;  Ji.  yellow. 

4.  P.  utriculatum,  Nutt.    Bather  slender,  usually  erect  and  branch- 
ing, 1  ft.  high  or  more,  glabrous  or  puberulent:  petioles  short,  their 
margins  greatly  dilated  and  forming  a  membranous  saccate   cavity; 
ultimate  segments  of  the  decompound  leaves  narrowly  linear,  %  in.  long 
or  less:  umbel  5 — 20  rayed,  with  involucels  of  dilated  obovate  often 
toothed  petiolulate  bractlets:  fr.  glabrous,  broadly  elliptical,  2—5  lines 
long;  wings  thin,  as  broad  as  the  body;  oil-tubes  large  and  solitary  in 
the  intervals,  4—6  on  the  face.  —On  plains  and  open  hills. 

5.  P.  cariiifolinm,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Herbage  and  general   aspect  of 
the  last,  but  acaulescent  or  nearly  so;  petioles  without  bladdery  dilata- 
tion; leaf-segments  %— 2  in.  long;  bractlets  of  involucels  often  lanceolate: 
fr.  3—4  lines  long:  wings  narrow  and   thickish;  ribs   obsolete:  oil-tubes 
indistinct,  2  or  3  in  the  intervals,  none  on  the  face.— Plains  and  hills. 

*  *  *  Leaves  not  finely  dissected,  fl.  yellow. 

6.  P.  robustum,  Jepson.     Acaulescent,  glabrous,  glaucous,  2  ft.  high: 
leaves  pinnately  ternate;  leaflets  broadly  ovate  or  oblong,  sessile,  sparingly 
toothed  or  serrate  at  summit,  otherwise  entire:  scapes  1 — 3,  very  stout, 
greatly  dilated  under  the  rays,  these  15—21,  unequal,  also  dilated  at 
summit;  involucre  and  involucels  0:  fr.  2^ — 3  lines  wide,  4^£ — 5  lines 
long,  the  wing  half  as  broad  as  the  body;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the 
intervals,  6  on  the  commissural  face.— Plains  of  the  Sacramento,  in 
Solano  Co.    May,  June. 

7.  P.  Hassei,  C.  &  R     Caulescent,  stout,   1—2  ft.  high,  glabrous, 
glaucescent:  leaves  biternate,  in  long  petioles;   leaflets   broadly  ovate, 
with  cuneate  base,  irregularly  lobed,  coarsely  mucronate-toothed,  2  —  3  in. 
long:  umbel  long-peduncled,  8— 10-rayed,  with  involucre  and  involucels 
of  oblanceolate,  or  linear,  or  linear-setaceous  bracts  and  bractlets :  f r. 
very  large,  glabrous,  with  very  broad  wings;  oil- tubes  solitary  in  the 
intervals.— Vaca  Mountains,  Solano  Co. 

8.  P.  SATIVUM  (L.),  Wats.    Biennial,  branching,  2 — 4  ft.  high:   stem 
leafy,  angular  or  fluted;  herbage  nearly  glabrous,  of  a  somewhat  yellowish 
green:  leaflets  of  the  pinnate  leaves  large,  ovate  or  oblong,  incisely 
toothed:  involucre  and  involucels  small  or  0;  fr.  oval,  2 — 3  lines  long, 
broadly  winged,  prominently  ribbed;  oil- tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals. 
—The  Parsnip  of  farms  and  gardens,  native  of  Europe;  spontaneous 
here  and  there  by  waysides  and  in  waste  lands. 

19.  SPHOXDYLIUM,  Town.  (Cow  PARSNIP).  Perennial  or  biennial, 
with  stout  hollow  fluted  stem,  ample  lobed  or  compound  leaves,  and 
very  large  umbels  of  white  flowers.  Calyx-teeth  small  or  obsolete. 
Fruit  round-obovate,  very  much  flattened  dorsally,  somewhat  pubescent. 


UMBELLIFER.E.  157 

Carpel  with  dorsal  ribs  filiform,  the  margin  winged;  wings  coherent 
when  young:  oil- tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals,  obclavate,  extending 
from  the  apex  downward  to  or  below  the  middle  of  the  carpel. 

1.  S.  lanatum  (Michx.)  Stem  3—8  ft.  high:  leaves  ternate,  1—2  ft. 
long,  the  stout  petioles  and  veins  hirsute  beneath,  the  base  of  the  petiole 
much  dilated;  leaflets  4 — 10  in.  long,  rounded  and  subcordate,  the  lobes 
somewhat  palmately  arranged,  acuminate,  toothed:  rays  many,  3 — 6  in. 
long :  fl.  large,  white,  irregular,  the  outer  petals  being  larger :  f r.  broadly 
obovate,  4—6  lines  long,  slightly  pubescent. — In  wet  open  ground,  or  in 
moist  thickets.  March,  May. 

20.  MYRRHIS,   Morison  (SWEET   CICELY).    Perennials   with  thick 
aromatic  roots,  rather  slender  stems  not  tall,  ternately-compound  mostly 
radical  leaves:  involucres  and  involucels  reduced  or  obsolete.     Flowers 
white.    Calyx-teeth  obsolete.    Fruit  linear  to  linear-oblong,  more  or  less 
attenuate  at  base,  acute  at  summit,  glabrous  or  bristly  along  the  ribs. 
Carpel  nearly  pentagonal  in  section,  flattened  dorsally  if  at  all.     Oil- tubes 
obsolete  in  mature  fruit.    Seed-face  slightly  concave  to  deeply  sulcate. 

1.  M.  occidentalis  (Nutt.),  Beuth.  &  Hook.     Stoutish,  puberulent  or 
pubescent:  leaflets  oblong,  1^ — 4  in.  long,  acute,  coarsely  serrate,  rarely 
incised:  umbel  5 — 12  rayed,  naked  or  with  1  or  2  bracts;  rays  1 — 5  in. 
long,  mostly  erect;  pedicels  1 — 3  lines :  fr.  7 — 12   lines   long,  \yz  lines 
wide,  obtuse  at  base,  glabrous,  with  prominent  acute  ribs;  the  mostly 
conical  stylopodium  together  with  the  style  % — 1  line  long. — Dry  woods. 

2.  M.  iiuda  (Torr.),  Greene.     Slender,  2—3  ft.  high,  more  or  less  pil- 
ose-pubescent: leaves  twice  ternate;  leaflets  1 — 2  in.  long,  ovate,  acute  or 
obtusish,  rather  deeply  cleft  and  toothed:  umbel  long-peduncled,  3—5- 
rayed,  naked  or  with  small  caducous  bracts  or  bractlets;  pedicels   % — 
%  in.  long:  fr.  slender,  3—7  lines  long,  with  slenderly  attenuate  base:  car- 
pels acutely  ribbed;  stylopodium  very  short.— Common  in  shady  woods. 

21.  CHJ1BOPHYLLUM,    Columna.      Bather  slender  annuals  with 
ternately  compound  leaves,  and  small  white  flowers  in   almost  naked 
umbels.     Calyx-teeth  obsolete.     Fruit  lanceolate,  or  ovate-oblong  and 
beaked  at  summit,  the  beak  not  as  long  as  the  body ;  ribs  of  carpel 
equal;  oil -tubes  present. 

1.  C.  ANTHBISOUS  (L .),  Lam.  Weak  and  often  half  reclining;  small 
umbels  opposite  the  leaves,  about  3-rayed:  fr.  about  2  lines  long  includ- 
ing the  short  beak,  roughened  with  short  rigid  incurved  bristles. — In 
sandy  soil  at  Alameda,  etc. 

22.  SCA1VDIX,  Theophr.  Annual,  with  pinnately  decompound  leaves 
cut  into  countless  slender  segments.    Flower  and  fruit  much  as  in 
Chserophyllum,  except  that  the  beak  of  the  carpel  far  exceeds  the  body. 


158  UMBELLIFER^:. 

1.  S.  PEOTEN  VENERIS,  Dod.  Erect,  1  ft.  high  more  or  less  leafy 
throughout,  but  radical  leaves  ample,  of  oblong  outline,  cut  into  many 
short  ligulate  acuminate  lobes:  bractlets  of  involucels  many:  fr.  J^ — 3  in. 
long  including  the  beak  which  is  the  conspicuous  part  of  it,  the  body 
and  the  margins  of  the  beak  with  tubercles  ending  in  short  prickles. — A 
weed  in  fields  and  by  waysides. 

23.  DAUCUS)  Galen.    More  or  less  hispid  annuals   and  biennials, 
with  pinnately  decompound  leaves,  involucres  and  involucels  of  lobed  or 
divided  bracts,  and  white  flowers.     Outer  rays  of  umbel  longest,  in  fruit 
connivent  over  the  inner,  giving  a  concave  top  to  the  umbel.    Calyx  5- 
toothed.    Fruit  ovate  or  oblong;  carpels  semiterete  or  dorsally  flattened; 
primary  ribs  filiform  and  bristly,  the  secondary  more  prominent,  winged 
with  a  row  of  more  or  less  united  barbed  prickles.     Oil-tubes  solitary 
under  the  secondary  ribs.    Seeds  nearly  flat  on  the  face. 

1.  D.  pusillus,  Michx.    Annual,  erect,  or  the  branches  short  and 
decumbent,   ^—2    ft.  high,  retrorsely    hispid;      leaves  bipinnate,  the 
segments  pinnatifid,  with  short  narrowly  linear  lobes;  rays  2—6  lines 
long,  nearly  equal;  involucre  bipinnatifid,  equalling  the  umbel;  involu- 
cels equalling  the  greenish  white  flowers:  fr.  1^— 2  lines  long,  short- 
pedicellate,  the  prickles  usually  equalling  or  exceeding  the  width  of  the 
body:  seed  slightly  concave  on  the  face. — Nearly  all  parts  of  the  State; 
on  bluffs  and  hills  near  the  sea,  often  depressed  and  condensed. 

2.  D.  CAROTA,  L.    Biennial,  stout,  2—3  ft.  high,  hispid:  involucre  of 
many  pinnatifid  bracts  equalling  the  large  umbel;  bractlets  scarious, 
with  an  herbaceous  midrib :  fl.  white,  but  the  central  one  of  each  umbel- 
let  abortive  and  dark  purple:  fr.  oblong-ovoid,  the  spines  as  long  as  its 
diameter:  fruiting  umbel  deeply  concave,  resembling  a  bird's  nest.— The 
Carrot  of  the  gardens;  already  becoming  a  wayside  weed. 

24.  CAUCALIS,  Theophr.    Scarcely  distinct  from  Daucus,  but  fruit 
more  compressed  laterally;  the  seed  face  deeply-channelled. 

1.  C.  NODOSA,  Huds.    Branching  at  base,  the  long  branches  reclining, 
leafy  throughout  and  retrorsely  hispid:  leaves  pinnate,  with  pinnatifid 
divisions:  umbels  small,  naked,  subsessile  opposite  the  leaves:  carpels 
unequal,  the  larger  one  a  line  long;  surface  tuberculate  and  prickly,  the 
prickles  barbed  or  incurved  at  summit. — Obscure  weed,  from  Europe. 

2.  C.  microcarpa,  Hook.   &  Arn.    Erect,  slender,  6—15  in.  high, 
nearly  glabrous:  leaves  much  dissected,  hispidulous:  umbels  terminal 
and  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  subtended  by  two  or  more  foliaceous 
dissected  bracts,  3—6  rayed;  rays  slender,  1—3  in.  long;  umbellets  few- 
flowered,  the  pedicels  unequal;  involucels  of  short  entire  bractlets:  fr. 
oblong-ovoid,  2  lines  long,  armed  with  uncinate  prickles. — Very  common. 


CORNER.  159 

ORDER  L.     C  0  R  N  E  >£  . 

Trees,  shrubs  or  undershrubs,  with  opposite  exstipulate  leaves,  and 
naked  or  involucrate  cymose  or  capitate  inflorescence.  Calyx-tube 
coherent  with  the  ovary;  limb  4-lobed  or  obsolete.  Petals  4,  epigynous, 
valvate  in  bud.  Stamens  4,  alternate  with  the  petals;  anthers  2-celled. 
Style  filiform;  stigma  simple.  Fruit  drupaceous,  1 — 2- seeded.  Seed 
pendulous;  embryo  minute;  albumen  fleshy. 

1.  COENUS,  Pliny  (DOGWOOD).  Deciduous  shrubs,  or  low  semi- 
herbaceous  plants.  Drupe  globose,  ovoid  or  oblong;  putamen  2-celled, 
2-seeded. 

*  Flowers  white,  not  involucrate,  cymose. 

1.  C.  glabrata,  Benth.    Shrub  5—12  ft.  high,  with  gray  bark,  and 
nearly  or  quite  glabrous  twigs  and  foliage:  leaves  oblong  to  narrowly 
ovate,  acute  at  each  end,  or  acuminate  at  apex,  1 — 2  in.  long,  green  alike 
on  both  faces;  petioles  short,  slender:  fl.  in  many  small  open  flat-topped 
cymes :  fr.  globose,  white;  stone  little  compressed,  not  furrowed,  broader 
than  high,  breadth  2  lines  or  more.— Coast  and  Mt.  Diablo  Ranges. 

2.  C.  Greenei,  C.  &  E.     Size  and  habit  of  the  last :  twigs  and  inflores- 
cence appressed-pubescent:  leaves  ovate,  obovate  or  oval,  acutish  or 
rounded  at  base,  acute  or  acuminate   at  apex,  appressed-pubescent  or 
glabrate  above,  beneath  scarcely  lighter  but  with  a  sparse  appressed 
pube&cence  of  stiffish  hairs  of  which  some  are  straight,  others  curved: 
fl.  large,  in  loose  paniculate  cymes:  calyx-teeth  triangular:  styles  with 
enlarged   greenish   tips:   fr.   dark   blue;   stone  globular,   not  furrowed, 
slightly  ridged.— Wooden  Valley,  Napa  Co.,  Jepson. 

3.  C.  pubescens,  Nutt.    Shrub  6— 15  ft.  high,  with  smooth  reddish 
branches:  leaves  ovate,  acute,  2—4  in.  long,  paler  and  more  or  less 
pubescent  beneath:  fl.   in  convex  cymes:  fr.   white,  subglobose,  2  lines 
broad;    stone  somewhat  flattened,  mostly  oblique,  with  a  more   or   less 
prominently  furrowed  edge,  the  sides  more  or  less  prominently  ridged. 
Var.  Calif  or  nica,  C.  &  B.    Pubescence  said  to  be  loose  and  spreading; 
leaves  more  rounded  and  broader;  stone  smaller,  etc. — Throughout  the 
State,  the  variety  chiefly;  the  type  being  of  more  northerly  habitat. 

*  *  Flowers  greenish,  sessile  on  a  thick  convex  receptacle, 
subtended  by  4 — 6  large  white  petaloid  bracts. 

4.  C.    Nuttallii,  Audubon.    Tree  15—70  ft.  high,  with  ascending  or 
widely  spreading  branches  and  smooth  bark:  leaves  3—5  in.  long,  obovate, 
acute  at  each  end,  pubescent:  bracts  of  involucre  usually  6,  obovate  to 
oblong,  1% — 3  in.  long,  abruptly  acute  to  acuminate,  white,  often  tinged 
with  red:  head  %—\  in.  broad,  very  dense:  fr.  5—6  lines  long,  scarlet — 
Coast  Range  from  Monterey  northward.     May — July. 


160  GARRYACE.E. 

ORDEB  LI.     GARRYACE>£. 
Consists  of  the  genus 

1.  GARRY  A,  Douglas.  Evergreen  shrubs  with  greenish  bark,  and 
opposite  entire  coriaceous  leaves.  Flowers  dioecious,  in  axillary  pend- 
ulous aments,  solitary  or  in  threes  between  the  decussately  connate 
bracts.  Petals  0.  Calyx  of  sterile  flowers  4-parted,  with  linear  valvate 
segments.  Stamens  4;  filaments  distinct;  disk  and  rudimentary  ovary  0. 
Calyx  of  fertile  flower  with  a  shortly  2-lobed  or  obsolete  limb;  disk  and 
rudimentary  stamens  0;  ovary  1-celled,  with  2  pendulous  ovules;  styles 
2,  stigmatic  on  the  inner  side,  persistent.  Fruit  capsular,  circumscissile 
at  about  the  middle,  or  indehiscent.  Seeds  coated,  with  an  acidulous  or 
bitter  red  pulp  which  is  never  in  contact  with  the  wall  of  the  pericarp, 
the  inside  of  this  being  glabrous  and  polished. 

1.  G.  elliptica,  Dougl.     Stems  clustered,  5—15  ft.  high:  leaves  %—3 
in.  long,  dark  green,  elliptical,  rounded  or  acute  and  mucronate  at  apex, 
truncate  or  rounded  at  base,   the  margin  undulate,   glabrous    above, 
tomentose  beneath:  aments  solitary  or  several;  the  sterile  4—10  in.  long, 
their  silky  bracts  truncate  or  acute;  calyx-segments  cobering  at  tip: 
fertile  aments  stouter,  2—6  in.  long;  bracts  acute  or  acuminate:  ovary 
sessile,   densely  silky-tomentose :    fr.   globose,  4  lines   thick. — In   rich 
shady  places  along  streams.    Fl.  Feb.;  fr.  Sept. 

2.  G.  Fremonti,  Torr.     Shrub  5—10  ft.  high,  glabrate:  leaves   light 
green,  ovate  or  oblong,  not  undulate,  1% — 2^  in.  long:  aments  2—3  in. 
long,  with   acute  somewhat  silky  bracts:  ovaries  nearly  glabrous;  fr. 
globose,  2  lines  or  more  in  thickness,  short-pedicellate. — From    Mt. 
Hamilton  northward,  on  dry  slopes  and  summits. 


DAPHNOIDE^.  161 

DIVISION  III,  SYMPETAL^  PERIGYN^E. 

Petals  united  below,  and,  with  the  stamens,  inserted  on  the  calyx, 
usually  near  its  summit,  the  tube  being  more  or  less  adherent  to  the 
ovary  (free  from  it  in  Daphnoidex). 

ORDER  LIL     DAPHNOIDE/E. 
We  have  but  one  member,  of  the  genus 

1.  DIRCA,  Linn.  (LEATHERWOOD).  Branching  deciduous  shrubs, 
with  smooth  and  very  tenacious  brown  bark;  the  -wood  also  very  tough 
and  flexible.  Flowers  in  fascicles  of  about  3,  appearing  before  the  leaves, 
but  from  the  same  buds,  and  these  of  yellowish  or  whitish  very  silky 
caducous  scales,  which  appear  as  an  involucre  to  the  flowers.  Perianth 
corolla-like,  tubular,  but  slightly  oblique,  yellowish,  nodding,  4-lobed. 
Stamens  8,  inserted  at  base  of  the  perianth-tube,  exserted;  filaments  fili- 
form; anthers  small,  oblong.  Ovary  sessile,  1-celled;  style  longer  than  the 
stamens.  Perianth  deciduous  from  the  growing  ovary,  this  becoming  a 
somewhat  drupaceous  small  fruit. 

1.  1).  occideutalis,  Gray.  Shrub  4— 7  ft.  high:  bud  scales  densely 
white-villous:  leaves  oval  with  rounded  base,  1 — 3  in.  long:  perianth 
canary-yellow,  subsessile,  3— 4  lines  long,  rather  deeply  4-lobed,  the  lobes 
nearly  truncate,  somewhat  connivent,  rendering  the  upper  and  broader 
part  of  the  organ  slightly  urceolate. — On  moist  well  shaded  northward 
slopes  of  the  Oakland  and  Berkeley  Hills;  also  in  the  counties  of  Marin 
and  San  Mateo. — Feb.,  March. 

ORDER  LIII.     LORANTHE/E, 

Half-shrubby  parasites  on  trees  and  shrubs;  color  yellowish-green  or 
yellow.  Branches  dichotomous;  the  joints  swollen.  Leaves  opposite, 
either  coriaceous,  or  reduced  to  more  or  less  distinctly  connate  scales. 
Flowers  (dioecious  in  our  genera)  of  2 — 5  sepals  coherent  at  base  and 
valvate  in  aestivation,  no  petals;  anthers  as  many  as  the  calyx-segments 
and  (in  ours)  sessile  upon  them;  ovary  inferior,  1-celled,  1-ovuled  becom- 
ing a  1-seeded  berry  with  glutinous  pulp. 

1.  PHORADENDROX,  Nutt.  (MISTLETOE).  Flowers  globose,  imbed- 
ded in  the  rachis  of  jointed  spikes.  Calyx  3-  (rarely  2-  or  4-)  lobed. 
Anthers  sessile  on  the  base  of  the  lobes,  2-celled,  opening  by  a  pore  or 
slit;  pollen-grains  smooth.  Stigma  sessile,  obtuse,  entire  or  more  or 
less  distinctly  2-lobed.  Berry  globose,  pulpy,  translucent,  crowned  with 
the  persistent  calyx-lobes.  Embryo  with  foliaceous  cotyledons. 

1.  P.  villosum,  Nutt..  Stems  much  branched,  ^—1  ft.  long,  forming 
spherical  masses  on  the  branches  of  deciduous  trees :  herbage  of  a  deep 


162  LORANTHE^. 

or  dark  green,  covered  with  a  short  almost  velvety  pubescence:  leaves  % 
—1%  in.  long,  from  round-obovoid  to  spatulate-oblong,  short -petiolate: 
spikes  opposite:  berries  white.— Frequent  in  the  interior  valleys  from 
Sonoma  and  Solano  counties  southward.  Very  distinct  from  the  eastern 
yellow-green  P.  Jiavescens. 

2.  P.  Holloa nu HI  (Seem.),  Engelm.  Branches  5—8  in.  long:  leaves 
very  thick,  spatulate  to  linear,  obtusish,  nerveless,  % — 1  in.  long:  spikes 
opposite  or  in  fours,  with  connate  ciliolate  bracts:  berries  white.— On 
Mt.  St.  Helena,  toward  the  northwestern  base,  Jepson. 

2.  RAZOUMOFSKYA,  Hoffm.  Small,  yellow  or  greenish,  leafless; 
leaves  represented  by  connate  scales.  Flowers  axillary  and  terminal, 
solitary,  or  several  in  each  axil.  Staminate  fl.  mostly  3-parted,  com- 
pressed, or  the  terminal  ones  globose:  anthers  sessile  on  the  lobes, 
orbicular,  1-celled,  dehiscent  by  a  circular  aperture  at  base;  pollen-grains 
spinulose.  Pistillate  fl.  ovate,  compressed,  2-toothed,  subsessile,  the 
pedicel  in  fruit  elongated  and  recurved.  Fruit  elastically  dehiscent  at 
the  circumscissile  base,  forcibly  ejecting  the  seed.  Cotyledons  rudiment- 
ary, indicated  by  a  notch  in  the  axis  of  the  embryo. 

1.  R.  Douglasii,  (Engelm.),  O.  Ktze.  Slender,  greenish  yellow,  ^—1 
in.  high,  much  branched,  but  not  verticillately,  the  accessory  branchlets 
behind  (not  beside)  the  primary  ones :  spikes  short,  mostly  5-flowered : 
staminate  fl.  less  than  a  line  wide,  with  round-ovate  acutish  lobes, 
fr.  2%  lines  long.  Var.  abietiiia  (Engelm.).  Fertile  plant  larger  (1—3 
in.  high),  the  sterile  smaller,  with  spreading  or  even  recurved  branchlets : 
fr.  smaller  (scarcely  2  lines  long).— Mt.  St.  Helena,  on  Pinus  attenuata, 
Jepson,  the  variety  only. 

OBDEB  LIV.     CAPRIFOLIACE>£. 

Shrubs  often  trailing  or  climbing.  Leaves  opposite,  mostly  exstipulate. 
Flowers  terminal  and  cymose  or  subspicate,  or  solitary  or  in  pairs  in  the 
leaf -axils,  regular  or  irregular.  Calyx-tube  coherent  with  the  ovary; 
limb  5-toothed  or  obsolete.  Corolla  4— 5-lobed  or  -cleft;  the  lobes 
imbricate  in  bud.  Stamens  distinct.  Ovary  2 — 5-celled,  or  by  abortion 
1-celled  after  flowering.  Fruit  a  berry  or  drupe. 

1.  SAMBUCUS,  Pliny  (ELDEB).  Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  stout 
thick  and  very  pithy  shoots  and  branches,  and  pinnate  foliage;  leaflets 
5 — 11,  serrate;  young  shoots  and  foliage  heavy-scented.  Flowers  small, 
white  or  cream-color,  very  many,  in  compound  cymes  at  the  ends  of 
terminal  and  lateral  shoots.  Calyx  with  5  minute  teeth.  Corolla  rotate, 
5-lobed.  Stamens  5.  Stigmas  and  ovary-cells  3—5.  Fruits  of  the 
nature  of  drupelets,  though  berry-like,  each  with  3  (rarely  4  or  5)  separate 
seed-like  nutlets;  each  witb  a  single  seed. 


CAPRI  FOLIAGES.  163 

*  Berries  without  bloom;  shrubs  flowering  in  early  spring. 

1.  S.  maritima,   Greene.    Arborescent,   10—25  ft.  high,  clustered, 
and  each  of  the  several  trunks  often  a  foot  in  diameter;  bark  light  brown, 
more  flaky  than  fissured;  pith  of  shoots  white:  young  twigs  and  foliage 
pubescent  with  sparse  stiff  short  somewhat  retrorse  hairs:  young  leaves 
with  free  ligulate  callous-tipped  stipules  1—3  lines  long:  leaflets  2 — 5 
pairs,  often  with  conspicuous  false  stipellse,  or  the  later  leaves  on 
vigorous  shoots  completely  bipinnate,  the  ordinary  leaflets  from  oval  to 
oblong-lanceolate,  abruptly  acuminate,  closely  and  rather  deeply  serrate, 
thin:    cymes  rather  small  but  flat-topped:    corolla  white:  fr.    black, 
without  bloom. — Rare  or  local  shrub  of  the  bay  shore  at  Shell  Mound. 

2.  S.  callicarpa,  Greene.     Near  the  preceding,  but  not  as  large; 
bark  darker    and  fissured;    cymes   small,  not  flat-topped,   rather   low- 
pyramidal:  fr.  scarlet. — Common  along  mountain  streams. 

*  *  Berries  blue  with  a  dense  bloom;  shrub  flowering  in  summer. 

3.  S.  glauca,  Nutt.     Aborescent,  often  30  ft.  high,  the  solitary  trunk 
a  foot  thick,  covered  with  a  dark  close  very  distinctly  and  rather  finely 
fissured  bark:  twigs  long  and  slender;  leaves  exstipulate,  coriaceous, 
glabrous;  leaflets  3—5  pairs,  lanceolate,   acuminate,  sharply  serrulate, 
seldom  or  never  divided :  cymes  large,  flat:  fl.   white:  fr.   blue  with  a 
dense  bloom  but  black  beneath  it. — Common  in  rather  dry  and  sparsely 
wooded  ravines  or  in  open  fields. 

2.  SYM PHOBIC ARPOS,  Dillenius  (SNOWBEBEY).  Low  branching 
shrubs.  Leaves  small,  membranaceous,  mostly  entire.  Flowers  small, 
axillary  and  terminal,  solitary  or  in  dense  spicate  clusters,  white  or 
pinkish.  Calyx  with  globular  or  oblong  tube  and  4— 5-toothed  persist- 
ent limb.  Corolla  short  campanulate,  slightly  gibbous,  4— 5-lobed. 
Stamens  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  corolla  and  as  many  as  its  lobes. 
Ovary  4-celled;  2  cells  containing  a  few  sterile  ovules,  the  other  2  each 
with  a  single  suspended  ovule.  Fruit  globose,  berry-like,  containing 
two  seed-like  smooth  1-seeded  nutlets. 

1.  S.  racemosus,  Michx.     Usually  3— 4  ft.  high,  slender,  with  spread- 
ing branches:  leaves  round-oval  to  oblong,  1  in.  long,  glabrous  above, 
pubescent  along  the  veins  beneath:  axillary  clusters  mostly  few-flowered, 
the  lowest  1-flowered:  corolla  reddish  or  pinkish,  2  lines  long,  slightly 
gibbous,  moderately  villous  within,  cleft  above  the  middle:  fr.  %~%  in. 
thick,  subglobose,  snow-white. — On  banks  of  streams  in  shady  places 
almost  everywhere  in  the  Coast  Range.     Fl.  May;  fr.  Oct. 

2.  S.  filial  us,  Nutt.  (?).     Low   and  diffuse,  seldom   1  ft.  high,   with 
many  very  slender  but  rather  rigid  leafy  branches,  and  few-flowered 
clusters:  leaves  oval,  obtuse,  ^— M  in-  long,  glabrous  above,  pubescent 
along  the  veins  beneath,  the  margin  rather  densely  ciliate:  corolla 


164  CAPRIFOLIACE.E. 

rose-red,  2  lines  long,  slightly  gibbous,  cleft  to  the  middle  or  more 
deeply,  scarcely  villous  within:  fr.  small,  globose,  snow-white. — Common 
in  the  Oakland  Hills  on  northward  slopes.  Fl.  May.  fr.  July. 

3.  DISTEGIA,  Raf.     Stems  erect.    Leaves  membranaceous.    Flowers 
in  pairs  on  an  axillary  peduncle,  each  pair  closely  subtended  by  a  pair 
of  ample  foliaceous  bracts.    Corolla  salverform  or  funnelform,  gibbous 
at  base.    Berries  approximate  but  distinct,  black  when  ripe,  their  sub- 
tending bracts  then  dark  red,  more  or  less  reflexed. 

1.  D.  Ledebourii  (Each.).  Stoutish,  5-15  ft.  high,  often  with  the 
very  long  sarmentose  branches  reclining  on  other  shrubs  or  small  trees : 
leaves :  corolla  strongly  gibbous  at  base,  strictly  salverform  above  the  gib- 
bosity, the  short  rounded  lobes  spreading  abruptly,  the  whole  almost 
scarlet  without,  yellow  within. — Common  along  streams  throughout 
western  California,  ranging  northward  far  beyond  our  borders. 

4.  CAPRIFOLIUM,  Brunfels  (HONEYSUCKLE).    Trailing  or  climbing 
shrubs,  with  subcoriaceous  leaves  occasionally  stipulate,  the  upper  pairs 
usually  connate-perfoliate.     Flowers  larger  and  showy,  verticillate-spicate 
at  the  ends  of  the  branches.    Calyx-limb  small  and  5-toothed,  or  obsolete. 
Corolla  bilabiate.     Stamens  5,  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla.    Ovary  2—3- 
celled,  becoming  a  few-seeded  red  or  yellow  berry. 

1.  C.  hispid  u  In  in,  Lindl.,  var.  Californicnm,  Greene.    Twining,  10 
— 25  ft.  high,  the  ultimate  branches  often  a  yard  or  two  in  length  and 
drooping,  hispidulous  and  somewhat  glandular  as  to  the  upper  portion 
and  about  the  inflorescence;  leaves  ovate-oblong  or  elliptical,  acutish,  1 
— 3  in.   long,  the  lower  pair  without  stipules,  the  intermediate  with 
broadly  ovate  stipular  appendages  often   %  in.  long  and  as  broad,  the 
one  or  two  floral  pairs  connate,  all  very  glaucous  beneath,  pale   and 
glaucescent  above:  spikes  1 — 5,  each  with  3 — 6  whorls  of  pink  flowers: 
corolla  hispidulous,  %— %  in.  long;  anthers  exserted,  narrowly  linear, 
2>£  lines  long.  —Common  in  moist  ravines  and  on  shady  banks,  climbing 
over  small  trees,  along  the  seaboard  chiefly.    May — July. 

2.  C.  interruptum  (Benth.),  Greene.    Stoutish,  erect  and  bushy,  4— 
7  ft.  high,  less  disposed  to  twine  or  climb;  bark  of    branches  white  and 
almost  shining,  glabrous:  leaves  of  a  very  pallid  hue,  white-glaucous 
beneath,  glaucescent  above,  1  in.  or  more  in  breadth,  mostly  orbicular 
or  round-ovate,  never  stipulate,  several  of  the  uppermost  pairs  connate: 
fl.  numerous,  in  several  interrupted  spikes,  corolla   %  in.  long,  yellow, 
glabrous. — Common  on  bushy  hills  of  the  inner  Coast  Ranges. 


RUBIACEJE.  165 

ORDER  LV.      R  U  B  I  A  C  E  ^E  . 

Our  species  herbs  (Cephalanlhus  and  some  species  of  Galium  shrubby) 
with  opposite  or  verticillate  mostly  exstipulate  entire  leaves,  and  4- 
merous  perfect  (or  often  dioecious)  flowers.  Calyx-limb  obsolete,  or  of  4 
teeth.  Stamens  distinct,  alternate  with  the  corolla-lobes  and  inserted  on 
its  throat  or  tube.  Ovary  2— 4-celled,  with  a  solitary  ovule  in  each  cell. 
Fruit  indehiscent,  dry  or  baccate. 

1.  CEPHALANTHUS,  Linn.  (BUTTON-BUSH).  Shrubs  with  oppo- 
site or  ternate  leaves,  and  flowers  in  dense  globose  terminal  and  axillary 
peduncled  heads.  Calyx  inverse-pyramidal,  5-toothed.  Corolla  with 
long  slender  tube  and  small  4-cleft  limb.  Stamens  4,  short,  on  the 
throat  of  the  corolla.  Style  slender,  long-exserted;  stigma  capitate; 
ovary  2-celled.  Fruit  achene-like,  1 — 2 -seeded. 

1.  C.   occidentalis,  L.    Shrub  or  small  tree,  with  ovate -lanceolate 
leaves  3—5  in.  long,  rather  glossy  above,  often  more  or  less  pubescent: 
fl.  white,  in  heads  1  in.  thick,  these  solitary  or  few  or  several  toward  the 
ends  of  the  branches. — River  banks  of  the  interior,  especially  of  the 
lower  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin.    June— August. 

2.  SHERARDIA,  Dillenius.    Annual,  slender,  rough,  with  angular 
stem,  and  exstipulate  leaves  in  verticels  of  6.    Flowers  umbellate.     Calyx- 
limb  of  4—6  accrescent  teeth.     Corolla  salverform,  with  a  slender  tube 
and  4-cleft  limb.     Stamens  4.     Fruit  of  2  dry  indehiscent  1-seeded  car- 
pels, crowned  by  the  calyx-teeth,  separating  when  ripe. 

1.  S.  ARVENSIS,  L.  About  3 — 6  in.  high,  hispidulous-roughened  or 
nearly  glabrous:  leaves  obovate-lanceolate,  acute:  fl.  in  small  subsessile 
umbellate  cymes :  corolla  bluish. — Berkeley. 

3.  GALIUM,  Diosc.  (BEDSTRAW.    CLEAVERS).    Herbaceous  or  suffru- 
tescent,  with  slender  angular  stems,  verticillate  leaves  without  stipules, 
and  small  cymose  flowers.     Calyx-limb  obsolete.    Corolla  rotate,  4-parted. 
Stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes,  short.     Styles  2,  short:  stigmas 
capitate:  ovary  2-lobed,  2-celled,  2-ovuled.    Fruit  didymous  (biglobular), 
dry  or  fleshy,  separating  into  2  close  1-seeded  carpels  which  are  inde- 
hiscent, and  glabrous,  hispid,  or  hirsute. 

*  Fruit  dry  when  ripe. 
H—  Annuals. 

1.  G.  SPURIUM,  L.  Branching  chiefly  from  the  base;  diffuse,  1—2  ft. 
high,  glabrous  except  the  retrorsely  scabrous  angles  of  the  stem  and 
veins  and  margins  of  the  leaves:  leaves  6—8  in  the  whorl,  linear-oblan- 
ceolate,  cuspidate:  fl.  3-9  in  axillary  umbellate  cymes;  corolla  pale 
green,  the  segments  acuminate:  pedicels  recurved  after  flowering:  fruit 


166  RUBIACE^E. 

large,  coarsely  tuberculate,  more  or  less  uncinate-hispid.— Mostly  in  the 
mountains  back  from  the  seaboard;  less  common  than  the  next. 

2.  G.  APARINE,  L.     Taller  and  more  slender,  3—5  ft.  high  (or  often 
only  a  few  inches),  climbing  by  the  retrorse  prickliness  of  the  angles 
and  leaf-margins:  corolla  minute,  white :  pedicels  straight  in  fruit:  surface 
of  carpel  smooth  but  densely  uncinate-hispid. — Very  common  in  shady 
or  open  places  in  woods  and  along  the  salt  marshes. 

3.  G.     ANGLICUM,  Huds.     Slender,  erect  or  diffuse,  glabrous,  but 
with  small  hooked  prickles  on  the  angles  of  the  stem :  leaves  firm,  mostly 
6  to  the  whorl,  narrowly  oblanceolate,  rough  on  the  margins  with  minute 
prickles:  fl.  greenish-white  in  small  cymes:  fr.  small,  glabrous,  granulate 
with  small  tubercles.— Plentiful  in  certain  wooded  districts  in  Sonoma 
Co.,  Biolelti. 

•*-  -t—  Perennials. 

4.  G.  triflorum,  Michx.     Stem  flaccid,  1  ft.  long  or  more,  reclining 
or  at  least  decumbent,  retrorsely  aculeate-scabrous  on  the  angles,  or 
smoothish:  leaves  in  sixes,  thin,  elliptic-lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends,  or 
cuspidate-acuminate,  the  margins  and  often  the  midrib  beneath  beset, 
with  very  short  usually  retrorse  and  hooked  prickles:  peduncles  few, 
once  or  twice  3-forked;  pedicels  divergent;  corolla  greenish:  fr.  hirsute 
with  slender    hooked  bristles,  or  when   ripe  merely   roughened. — In 
woods;  not  common. 

5.  G.  trifldum,  L.     Erect  or  reclining,  rather  slender,  5—20  in.  high, 
glabrous,  except  the  retrorsely  scabrous  angles  of  the  stem,  and  the 
more  hispidulous  but  sparse  roughness  of  the  margins  of  the  leaves  and 
the  midrib  beneath:  leaves  (in  our  forms)  usually  in  fours  or  fives,  linear 
or  oblanceolate,  or  lanceolate-oblong,  obtuse,  4—7  lines  long:  peduncles 
slender,  scattered,  1— several-flowered:  fl.  minute,  white,  often  3-merous: 
fr.  small,  smooth,  glabrous. — In  wet  grounds. 

•*  *  Fruit  fleshy,  berry-like. 

6.  G.  Calif  or  nicum,  Hook.  &  Arn.    Herbaceous  from  slender  creeping 
rootstocks,  in  low  tufts,  or  diffuse  with  slender  stems  a  foot  long,  hispid 
or  hirsute,  rarely  glabrate  in  age:  leaves  thinnish,  ovate  or  oval,  apiculate- 
acuminate,  .% — /^  in.   long,  margins    and  midrib  hispid-ciliolate :    fr. 
blackish,  glabrous,  on  recurved  pedicels. — In  shady  places. 

7.  G.  Nuttallii,  Gray.     Suffrutescent,  tall  and  climbing,  often  3—4 
ft.   high,  mostly  glabrous,  except  the  minutely  aculeolate-hispidulous 
angles  of  stems  and  margins  of  leaves,  these  also  sometimes  naked: 
leaves  small,  oval  to  linear-oblong,  mucronate,  mucronulate,  or  obtuse: 
fr.  smooth  and  glabrous,  purple. — In  thickets. 

8.  G.  Andrews!!,  Gray.     Small  and  densely  matted;  nearly  or  quite 
glabrous,  the  herbage  bright  green  and  shining:  leaves  crowded,  ace  rose- 


VALERIANE.E.  167 

subulate,  either  naked  or  sparsely  spinulose-ciliate,  2—4  lines  long: 
fl.  dio3cious,  the  sterile  in  few-flowered  terminal  cymes;  fertile  solitary, 
subtended  by  a  whorl  of  leaves  which  are  longer  than  the  deflexed 
fruiting  pedicel:  berry  smooth,  blackish.— Dry  summits  of  Mt.  Diablo, 
Mt.  Hamilton,  etc. 

OBDEB  LVI.     VALERIANE>£, 

Herbs  with  opposite  leaves,  no  stipules,  and  mostly  complete  flowers, 
in  a  cymose  or  thyrsoid  inflorescence.  Calyx-tube  adherent  to  the 
ovary;  limb  either  obsolete,  or  composed  of  teeth  which  develop  as  a 
pappus  or  feathery  crown  upon  the  fruit.  Corolla  more  or  less  irregular; 
the  limb  bilabiate,  the  lobes  imbricate  in  bud.  Stamens  1 — 3,  epipetalous. 
Filaments  and  style  filiform;  stigma  undivided  and  truncate,  or  minutely 
3-cleft.  Fruit  an  achene;  seed  pendulous. 

1.  YALERIANELLA,  Vaiilanl.  Rather  small  spring  annuals,  with 
small  pinkish  flowers  in  cymes  which  form  a  more  or  less  interrupted 
thyrsiform  terminal  inflorescence.  Corolla  more  or  less  bilabiate, 
spurred  or  gibbous  at  base.  Calyx-limb  none,  therefore  no  pappus  to 
the  variously  winged  often  meniscoid  glabrous  or  pubescent  fruit. 

1.  V.  macrocera  (T.  &  G.),  Gray.    Corolla  only  a  line  long,  with 
spur  sometimes  as  long  as  the  body,  sometimes  shorter;  limb  somewhat 
equally  spreading,  hardly  bilabiate,  or  equally  4-lobed  and  the  posterior 
lobe  emarginate-bifid :  fr.  glabrous  or  puberulent,  obtuse  or  lightly  lineate- 
sulcate  on  the  dorsal  angle,  the  broad  wing,  circumscribing  the  ventral 
face  of  the  achene,  spreading  or  incurved. — On  hillsides.    April— June. 

2.  V.   congesta,   Lindl.    Corolla  3—4  lines    long,  with    obviously 
bilabiate  5-cleft  limb,  the  lobes  oblong,  obtuse;  tube  very  gibbous, 
spurred  at  base,  the  spur  short,  arcuate,  obtuse :  fr.  pubescent,  the  keel 
prominent,  obtuse,  circumscribing  ventral-face  wing  broad,  involute. — 
Common  on  dry  hills,  or  in  shady  places. — April,  May. 

3.  Y.  samolifolia  (DC.),  Gray.    Corolla  a  line  long,  obscurely  bilabiate, 
with  short  obconic-saccate  spur:  fr.  triquetrous,  wholly  destitute  of  wing, 
glabrous    or    a  little    pubescent. — Near  the  coast,  from  Sonoma    Co- 
northward. 

OBDEB  LVII.     D  I  P  S  A  C  E  /£  . 

Herbs  with  opposite  leaves,  and  flowers  in  dense  involucrate  peduncled 
heads;  each  flower  in  the  head  enclosed  within  a  tubular  involucel  and 
subtended  by  a  bract.  Calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  ovary;  limb  entire, 
or  toothed,  or  with  bristle-like  segments  that  persist  upon  the  fruit. 
Corolla  inserted  at  summit  of  calyx-tube,  4-  or  5-lobed.  Stamens  4, 
epipetalous,  alternate  with  the  corolla  lobes.  Style  filiform;  stigma 
simple,  longitudinal  or  subcapitate.  Fruit  achene-like,  crowned  with 
the  calyx-limb,  1  seeded.  Seed  pendulous;  albumen  fleshy. 


168  COMPOSITE. 

1.  DIPSACUS,  Diosc., (TEASEL).  Tall  coarse  biennials  with  muricate 
or  prickly  stem  and  foliage;  the  cauline  leaves  connate.  Involucre  of 
rigid  spreading  unequal  bracts;  bracts  of  receptacle  rigid,  acuminate. 
Involucel  sessile,  4-angled,  8-ribbed,  terminated  by  4  short  teeth.  Calyx- 
limb  cup-shaped,  quadrate  or  4-lobed.  Corolla  funnelform,  4-cleft. 

1.  D.  fu  1 1  on  11  m,  Mill.     Stout,  erect,  very  rough  with  short  prickles, 
4 — 6  ft.  high;  radical  leaves  8—12  in.  long,  elliptic-lanceolate,  arcuate; 
cauline  connate-perf oliate :  heads  large,  ovoid  or  oblong,  on  stout  naked 
peduncles:  bracts  of  receptacle  riyid,  recurved  at  the  tips,  as  long  as  the 
flesh-colored  corollas:  stamens  exserted. — Very  common  coarse  weed  in 
low  lands  of  Alameda  and  Contra  Costa  counties. 

2.  SCABIOSA,   Brunfels.    Soft    unarmed    plants,    with    peduncled 
globose  or  hemispherical  heads,  the  flowers  of  the  outer  circle  often 
larger  than  the  others.    Receptacle  bearing  hairs  or  soft  scales  among 
the  flowers.    Calyx-limb  a  cup-shaped  border  with  4  or  more  teeth  or 
bristles.     Corolla  funnelform  or  salverform,  often  slightly  irregular. 

1.  S.  ATROPURPUREA,  L.  Suffrutescent,  freely  branching,  2 — 3  ft. 
high:  radical  leaves  lyrate;  cauline  pinnate,  the  segments  oblong, 
toothed  or  incised:  heads  low  hemispherical,  in  fr.  ovate:  corollas  dark 
fnaroon  to  rose-purple,  flesh-color,  and  white,  the  outer  circle  of  them 
larger  and  exceeding  the  involucre;  calyx-limb  pedicellate,  in  fruit 
bearing  5  pappus-like  bristles  — An  escape  from  the  gardens  of  old- 
fashioned  flowers,  and  become  a  luxuriant  street  and  wayside  weed  in 
various  sections  about  the  Bay.  The  almost  black  flowers  of  one  variety 
have  given  rise  to  the  common  name  Mourning  Bride. 

ORDER  LVIII.     COMPOSITE. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  watery  or  resinous  (never  milky)  juice,  foliage 
various,  the  individual  flowers  small,  in  dense  closely  involucrate  heads, 
the  head  often  resembling  a  simple  flower.  Calyx  wholly  or  partially 
adherent  to  the  1-celled,  1-ovuled  ovary;  the  limb  represented,  if  at  all, 
by  one  or  more  scales,  awns  or  bristles  called  the  pappus.  Corollas  tub- 
ular, palmatifid  or  ligulate;  the  tubular  ones  4 — 5-toothed  or  -cleft,  often 
called  disk-corollas;  the  ligulate  commonly  toothed  at  apex,  known  as 
the  ray-corollas.  Stamens  mostly  5,  syngenesious,  their  anthers  thus 
forming  a  tube  around  the  style.  Pollen-grains  globose,  echinate. 
Style  in  all  fertile  flowers  2-cleft  at  summit  (except  in  one  suborder), 
stigmatose  on  the  margin,  the  upper  portion  of  the  forks  usually  not 
stigmatose,  often  variously  hairy  or  appendaged.  Fruit  1-seeded,  inde- 
hiscent,  commonly  crowned  by  its  pappus  of  capillary  or  plumose 
bristles,  or  of  scarious  scales;  at  the  insertion  on  the  common  receptacle 
often  subtended  by  a  bract;  this  collection  called  the  chaff:  the  recepta- 


EUPATORIACE.E.  169 

cle  described  as  naked  when  the  chaff  is  wanting:  the  surface  of  the 
receptacle  being  diagnosed  as  alveolate,  foveolale,  or  merely  areolale, 
according  as  the  insertion  of  the  achenes  forms  deeper  or  shallower 
depressions;  or  fimbrillate  when  the  receptacle  around  these  scars  rises 
in  teeth,  or  awns.  —  Our  largest  natural  order,  so-called,  of  flowering 
plants;  the  genera  and  species  most  conveniently  considered  under 
subordinal,  natural,  by  not  easily  definable  groups. 

Rays  none;  style  branches  elongated,  usually  clavate-thickened  upward  and  obtuse: 
stigmatic  only  below  the  middle  ............................  1  .  EU  P  ATO  RI  ACE.*. 

Rays  usually  present;  anthers  not  caadate;  style-branches  of  perfect  flowers  flattened, 
and  with  a  distinct  terminal  appendage  ..........................  2.  ASTER  ACE^E. 

Rayb  none;  anthers  caudate;  style-branches  of  perfect  flowers  with  no  appendage, 
the  stigmatic  lines  reaching  almost  to  the  naked  truncate  or  obtuse  summit. 


Rays  none;  fertile  fl.  apetalous  or  nearly  so;  the  staminate  involucres  forming  a 
raceme  above  the  axillary  pistillate  one;  pappus  none  .......  4.  AMBROSIACEJE. 

Rays  seldom  wanting;  anthers  not  caudate;  involucre  not  scarious;  receptacle 
chaffy;  pappus  never  of  capillary  bristles  .................  5.  HEI<IAXTHA<JE^E. 

Rays  present,  fertile,  the  achenes  of  each  more  or  less  enfolded  by  its  involucral 
bract;  receptacle  chaffy,  style-branches  subulate,  hispid  ...........  6.  MAI>IACEzE. 

Rays  present;  receptacle  naked,  or  merely  fimbrillate;  pappus  paleaceous  or  aristi- 
form.or  when  bristly  rigid  ...................................  7.  II  i:  M:\  I  O  I  I»  I  1  . 

Anthers  not  caudate;  bracts  of  involucre  more  or  less  scarious;  style-branches 
truncate;  pappus  a  scarious  crown,  or  a  circle  of  small  scales,  or  wanting. 

...........................................................  S.  AUTTHEMIDE^E. 

Anthers  not  caudate;  receptacle  naked;  involucres  not  imbricated,  mostly  cylin- 
drical, the  bracts  not  scarious;  pappus  of  many  soft-capillary  bristles. 

........................................................  9.  si:\r.<  IOMIM:  i: 

Rays  none;  anthers  caudate;  style  branches  united,  stigmatic  to  the  obtuse  summit, 

smooth  and  naked,  but  often  with  a  pubescent  node  below;  receptacle  densely  setose. 

...................................................  1C.  CYNAROCEPHAL,^. 

Subordor  1.    EUPATOKIACE^E. 

Heads  rayless.  Corollas  all  tubular  and  regular,  never  yellow,  though 
sometimes  cream-color.  Anthers  without  tails.  Style  branches  elongated, 
usually  clavate,  minutely  papillose  or  puberulent,  the  stigmatic  lines  only 
near  the  base. 

Achenes  4-angled;  pappus  partly  squamellate  .......................  TRICHOCORONIS  1 

Achenes  10-striate;  pappus  a  single  series  of  scabrous  bristles  .....  COLEOSANTHUS  2 

1.  TKICHOCORONIS,  A.  Gray.  Weak  and  flaccid  fibrous-rooted 
perennial  of  muddy  shores.  Leaves  opposite  or  attenuate,  sessile. 
Heads  few,  peduncled,  terminating  somewhat  corymbose  branches. 
Flowers  flesh-color.  Style-branches  scarcely  clavate;  rather  linear  and 
flattish.  Pappus  of  small  awns  and  intervening  palese. 

1.  T,  riparia,  Greene.  Stems  assurgent,  hardly  a  foot  high, 
sparsely  pubescent:  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  remotely  serrate,  slightly 


170  COMPOSITE. 

auricled  at  base:  heads  2^  lines  broad:  achenes  %  line  long,  sharply 
4-angled,  the  sides  dark  brown,  the  angles  hispid-ciliolate  toward  the 
summit;  pappus  of  4  barbellate  bristles  and  as  many  intervening  minute 
fimbriate-lacerate  scales. — Banks  of  the  lower  San  Joaquin;  perhaps  not 
within  our  range. 

2.  COLEOSANTHUS,  Cassini.  Perennial,  often  suffrutescent.  In- 
florescence of  terminal  and  subterminal  short  clusters  of  narrow  heads. 
Involucre  of  striate-nerved  scales,  the  outer  shorter.  Corollas  slender, 
5-toothed.  Style  bulbous  at  base.  Achenes  10-striate  or  -ribbed.  Pap- 
pus of  numerous  but  uniserial  scabrous  or  barbellate  bristles. 

1.  C.  Californicus  (T.  &  G.),  O.  Ktze.  Shrubby  at  base,  2—3  ft.  high, 
paniculately  branching:  leaves  alternate,  broadly  ovate  or  triangular, 
irregularly  crenate- toothed,  about  1  in.  long,  3-ribbed  and  roughish, 
and,  with  the  whole  plant,  somewhat  glandular-puberulent,  heads  spicate 
or  racemose  along  the  leafy  branches,  mostly  nodding,  %  in.  long,  10 — 
15-flowered:  scales  of  involucre  with  mostly  obtuse  straight  tips. — 
Usually  along  stream  banks,  in  gravelly  places,  and  chiefly  in  the  inner 
Coast  Eanges.  Sept.— Dec. 

Suborder  2.    ASTERACE^E. 

Plants  with  a  watery  (never  balsamic)  juice,  destitute  of  aromatic  and 
bitter  qualities,  the  leaves  and  heads  only,  in  some,  resinous.  Leaves 
mostly  alternate.  Receptacle  seldom  chaffy.  Anthers  obtuse  and  entire, 
or  only  emarginate  at  base.  Style-branches  not  clavate,  often  with  fili- 
form, or  shorter  and  broader,  papillose  or  hispid  appendage.  Pappus  in 
most  of  ours  of  rather  firm  scabrous  bristles.  Disk-flowers  yellow,  in 
some  of  the  genera  with  cyanic  rays  changing  to  red  or  purple. 

*  Flowers  of  both  ray  and  disk  permanently  yellow. 

Pappus  of  several  short  scales XANTHOCEPHALTTM  3 

Pappus  of  a  few  stout  deciduous  awns GRINDELIA  4 

Pappus  of  many  and  persistent  slender  bristles; 
Heads  with  ligulate  ray  flowers; 

Heads  few,  %  in.  high,  somewhat  spicate PYREOCOMA  5 

Heads  many,  panicled; 

Ray-achenes  with  no  pappus HETEROTHECA         6 

All  the  achenes  pappose  \  PaPP™  double CHRYSOPSIS 

( pappus  simple ERICAMERIA 

Heads  solitary,  peduncled;  pappus  soft,  white STENQTUS 

Heads  very  small  \  corymboee:  achenes  silky EUTHAMIA  11 

'•  panicled;  achenes  not  silky SOLIDAGO  12 

Heads  with  palmatifid  ray-corollas LESSINGIA  15 

Heads  with  no  ray-corollas; 

Corollas  ventricose ISOCOMA  10 

Corollas  not  ventricose; 

Shrubs,  with  corymbose  small  heads ERICAMERIA  9 

Herbs,  with  larger  heads CHRYSOPSIS  7 


ASTERACE.E.  171 

*  *  Ray-corollas  when  present  not  yellow. 

Pappus  of  3—5  bristles PENTACH^TA  13 

Pappus  none;  herb  acaulescent BELLIS  14 

Pappus  of  many  reddish  or  tawny  bristles; 

Ray-corollas  palmatifid LESSINGIA  15 

Ray-corollas  ligulate;  style-tips  very  bristly CORETHROGYNE  16 

Pappus  of  many  dull-white  bristles; 

Rays  20— 30;  pappus  copious A.STER  17 

Rays  100  or  more  (orO);  pappus  scanty ERIGERON  18 

Pappus  very  copious;  rays  0;  plants  dkecious BACCHARIS  19 

3.  XlffTHOCEPHALUM,  Willd.    Nearly  glabrous,  somewhat  resin- 
iferous  freely  branching  herbaceous  or  suffrutescent  plants.     Leaves 
alternate,  narrow,  entire.     Heads  small,    spherical,  hemispherical,   or 
narrower,  usually,  corymbosely  arranged  at  summit  of  stem  and  branches. 
Involucral  bracts  coriaceous.,  the  outer  successively  shorter,  often  with 
greenish  but  usually  appressed  tips.     Flowers  of  both  ray  and  disk 
permanently  yellow.    Style  app'endages    slender.    Achenes  angled    or 
striate,  mostly  silky.    Pappus  minute,  paleaceous  or  coroniform. 

1.  X.  Californicum  (DC.).  Stems  tufted,  ascending  from  a  woody 
base,  1}4  ft-  high*  loosely  paniculate:  leaves  linear,  acute,  scabrous: 
heads  few,  solitary  or  in  pairs  or  threes  at  the  ends  of  the  branchlets, 
turbinate  or  obovate,  3  lines  high;  fl.  of  disk  and  ray  each  8 — 10:  achenes 
densely  silky:  pappus  of  about  12  unequal  acutish  scales,  none  longer 
than  the  achene. — Marin  Co.,  and  Oakland  Hills.  June — September. 

4.  GRINDELIA,  Willd.    Coarse  herbs  or  suffrutescent  plants,  with 
sessile  rigid  mostly  serrate  leaves,  and  rather  large  hemispherical  heads 
terminating  corymbose  branches.    Bracts  of  involucre  imbricated  in 
many  series,  with  usually  narrow  herbaceous  squarrose-recurved  tips. 
Flowers  of  both  disk  and  ray  very  numerous,  permanently  yellow. 
Style-appendages  lanceolate  or  linear.    Achenes  short,  thick,  compressed 
or  turgid,  truncate,  glabrous.    Pappus  of  2—8  deciduous  stout  awns  or 
bristles. 

*  Herbaceous  perennials,  flowering  in  early  summer. 

1.  G»  camporum.    Stems  white  and  shining,  tufted  from  a  perennial 
root,  2  ft.  high,  glabrous,  very  leafy  up  to  the  loosely  corymbose  heads,  even 
the   branches   of  the  corymb  conspicuously  leaf y-br acted;  radical   leaves 
almost  wanting,  cauline    oblanceolate-spatulate,  sessile  and  clasping, 
2  in.  long,  saliently  serrate-toothed;  bracts  of  flowering  branches  nearly 
entire,  spreading,  involucres   ^ — %  in.  wide,  their  bracts   with  long 
linear  recurved  tips:  ray-achenes  obscurely  triquetrous,  with  3  or  more 
pappus-awns;  disk-achenes  compressed,  obliquely  biauriculate  or  uni- 
dentate  at  summit,  and  with  pappus  of  2  bristles. — Common  on  rich 
plains  east  of  the  Mt.  Diablo  Kange.    June— September. 

2.  G.  rubricaulis,  DC.    Bather  slender,  ascending,  2  ft.  high,  stems 
from    brownish    to    dull    red,   herbage    scarcely  glutinous,    roughish- 


172 


COMPOSITE. 


pubescent  or  even  somewhat  hirsute:  radical  leaves  numerous,  tufted, 
oblanceolate,  coarsely  serrate;  cauline  reduced,  few  and  remote:  heads 
solitary  or  few,  nodding  in  the  bud:  inner  bracts  of  involucre  closely 
imbricated  and  very  glutinous,  without  spreading  tips:  achenes  mostly 
thin  and  flat,  with  obcordate  summit  and  only  2  pappus-awns.  Var. 
maritima,  Greene.  Stouter,  often  depressed;  leaves  broader,  firmer: 
pappus-awns  2—5,  compressed,  barbellate-scabrous  on  the  margins. — 
Open  glades  among  the  wooded  hills;  the  variety  on  bluffs  near  the  sea. 

3.  G.  pal  ens,  Greene.    Foliage  and  pubescence  of  the  preceding, 
nearly,  but  stem  stouter,  erect,  the  flowering  branches  at  no  stage  nodding 
at  summit;  heads  larger,  %—  1  in.  broad;  bracts  of  involucre  mostly  linear  - 
or  lanceolate-foliaceous,  straight  and  widely  spreading,  some  of  the  inner 
with  shorter  and  recurved  tips:  disk-achenes  with  obcordate  summit 
and  only  2  awns. — Hillsides  and  plains  about  San  Francisco  Bay. 

*  *  Late-xstival  and  autumnal  species 
•»— Herbaceous  perennial. 

4.  G.  procera.    Strictly  erect,  5—7  ft.  high,  simple  up  to  the  corym- 
bose-paniculate summit,   the  stout  while   stem   scabro-puberulent,   plant 
otherwise    glabrous,  slightly  glutinous:  lower  leaves  unknown;  upper 
cauline  lanceolate,   attenuate-acute,    entire,  2 — 3  in.   long;    involucres 
small,  low-hemispherical;  bracts  with  appressed  base  and  short  slender 
recurved  tips:  rays  short:  pappus-awns  2. — Bottom  lands  of  the  lower 
San  Joaquin,  in  places  inundated  in  spring  and   early  summer. 

-»-  -i—  Suffrutescent  species. 

5.  0.  cmieifolia,  Nutt.    Bushy,  2—4  ft.  high,  glabrous:  leaves  thick- 
ish  and  rather  fleshy,  3—4  in.  long,  cuneate-spatulate  to  linear- oblong, 
entire  or  sharply  denticulate,  clasping  though  not  auricled  at  the  broad 
base;  involucre  %  in.   high,  glutinous,  the  bracts  all  with  squarrose 
green  tips :  pappus-awns  usually  several,  compressed,  barbellulate. — 
Borders  of  salt  marshes  and   along  tidal  sloughs  about  S.  F.  Bay  and 
southward  along  the  coast.    August — December. 

6.  G.  palndosa.     About  5  ft.  high,  sterile  leafy  shoots  a  foot  high,  or 
more,  surviving  the  winter,  the  plant  otherwise  herbaceous:  herbage 
glabrous  except  the  scabrous-ciliolate  leaf -margins;  only  the  involucres 
glutinous :  leaves  slightly  fleshy,  oblong-lanceolate  to  spatulate-oblong, 
2 — 3  in.  long,  conspicuously  serrate,  at  least  those  of  sterile  shoots  with  a 
broad  cordate-clasping  base,  the  lobes  surrounding  the   stem:  involucre 
squarrose:    achenes  with  prominent  turgid  angles,   those  of  the  ray 
triquetrous,  of  the  disk  compressed:  awns  2  only,  even  in  the  ray,  stout, 
strongly    flattened.— Abundant   in  brackish  marshes  of  Suisun    Bay. 
August  -October. 


ASTERACE.3E.  173 

5.  PYRROCOMA,  Hook.    Rigid    perennial   herbs,    with    coriaceous 
mostly  radical  leaves  from  a  fusiform  caudex.     Stems  leafy-bracted, 
bearing  racemose  or  panicled  middle  sized  heads.     Bracts  of  hemispher- 
ical involucre  many,  rigid,  with  herbaceous  more  or  less  squarrose  tips. 
Flowers  yellow;  those  of  the  ray  rather  numerous,  short,  pistillate;  of 
the  disk  tubular,  slightly  dilated  upwards.     Style- appendages  subulate- 
linear,  pubescent.     Achenes  more  or  less  flattened  and  striate,  glabrous 
or  pubescent.     Pappus  of  copious  reddish  or  brownish  slender  but  rigid 
unequal  bristles. 

1.  P.  elata.  Stout,  erect,  1 — 3  ft.  high,  glabrous:  radical  leaves 
long-petioled,  6 — 8  in.  long,  lanceolate,  entire;  cauline  1 — 3  in.,  sessile, 
ascending:  heads  J£  in.  high  and  as  broad,  disposed  in  an  interrupted 
spike  or  narrow  panicle :  involucral  bracts  rigid,  imbricated  in  several 
series,  the  green  tips  acute,  spreading:  achenes  flattened,  closely  cos- 
tate,  pubescent — A  somewhat  rare  plant  of  subsaline  soils  at  Oalistoga 
and  near  San  Jose.  July— October. 

6.  HETEROTHECA,    Cassini.      Tall    hairy    herbs,   with    alternate 
leaves,  and  a  terminal  corymbose  panicle  of  middle-sized  heads.     Invol- 
ucres ovate;  their   bracts  closely  imbricated  in  many  series,  without 
spreading  tips.     Flowers  yellow;  those  of  the  ray  pistillate, 'of  the  disk 
perfect,  the  later  with  ovate  or  lanceolate  style-appendages.     Achenes 
compressed,  pubescent,  those  of  the  ray  thin-triquetrous  with  caducous 
pappus  or  none;  pappus  of  disk  achenes  of  an  outer  series  of  sparse 
short  bristles,  and  an  inner,  more  copious  series  of  longer  ones. 

1.  H.  grandiflora,  Nutt.  Annual  or  biennial,  3—6  ft.  high,  hirsute, 
the  inflorescence  viscid  and  strong-scented  by  a  coat  of  short  gland- 
tipped  hairs:  cauline  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  coarsely  toothed,  partly 
vertical  by  a  twist  in  the  petiole,  this  at  base  bearing  2  stipuliform  lobes : 
involucre  %  in.  high :  ray  achenes  without  pappus,  those  of  the  disk 
with  but  faint  traces  of  the  outer  and  shorter  bristles. — Frequent  along 
railways  in  Contra  Costa  Co.;  an  immigrant  from  S.  Calif.  July— Dec. 

7.  CHRYSOPSIS,  Elliott.    Perennials,  leafy -stemmed  and  of  rather 
low  growth.    Leaves  sessile,  entire  or  nearly  so.    Heads  middle-sized, 
terminating  corymbose  or    fastigiate    branches.     Involucres    ovate  or 
broader,  of  narrow  regularly  imbricated  bracts  in  several  series.     Style- 
appendages  linear-filiform  to  slender-subulate.     Achenes   compressed, 
obovate  to  linear-fusiform;  pappus  fuscous,  of  many  capillary  scabrous 
bristles,  with  or  without  an  outer  series  of  short  bristles  or  palese. 

*  Heads  radiate;  outer  pappus  setose-squamellate. 

1.  C.  sessiliflora,  Nutt.  Slender,  sparsely  pilose-hispid,  viscid-gland- 
ular: leaves  oblanceolate,  sharply  pointed:  corymbose  branches  ending 
in  about  3  subsessile  heads  %  iQ-  high.*  kafy-bracted  at  base:  bracts  of 


174  COMPOSITE. 

involucre  not  pubescent  but  very  viscid-glandular:  achenes  slender- 
fusiform,  silky-pubescent;  outer  pappus  slenderly  squamellate. — Santa 
Clara  Co.,  and  southward.  June. 

2.  C.  Bolanderi,  Gray.    Stoutish,  % — 1  ft.  high;   pubescence  long- 
silky:    heads  few   and    subsessile:    bracts  of  involucre  not    glandular, 
silky-villous :  outer  pappus  of  narrow  palese  nearly  half  as  long  as  the 
achene. — On  stony  hilltops  toward  the  sea;  flowering  in  summer. 

3.  C.  echioides,  Benth.     Rigid,  brittle,  2—3  ft.  high,  often  suffrutes- 
ceiit,  hoary  with  a  dense  hirsute  and  hispid  pubescence:  leaves  rigidulous, 
small:  heads  less  than  %  in.  high,  in  short  fastigiate  corymbs;  bracts 
hirsutulous:  achenes  silky  but  the  hairs  not  appressed:  setulose  outer 
pappus  not  conspicuous. — Sandy  plains,   and  banks  of  streams,  from 
Solano  Co.  southward,  east  of  the  mountains.    Aug. — Oct. 

*  *  Rays  none;  outer  pappus  obsolete. 

4.  C.  rudis.     Erect  or  decumbent,  1 — 3  ft.  high,  rigid,  brittle,  rough- 
hairy  but  not  hoary,  glandular,  heavy-scented:  involucres  in  a  narrow 
leafy  panicle:    bracts  of  involucre  acute,  midrib    prominent,  margin 
scarious:  achenes  oblong,  pubescent;  pappus  copious,  slender,  scabrous, 
seldom  a  trace  of  the  short  outer  series. — Common  along  stream  banks 
in  Napa  Co. ;  heretofore  referred  to  C.  (Ammodia)  Oregana,  from  which 
it  is  altogether  distinct.    July — Oct. 

8.  STENOTUS,  Nult.   Glabrous  resiniferous  evergreen  shrub.   Leaves 
alternate,  linear,  entire.     Heads  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  branches. 
Involucre    hemispherical;   bracts    in    2    or    3    series,  membranaceous, 
scarious-margined,  closely  appressed.     Flowers  yellow;  rays  few;  disk- 
corollas  dilated    above,  deeply  5-toothed.     Style-appendages    filiform, 
flattened,  puberulent:    Achenes  oblong,  somewhat  compressed,  densely 
villous;  pappus  very  slender,  permanently  white. 

1.  S.  linearifolius  (DC.),  Torr.  &  Gray.  Very  leafy,  1—4  ft.  high; 
leaves  1  in.  long,  acute,  spreading,  punctate,  1-nerved:  head  about  1  in. 
broad,  on  a  peduncle:  rays  12— 14:  achenes  densely  white-villous;  pappus 
copious,  fragile  or  deciduous. — Mt.  Diablo  towards  the  summit,  and 
southward.  May — July. 

9.  ERICAMERIA,    Nult.    Evergreen  shrubs  of   low  stature,   with 
linear  entire  subterete  punctate  leaves,  and  terminal  cymose  or  corymbose 
clusters  of  small  heads.    Involucre  turbinate;  bracts  mostly  lanceolate, 
very  regularly  imbricated,  margins  subscarious.    Flowers  yellow.    Disk- 
corollas  slender-tubular  with  subcampanulate  throat  and  deeply  cleft 
limb.     Style-appendages    filiform,    acuminate,     hirsutulous.     Achenes 
prismatic.    Pappus  of  scabrous  slender  bristles  dull -white  or  yellowish, 
becoming  reddish. 


ASTERACE^.  175 

1.  E.  microphylla,  Nutt.     Diffusely  branching,  YZ—^A  ft.  high,  the 
branches    fastigiate-corymbose,  very  leafy  throughout:    leaves    linear, 
terete,  those  of  the  branches  %— %  in.  long,  deflexed,  bearing  in  their 
axils  very  short  branchlets  hidden  by  two-ranked  closely  imbricated  shorter 
ones:  involucres   %  in.  high;  bracts  tomentose-ciliolate :   rays  about  5, 
short:  achenes  subcylindrical,  striate,  glabrous.— Sandy  hills  and  beaches 
from  Bolinas  Bay  southward;  plentiful  at  San  Francisco.     Aug — Dec. 

2.  E.  arboresceiis  (Gray).    Erect,  fastigiately  branching,  3—10  ft. 
high,  densely  clothed  with  very  narrow-linear  sublerete  leaves  l%—3  in. 
long,  1  line  wide:  heads  in  a   terminal  cymose-corymb,  20 — 25-flowered: 
turbinate  involucre  scarcely  3  lines  high;  bracts  lanceolate,  acute:  rays 
seldom  present :  achenes  short,  apparently  quadrangular,  silky-pubescent. 
— At  considerable  elevations  in  the  mountains  of  Sonoma,  Marin  and 
Contra  Costa  counties.     Sept. — Dec. 

10.  ISOCOMA,  Null.    Bather  rigid  tufted  erect  suffrutescent  plants, 
with  thick  slightly  succulent  toothed  leaves,  and  a  corymbose  terminal 
cluster  of  smallish  rayless  heads.     Bracts  of  several-flowered  involucre 
coriaceous,  closely  imbricated,  the  tips  herbaceous  but  appressed,  obtuse 
or  acutish.    Corollas  permanently  yellow;  tube  slender;  limb  ventricose, 
the  segments  being  more  or  less  strongly  connivent  about  the  style,  the 
pubescent   appendages    of    which    are    ovate    or  somewhat   narrower. 
Achenes    short,    compressed    or    subterete,    silky-pubescent.    Pappus- 
bristles  numerous,  unequal,  the  inner  longest  and  often   perceptibly 
flattened  and  awn-like,  hardly  scabrous. 

1.  I.  vernonioides,  Nutt.    Glabrous  or  loosely  pubescent,  2—4  ft. 
high,  erect:  leaves  oblauceolate,  more  or  less  serrate,  1—2  in.  long,  often 
with  many  fascicled  ones  in  the  axils:  heads  4  lines  high,  campanulate; 
bracts  of  involucre  obtusish:  pappus-bristles  stout,  none  very  perceptibly 
flattened. — Common   shrub    of    S.   Calif.,  found  at  Black   Point,  San 
Francisco,  where  it  may  have  been  introduced  accidentally. 

2.  I.  arguta.     Branches  6 — 10  in.  high,  more  or  less  pubescent  or 
hirsute  below,  glabrous   above,   leafy  throughout;  leaves  diminishing 
upwards,  the  lowest  1  in.  long,  all  broadly  oblanceol  ate,  of  coriaceous 
texture,  wiih  saliently  spreading  coarse  and  acute  or  mucronale  teeth:  heads 
Yz  in.  high,  turbinate,  12 — 15-flowered:    inner  pappus-bristles  distinctly 
flattened  and  tapering  very  gradually  from  base  to  apex.— Subsaline 
plains  east  of  the  Vaca  Mts.,  in  Solano  Co.,  Jepson. 

11.  EUTHAMIA,   Cassini.    Erect  glabrous  perennials,  very  leafy, 
the  branching  more  or  less  distinctly  corymbose.     Leaves  nearly  linear, 
entire,  pellucid-punctate.     Heads   small,  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches.    Involucral  bracts  firm,  imbricated,  glutinous.     Flowers  per- 
manently yellow;  those  of  the  ray  about  twice  as  many  as  those  of  the 
disk.    Achenes  short,  turbinate,  villous-pubesceut. 


176  COMPOSITE, 

1.  E.  occideiitalis,  Nutt.  Somewhat  paniculately  branching,  3 — 6 
ft.  high:  leaves  lanceolate-linear,  obscurely  3-nerved:  bracts  of  involucre 
linear-lanceolate,  acute:  rays  16— 30;  disk-flowers  8— 14,  their  style-tips 
obtuse.— Common  in  low  grounds  along  rivers  and  on  the  borders  of- 
marshes.  Aug. — Oct. 

12.  SOLIDAGO,  Vaillant  (GOLDEN  KOD).  Strict  simple-stemmed 
perennials,  with  alternate  more  or  less  serrate  leaves.  Inflorescence  a  ter- 
minal cluster  of  many  small  heads,  usually  disposed  in  scorpioid  racemes 
and  forming  a  panicle;  otherwise  forming  a  thyrsus.  Involucre  narrow; 
bracts  in  2  or  more  series,  neither  herbaceous  tipped  or  glutinous. 
Flowers  all  permanently  yellow;  the  outer  and  ligulate  short,  the  inner 
narrow-funnelform.  Style-appendages  flattened,  lanceolate.  Achenes 
terete  or  prismatic,  5— 10-nerved,  glabrous  or  pubescent.  Pappus  a 
series  of  unequal  scabrous  permanently  white  bristles. 

*  Heads  numerous,  panicled. 

1.  S.  sempervirens,  L     Bright  green  and  glabrous,  leafy  throughout, 
2 — 8ft.  high:  leaves  rather  fleshy,  lanceolate  to  linear,  the  upper  acute, 
lower  obtuse,   all    entire:  panicle  narrow,  dense,  virgate:  heads  3 — 4 
lines  long:  bracts  of  involucre  lanceolate,  scabrous-ciliolate :  rays  8 — 10, 
rather  large,  golden  yellow :  achenes  minutely  pubescent. — Attributed 
to  marshes  about  San  Francisco,  at  Laguna  Honda,  etc.    Aug. — Nov. 

2.  S.  elongata,  Nutt.    Puberulent,  1  to  2  ft.  high  equably  leafy  up  to 
the  long  panicle:    leaves  thinnish,   lanceolate,   acute,  sparingly  serrate, 
2—3  in.  long:  branches  of  panicle  scarcely  secund,  ascending;  heads 
small;  bracts  of  involucre  linear,  acutish  or  obtuse:  rays  10—16,  narrow: 
achenes  pubescent. — Oakland  Hills,  in  open  ravines,  etc.    July — Oct. 

3.  S.  Californica,  Nutt.     Roughish   with  an  almost  cinereous  short 
pubescence,'  commonly  2 — 4  ft.  high:  leaves  ampler  and  more  numerous 
below,  passing  from  obovate  to  oblong-lanceolate  and  lanceolate,  and 
from  obtuse  to  acute,  the  lower  and  broader  more  or  less  serrate:  panicle 
usually  virgate  but  loose,  4—12  in.  long,  the  racemiform  clusters  secund 
but  seldom  recurved:  heads  3  lines  high;  bracts  lanceolate-oblong  or 
oblong-linear,  obtusish    pubescent,  rays  7 — 12,  pale    yellow:  achenes 
pubescent.— Very  common,  in  dry  and  even  sandy  soil.    July— Oct. 

*  *  Heads  fewer  and  larger,  somewhat  thyrsoidly  congested. 

4.  S.  spathulata,  DO.     Glabrous,  slightly  glutinous,  with  the  order  of 
Grindelia,  1 — 2  ft.   high:  stems  decumbent  and  even  suffrutescent  at 
base:  lower  leaves  spalulate,  2 — 4  in.  long,  rounded  at  apex,  serrate:  heads 
4  lines  high,   almost  as  broad,   about  25-flowered,  disposed  in  short 
racemes  thyrsoidly  crowded  at  and  near  the  summit  of  the  stem:  bracts 
of  involucre  oblong  or  broadly  linear,  all  but  the  inmost  series  obtuse 


ASTEKACE^.  177 

and  green-herbaceous  almost  throughout,  the  inner  acutish  and  with  a 
green  mid  vein :  rays  short:  achenes  pubescent.— On  bluffs  near  the  sea 
at  Point  Lobos;  also  in  the  Mission  Hills.  Aug.,  Sept. 

13.  PEXTACHJ2TA,  Nutt.     Slender  almost   glabrous  small  vernal 
annuals.    Leaves  alternate,   linear,  entire.    Involucres  solitary,  hemi- 
spherical or  campanulate,  of  thin  scarious-margined  appressed  mucronu- 
late  bracts  in  2  series.    Bays  white,  yellow,  or  wanting.    Disk-corollas 
yellow,    very     slender.      Style-appendages     filiform-subulate,     hispid. 
Achenes  pubescent.    Pappus  of  3 — 5  slender  bristles. 

1.  P.  bellidiflora,   Greene.     Sparingly    branching,    the    peduncles 
somewhat  scapiforni:  involucre  hemispherical,  many-flowered:  rays  8 — 14, 
white  or  reddish;  achenes  oblong- turbinate,  villous:  pappus-bristles  5  or 
none.— Open  hills  and  sterile  slopes  in  Marin  and  San  Mateo  counties, 
not  common.    April,  May. 

2.  P.  alsinoides,  Greene.    Dichotomously  branching,  only  2—5  in. 
high:  involucre  turbinate,  of  5 — 7  bracts  and  3 — 7-flowered:  rays  0:  disk- 
corollas  filiform,  not  deeply  cleft:  achenes  obovate-clavate;  pappus-bristles 
3,  very  slender.  —An  obscure  hillside  plant,  but  not  rare.     April — June. 

3.  P.  exilis  (Gray),  Greene.     Very  slender,  only  2—3  in.  high,  usually 
simple  and  monocephalous :  whole  plant  purplish,  the  peduncle  white- 
villous  under  the  small  head:  outer  series  of  corollas  rose-red,  claviform- 
urceolate,  i.  e.,  widening  upwards,  the  throat  abruptly  contracted  under 
the  minute  teeth:  pappus  of  3 — 5  short  bristles  or  cusps,  or  obsolete. — 
Frequent  on  open  hills  in  San  Mateo  and  Contra  Costa  counties,  thence 
northward.     April,  May. 

14.  BELLIS,  Pliny  (DAISY).    Low  herbs.     Involucres  broad,  many- 
flowered;  bracts  of  nearly  equal  length.     Rays  many,  white  or  reddish. 
Disk-corollas    yellow.     Style-appendages    short,    triangular.    Achenes 
obovate,  compressed,  nerved  on  the  margins.     Pappus  none. 

1.  B.  PERENNIS,  L.  Perennial,  acaulescent:  leaves  obovate:  scapes 
several,  each  with  a  single  head. — Escaped  from  gardens,  and  naturalized 
in  the  seaboard  counties  from  at  least  Marin  northward. 

15.  LESSINGIA,  Chamisso.    More  or  less  floccose-woolly   annuals 
with  alternate  more  or  less  serrate  leaves  and  small  cymosely  panicled 
heads  of  yellow,  whitish  or  purplish  flowers,  these  all  perfect.     Corollas 
with  slender  tube  and  long  narrow  lobes;  those  of  the  marginal  row 
more  deeply  cleft  on  one  side  and  imitating  a  palmatifid  ligule.    Involu- 
cre campanulate  or  turbinate;  bracts  much  imbricated  and  appressed, 
herbaceous-tipped.  Anthers  with  slender-subulate  appendages.   Append- 
ages of  style-branches  obtuse  or  truncate,  densely  hispid,  often  with  a 
setiform  cusp  amid  the  hairs.     Achenes  turbinate  or  cuneiform,  silky- 
villous.    Pappus-bristles  rigid,  scabrous,  red  or  brownish. 


178  COMPOSITE. 

*  Yellow-flowered  species. 

1.  L.  <*  or  manor  u  m,  Cham.    Low,  slender,  branching  and  spreading 
from  the  base;  branchlets  at  length  glabrate,  purple:  lower  leaves  sin- 
uate-pinnatifid,  those  of  the  branches  narrowly  oblanceolate :  involucre 
hemispherical,  its  bracts,  more  or  less  green-herbaceous  not  glandular. — 
San  Francisco  and  southward  in  sandy  soil  near  the  sea. 

2.  L.  glandulifera,  Gray.     Erec(,  stoutish,  diffusely  branched  above: 
leaves  more  irregularly  and  deeply  toothed  or  cleft,  those  of  the  stem 
more  numerous,'  ovate  or  oblanceolate,  and  of  the  branchlets  minute  and 
almost  crowded,  rigid,  beset  along  the  margin  with  yellowish   large 
glands:    involucre    campanulate  to  turbinate,  its  bracts   more    or   less 
glanduliferous. — Plains  of  the  lower  San  Joaquin  and  southward. 

*  *  Flowers  pale-  or  deep-purplish. 

3.  L.  ramulosa,  Gray.    Erect,  1—2  ft.  high,  very  loosely  branching, 
the  glabrate  branchlets  and  upper  leaves  more  or  less  hirtellous  and 
glandular:  involucre  campanulate  or  turbinate,  10— 20-flowered:  corollas 
short,  purple:   style-appendages  with  minute  setiform  tip.— Dry  hills 
from  Sonoma  Co.  southward. 

4.  L.  leptoclada,  Gray.    Taller  and  more  slender,  with  almost  filiform 
branchlets  bearing  few  or  solitary  5— 20-flowered  heads:  corollas  elon- 
gated: style-appendages  with  a  conspicuous  subulate  tip. — Same  range. 

5.  L.  virgata,  Gray.    More  densely  woolly :  stem  and  virgate  branches 
rigid:  upper  leaves  appressed,  concave,  carinate-nerved :  heads  spicately 
sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves:  involucre  cylindrical,  5— 7-nowered:  fl. 
pale  or  whitish:    style-appendages   with   conspicuous  subulate  tip.— 
Plains  of  the  lower  San  Joaquin  and  Sacramento. 

6.  L.  liana,  Gray.     Stems  very  stout,  short,  depressed,  the  whole  plant 
white- woolly:  heads  large  (%  in.  high),  oblong,  10— 20-flowered;  outer 
bracts  linear-lanceolate,  mucronate-acute  or  cuspidate,  scarcely  herba- 
ceous in  any  part,  inner  scarious-chartaceous,  while,  tapering  into  a  rigid 
subulate  point:   fl.  crimson;    style-appendages  with  no  cusp:   achenes 
short  and  turgid;  pappus  red. — Foothills  of  the  Mt.  Diablo  Eange  and 
eastward.    July— Sept. 

16.  CORETHROGYNE,  DeCandolle.  Genus  very  nearly  allied  to 
Lessingia;  distinguished  chiefly  by  the  numerous  and  altogether  ligulate 
violet  ray-corollas:  the  habit  in  our  species  (the  typical),  quite  different, 
the  roots  being  perennial,  the  branches  often  subscapiform  and  mono- 
cephalous;  the  heads  large;  involucres  hemispherical.  Style-appendages 
strongly  hairy  but  not  cuspidate. — June — Aug. 

1.  C.  Californica,  DC.  Suffrutescenl  and  diffusely  branched  from  the 
base,  densely  white-jioccose ;  the  assurgent  flowering  branches  numerous: 


ASTERACE^.  179 

lowest  leaves  oblanceolate-spatulate,  few- toothed;  upper  linear  entire.— 
At  Crystal  Springs,  San  Mateo  Co.,  and  southward. 

2.  C.  obovata,  Benth.  Stems  fewer,  erect  or  ascending,  hoary,  as  also 
the  obovate  or  spatulate  obtuse  leaves  which  are  serrate  above;  those  of 
the  branches  oblong  or  narrower :  heads  1  in.  broad  or  more,  including 
the  purple  rays. — Sandy  hills  from  Lake  Merced  to  Humboldt  Co., 
plentiful  on  Point  Reyes. 

17.  ASTER,  Tourn.  Leafy-stemmed  autumnal  herbs  with  panicled 
or  somewhat  corymbose  heads.  Involucre  hemispherical  to  campanulate, 
of  several  series  of  unequal  imbricate  bracts  with  herbaceous  tips.  Rays 
many,  not  very  narrow,  white,  pinkish,  or  bluish.  Disk-corollas  yellow 
changing  to  red-purple;  tube  slender;  limb  funnelform.  Style-append- 
ages from  triangular-lanceolate  to  slender-subulate.  Achenes  compressed. 
Pappus  copious,  dull-white,  or  rarely  more  deeply  colored,  scabrous. 

*  Perennials;  inflorescence  corymbose. 

1.  A.  riHl  ill  inns,  Gray.     Stoutish,  roughish-pubescent,  1  ft.  high  or 
more,  usually  bearing  an  open  corymb  of  middle-sized  heads:  leaves 
rigid,  obovate-oblong,  acute,  sharply  serrate  above,  tapering  to  a  narrow 
entire  base,  scabrous  both  sides:  involucre  obconic,  4 — 5  lines   long: 
bracts  rigid,  appressed,  acutish  or  mucronate,  the  tips  green:  rays  white; 
disk-corollas  becoming  red:  achenes  minutely  pubescent;  pappus  rather 
rigid. — Borders  of  woods  and  thickets;  early-flowering.    July — Sept. 

*  #  Perennials;  paniculate  or  racemose. 

2.  A.  Menziesii,  Lindl.    Strictly  erect,  2  ft.  high,  usually  simple  and 
very  leafy  up  to  the  mostly  simply  racemose  or  racemose-paniculate  inflor- 
escence, the  whole  plant  cinereously  and  roughly  pubescent:    leaves 
oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  1—3  in.  long,  remotely  serrate  or  entire,  sessile 
by  a  broad  auriculate-clasping  base:  involucre  broadly  turbinate,  %  in. 
high;  bracts  somewhat  spatulate,  well  imbricated,  the  broad  green  tips 
obtuse:  rays  light  violet,  rather  short. — Vaca  Mountains,  Jepson,  and 
southward.    Sept. — Dec. 

3.  A.  invennstns.    Stout  stems  2  ft.  long  or  more,  ascending  from  a 
decumbent  base;  herbage  cinereous  with  scabrous  and  short-hirsute 
pubescence:  lower  cauline  leaves  lanceolate-spatulate,   2 — 3  in.  long, 
with  remote  and  slight  serratures:  heads  very  numerous   in  an  ample 
cymose  panicle;  involucres  nearly  hemispherical,  3^  in.  high,  the  almost 
wholly  green-herbaceous  very  obtuse  spatulate-linear  bracts  in  rather 
few  ranks;  rays  dull  pale  purplish.— Collected  only  by  the  author,  and 
in  the  upper  part  of  Napa  Valley,  near  Calistoga,  August,  1888. 

4.  A.  Chilensis,  Nees.    Erect,  stoutish,  2 — 4  ft.  high,  glabrous  or 
somewhat  hirsute,  the  stem  occasionally  with  strongly  hirsute  lines: 


180  COMPOSITE. 

leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  entire,  2—5  in.  long,  entire,  or  obscurely  serrate, 
the  whole  margin  scabrous:  heads  ^  in.  high,  in  a  more  or  less  ample 
panicle  of  short  loose  leafy  racemes;  bracts  of  campanulate  or  broadly 
obconic  involucre  much  imbricated,  linear  or  linear-spalulate,  with  short 
and  rounded  green  tips:  rays  25—30,  purple  or  violet,  %  in.  long.— 
Common  and  variable;  some  forms  very  showy.  Aug. — Oct. 

5.  A.  Souoiiiensis.     Slender,  decumbent  at  base,   1—1%  ft.    high, 
glabrous  and  glaucescenl,  only  the  leaf -margins  scabrous-ciliolate:  leaves 
mainly  radical,  narrowly  lanceolate,  tapering  to  a  long  petiole,  this  with 
a  dilated  and  strongly  ciliate  basal  part:  heads  rather  few  in  a  terminal 
corymbose  panicle;  involucres  %  in.  high,  broad-campanulate  to  broad- 
obconic,  the  well  imbricated  bracts  narrowly  oblanceolate,  acute;  rays 
purplish,  rather  narrow,  %  in.  long. — In  open  plains  of  the  Sonoma 
Valley,  in  low  subsaline  ground.     Sept.,  Oct. 

6.  A.  lentus.     Erect,  slender,  4—6  ft.  high,  slightly  succulent,  glabrous 
except  a  slight  pubescence  under  the  heads,  and  a  delicately  serrulate- 
scabrous  margin  to  the  leaves:  lowest  leaves  3—5  in.  long,  lanceolate- 
linear,  slightly  falcate,  those  of  the  flowering  branches  straight  and 
half-clasping  at  the  sessile  base :  panicle  loose  and  ample,  often  a  yard 
long,  the  branches  loosely  racemose:  heads  4 — 5  lines  high;  involucres 
oblong;   bracts  linear,  acute,   appressed,  green-herbaceous  and  somewhat 
succulent  almost  throughout:  rays  many,  %  in.  long,  light  purple. — 
Plentiful  along  tidal  streams  in  western  part  of  the  Suisun  marsh;  the 
largest  and  most  beautiful  of  Calif ornian  species.     Oct.,  Nov. 

*  *  *  Biennial  or  annual,  paniculate;  heads  small. 

7.  A.  exilis,   Ell.     Glabrous,    slender,  2-6  ft.    high,  with    narrow 
lanceolate  or  linear  entire  leaves,  and  a  diffuse  panicle  of  very  small 
heads:  bracts  of  narrow  involucre  lanceolate-subulate,  mainly   green 
herbaceous,  the  margins  scarious :  rays  white,  short  and  inconspicuous : 
pappus  fine  and  soft:   achenes  little  compressed. — Borders  of  Suisun 
marshes,  and  elsewhere  in  low  subsaline  land.    Aug. — Dec. 

18.  ERIGERON,  Linn.  Involucre  of  narrow,  usually  almost  equal 
bracts  which  are  never  coriaceous  or  distinctly  herbaceous-tipped.  Rays 
very  narrow,  commonly  extremely  numerous  and  in  several  series,  but 
in  several  of  our  species  wanting.  Style  branches  with  short  roundish 
appendages.  Achenes  compressed,  2-nerved.  Pappus  of  scanty  fragile 
bristles,  a  short  outer  series  sometimes  manifest. 

*  Perennials;  stems  leafy  at  base;  cauline  leaves  reduced. 

1.  E.  ula iicus.  Ker.  Monocephalous  branches  several  from  a  stoutish 
leafy  caudex,  the  whole  plant  more  or  less  villous  or  hirsute,  especially 
above;  leaves  obovate  or  spatulate-oblong,  2 — 4  in.  long,  entire  or  with 


ASTERACE^:.  181 

few  teeth;  those  of  the  flowering  branches  more  bract-like  and  fewer: 
heads  1%  in.  broad  including  the  not  very  narrow  light-violet  rays. — On 
hills  and  cliffs  along  the  seaboard. 

2.  E.  Philadelphicus,  L.    Hirsute,  1—3  ft.  high  from  a  perennial 
root:  radical  leaves  obovate  or  spatulate,  the  scattered  cauline  ones 
oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  with  broad  clasping  base,  all  irregularly 
toothed:  heads  less  than  1  in.  broad,  in  an  ample  loose  terminal  cymose- 
corymb:  rays  very  many  and  extremely  narrow;  flesh-color  to   bright 
pink. — Along  streamlets  and  the  borders  of  boggy  places. 

*  *  Perennials;   stems  simple,  brittle,  equably  leafy  up  to  the  corymb', 

leaves  narrow,  entire:  involucral  bracts  unequal  and  more  or 

less  imbricated;  outer  pappus  of  few  short  bristles. 

•t-Heads  with  bluish  rays. 

3.  E.  foliosus,   Nutt.    Scabrous,  more    or  less    strigose-pubescent, 
1 — 2^  ft.  high:  leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate,  1—2  in.  long,  those  of  the 
branches  reduced:  hemispherical  heads   ^  in.  broad;  rays   about  30; 
achenes  with  a  few  coarse  bristly  short  hairs. — Dry  hills  of  Sonoma  and 
Contra  Costa  counties,  and  southward.    June — Sept. 

H—  •*—  Rays  wanting;  involucre  much  imbricated. 

4  E.  angnstatus,  Greene.  Stems  tufted,  2ft.  high,  rigid  and  brittle; 
herbage  glabrous  except  a  few  short  incurved  hairs  on  the  margins  and 
midvein  of  the  leaves,  and  a  somewhat  granular  minute  indument  on  the 
much  imbricated  turbinate  involucres:  leaves  narrowly  spatulate-linear, 
entire:  corymbose  panicle  ample:  bracts  of  the  involucre  with  reddish 
tips:  corollas  of  a  deep  golden  yellow:  achenes  setose-hirsute. — Dry 
hills  on  either  side  of  Napa  Valley.  July— Oct. 

5.  E.  Biolettii.     Size  of  the  preceding:  whole  plant  scabrous-puber- 
ulent:  leaves  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  with  sparsely  but  rigidly  hispid-ciliate 
margins:   corymb  with  branches    less    divergent:   achenes    appressed- 
pubescent. — On  Hood's  Peak,  Bioletti,  and  Howell  Mountain,  Jepson. 

6.  E.  petrophilus,  Greene.    Half  the  size  of  the  last,  more  leafy, 
the  whole  plant  except  the  somewhat  glandular  heads  canescently  hirsute; 
the  corymb  less  ample;  bracts  of  involucre  not  as  numerous. — Rocky 
summits  of  the  inner  Coast  Range,  from  Mt.  St.  Helena  to  Mt.  Hamilton; 
above  Wild  Cat  Creek  near  Berkeley.    July— Oct. 

*  *  *  Annuals,  with  thyrsoid-paniculate  inflorescence. 

7.  E,  Canadensis,   L.    Sparsely  hispid   or  nearly   glabrous;    stem 
stout,  erect,  1—6  ft.  high,  with  countless  small  subcylindric  heads  in  a 
rather  dense  panicle:  lowest  leaves  spatulate,  upper  linear:  heads  only 
2  lines  high:  rays  white,  very  short. — A  common  weed  in  cultivated 
lands,  or  by  waysides. 


182  COMPOSITE. 

19.  BACCHARIS,  Linn.  Dioecious  shrubs  or  herbs,  with  striate  or 
angled  branches,  alternate  simple,  often  glutinous  leaves,  and  small 
clustered  discoid  heads  of  white  unisexual  flowers.  Involucre  of  scale- 
like  imbricated  bracts.  Fl.  of  staminate  heads  with  tubular-funnelform 
5  cleft  corolla;  of  the  pistillate  slender-tubular,  truncate  or  minutely 
toothed.  Style-appendages  ovate  to  lanceolate,  rarely  coalescent. 
Achenes  5— 15-costate,  glabrous  or  pubescent.  Pappus  of  fertile  flowers 
very  fine  and  soft,  often  becoming  elongated  in  fruit. 

*  Herbaceous  perennial. 

1.  B.  Donglasii,  DC.    Erect,  3 — 4  ft.  high,  simple  up  to  the  terminal 
corymb;  leaves  very  glutinous,  ovate-lanceolate,  nearly  or  quite  entire, 
3—6  in.  long:  bracts  of  involucre  erose-ciliate :  pappus  of  pistillate  fl 
short,  soft;  of  staminate  clavellate  and  barbellate  at  summit. — In  moist 
lowlands.    Sept. — Nov. 

*  *  Suffrutescent  or  shrubby. 

2.  B.  glntinosa,  Pers.     Shrub  6—12  ft.  high:  leaves  lanceolate,  acute, 
entire,  denticulate  or  repand- dentate,  2 — 3  in.   long:  heads  in  ample 
cymose  panicles  at  the  ends  of  long  willowy  leafy  branches. — On  banks 
of  streams,  from  Napa  and  Solano  counties  southward.    May — Dec. 

3.  B.  consaiigninea,  DC.     Compactly  branching  evergreen  8—12  ft. 
high:  branchlets  green,  angular  from  the  leaf-bases:  leaves subcoriaceous, 
glutinous,  1  in.  long  and  less,  cuneate-obovate,  coarsely  toothed:  heads 
sessile  singly  or  in  pairs  or  threes  in  the  leaf-axils:  bracts  of  involucre 
oblong-linear,  obtuse,  with  subscarious  fringed  margins. — Hillsides  and 
banks  of  streams  everywhere.    Oct. — Dec. 

4.  B.  pilnlaris,  DC.    Low,  slender,  the  depressed  or  prostrate  diffusely 
branching  stems  1 — 2%/£.  long;  branchlets  angular:  leaves  seldom  %  in- 
long,  cuneate-obovate,  angular- toothed  or  subentire,  heads  mostly  solitary 
in  the  leaf-axils  and  at  the  ends  of  the  broom-like  fastigiate  branchlets: 
involucral  bracts  acutish,  fringed  toward  the  tips. — Sandy  soils  along 
the  seaboard  and  about  San  Francisco  Bay.    Aug. — Oct. 

Suborder  3.    G-NAPHALIACJE^:. 

Plants  mostly  white  with  floccose  wool,  the  herbage  apt  to  be  more  or 
less  pleasantly  or  unpleasantly  scented.  Heads  discoid:  bracts  of  invo- 
lucre various,  often  scarious  and  white  or  yellowish.  Anthers  caudate. 
Style-branches  of  perfect  flowers  blunt,  unappendaged,  the  stigmatic  lines 
running  almost  to  the  summit,  which  is  sometimes  papillose  or  penieil- 
late.  Pappus  finely  capillary  or  none. 


GNAPHALIACE.E.  183 

*  Involucral  bracts  few  or  none:  receptacle  chaffy. 

Fructiferous  chaff  or  bract  quite  enclosing  its  achene; 

Achenes  gibbous GNAPHALODES  21 

Achenes  straight  or  curved; 

Receptacle  columnar ANCISTROCARPHUS    22 

Receptacle  globular  or  ovoid PSILOC ARPHUS  23 

Fructiferous  bract  scarcely  enclosing  its  achene; 

Receptacle  columnar;  pappus  none EVAX  24 

Receptacle  convex;  pappus  present FILAGO  25 

*  *  Involucral  bracts  many,  receptacle  not  chaffy. 

Involucre  dry,  but  hardly  scarious PLUCHEA  20 

Involucre  herbaceous;  achenes  large ADENOCAULON  27 

Involucre  scarious;  achenes  small GNAPHALJUM  26 

20.  PLUCHEA,  Cassini.  Herb  with  alternate  ample  leaves,  and  a 
terminal  cymose  cluster  of  smallish  heads;  these  many -flowered,  the 
flowers  largely  pistillate  only,  their  corolla  reduced  to  a  slender  truncate 
or  2— 3-toothed  tube,  that  of  the  hermaphrodite  (but  sterile)  flowers 
regularly  5-cleft.  Achenes  small,  4 — 5-angled  or  sulcate.  Pappus  a 
series  of  capillary  bristles. 

1.  P.  camphorata  (L.),  DC.  Annual,  stoutish,  leafy,  2  ft.  high; 
minutely  and  somewhat  viscidly  pubescent:  leaves  oblong-ovate  to 
oblong-lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends,  toothed  or  denticulate,  the  larger 
(3 — 5  in.)  petioled:  heads  short-pedicelled,  dull-purple,  crowded  in  a 
corymbiform  cluster:  involucral  bracts  ovate  to  lanceolate,  often  tinged 
with  the  dull  pale  purple  of  the  corollas.  —Borders  of  brackish  marshes 
about  Suisun  Bay,  etc.  Aug. — Oct. 

21  GNAPHALODES,  Tourn.  Low  floccose-woolly  annuals,  with 
alternate  entire  leaves.  Heads  scattered,  several-flowered.  Pistillate 
flowers  on  a  small  receptacle,  each  enclosed  in  a  conduplicate  bract,  the 
tip  of  which  is  scarious-appendiculate;  the  few  hermaphrodite-sterile 
ones  mostly  naked.  Involucre  outside  of  the  fruiting  bracts  scanty  and 
scarious.  Achene  gibbous,  obovate,  enclosed  in  its  bract  and  falling 
away  with  it.  Pappus  none. 

1.  €r.  Californica  (F.  &  M.).    Slender,  erect,  6—12  in.  high:  leaves 
mostly  linear:  fructiferous  bracts  5  or  6,  firm-coriaceous,  somewhat  semi- 
obcordate  or  semiobovate,  straight  anteriorly,  the  erect  beak-like  tip 
largely  scarious.— Open  ground;  very  common.     May. 

2.  €r.  amphibola  (Gray).    Fructiferous    bracts  about    10,  somewhat 
imbricated  on  an  oblong  receptacle,  membranaceous  or  merely,  chartaceous 
at  maturity,  the  beak,  an  ovate  almost  hyaline  appendage,  at  maturity 
porrect.— Hills  of  Contra  Costa  Co.     May. 

22.  ANCISTROCARPHUS,  A.  Gray.  Low  canescently  flocculent 
annual,  erect,  branched  from  the  base,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  and 


184  COMPOSITE. 

more  or  less  glomerate  heads.  Fertile  flowers  5—9,  loosely  disposed  on 
a  slender  receptacle,  their  enclosing  bracts  cymbiform,  firm  except  the 
narrow  hyaline  tip.  Sterile  flowers  involucrate  by  5  larger  bracts,  these 
ovate-lanceolate,  tapering  into  a  rigid  incurved-uncinate  cusp,  persist- 
ent and  at  length  stellate-spreading.  Achene  ovate-fusiform,  obscurely 
decompressed,  the  pericarp  distinct  from  the  seed  and  faintly  nerved. 
Pappus  none. 

1.  A.  fllaginens,  Gray.  Leaves  linear  to  spatulate:  heads  capitate- 
glomerate,  the  hooked  empty  bracts  at  maturity  34  in.  long. — In  open 
grounds;  not  common. 

23.  PSILOCARPHUS,  Nutt.  Small  usually  depressed  much  branched 
floccose  annuals,  with  opposite  leaves  and  globose  heads  sessile  in  the 
axils  or  at  the  forks.  Fructiferous  bracts  numerous,  on  the  globular 
or  oval  receptacle,  cucullate-saccate,  semiobovate  or  semiobcordate, 
rounded  at  top,  herbaceo-membranaceous,  apex  introrse,  the  ovate  or 
oblong  hyaline  appendage  inflexed  or  erect.  Achene  loose  within  the 
bract,  oblong  or  narrower,  straight,  slightly  compressed.  Pappus  none. 

1.  P.  ten  ell  us,  Nutt.    Prostrate,  forming  a  dense  mat  3 — 6  in.  wide: 
heads  very  many:  leaves  spatulate,  % — ^  in.  long:  fructiferous  bracts 
scarcely  a  line  long:   achene  ovate-oblong.— In  rather  low  or  shaded 
grounds  among  the  hills.    May. 

2.  P.  bre  vissimus,  Nutt.     Dwarf,  with  very  few  and  rather  large  woolly 
heads:  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  2 — 5  lines  long,  seldom  surpassing 
the  heads:  achene  cylindrical  or  slightly  clavate,  1  line  long.— Plains  of 
the  interior,  in  low  places.     May. 

24-.  EVAX,  Gtertner.  Low  but  rigid,  leafy,  with  heads  axillary  and 
terminal.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  and  those  of  the  receptacle  subtending 
the  pistillate  flowers  from  oblong  to  obovate,  becoming  coriaceous, 
persistent,  concave.  Eeceptacle  slender  columnar  from  a  broader  base, 
sparsely  villous,  the  pistillate  flowers  and  their  bracts  crowded  at  its 
base;  the  summit  bearing  a  whorl  of  3 — 7  coriaceous  obovate  or  rounded 
open  bracts  subtending  a  few  sterile  flowers;  these  with  cleft  style  but 
no  ovary.  Achenes  pyriform-obovate,  somewhat  obcompressed,  very 
smooth.  Pappus  none. 

1.  E.  caulescens   (Benth.),  Gray.     Branching  from  the    base,  erect, 
2—4  in.  high;  leaves  spatulate,  the  blade  ^  in.  long,  tapering  to  a 
slender  petiole  as  long:  heads   mostly  solitary  in  the  axils,  a  number 
glomerate  at  summit,  which  is  not  specially  leafy.— Very  common  on 
sterile  hills  along  our  northern  border.    May. 

2.  E.  acanlis,  Greene.    Stout  and  low,  the  very  short  branches  horizon- 
tal: leaves  with  short  blade  and  greatly  elongated  petiole:  head  glomerate 
at  the  ends  of  all  the  branches,  none  in  the  axils'. — Moist  plains  near 
Antioch,  and  southward.     April — June. 


GNAPHALIACE.E.  185 

3.  E.  involucrata.  Stout,  strictly  e>ect,  simple,  or  rarely  with  one  or 
more  ascending  long  branches  from  the  base,  8  in.  high  or  more:  heads 
only  in  a  terminal  hemispherical  cluster  %  in.  broad,  surrounded  by  a 
conspicuous  whorl  of  15  or  20  leaves,  these  with  spatulate-obovate  cuspi- 
date blade  Y2  in.  long,  only  a  third  the  length  of  the  slender  petiole,  this 
abruptly  dilated  at  base  to  half  the  width  of  the  blade;  cauline  leaves 
shorter  and  narrower. — Plains  of  the  lower  Sacramento;  collected  only 
by  the  author.  May. 

•25.  FILAGO,  Tourn.  Erect  rather  slender  floccose-woolly  herbs, 
with  alternate  and  entire  leaves,  and  small  heads  in  capitate  lateral  and 
terminal  clusters.  Bays  0.  Eeceptacle  plane,  hemispherical  or  subcon- 
ioal;  its  naked  summit  bearing  both  sterile  and  fertile  flowers  having  a 
pappus  of  capillary  bristles.  Base  of  receptacle  bearing  pistillate  flowers, 
the  achenes  from  these  being  destitute  of  pappus  and  enfolded  by  a 
concave  bract.  Achenes  terete  or  slightly  compressed,  sometimes 
roughish-papillose. 

1.  F.  Californica,  Nutt.     A  span  high  or  more:  heads  ovate,  slightly 
angular:  convex:  pistillate  fl.  8—10,  their  bracts  broadly  ovate,  deeply 
boat-shaped,  incurved;    inner  bracts  oblong,  concave:  achenes  almost 
terete,  obscurely  pappillose-granular. — Dry  hills.     May. 

2.  F.  GAKLICA,  L.    Eeceptacle  nearly  plane:  heads  pentagonal-conical: 
outer    achenes    completely  enclosed  in    their  conduplicate    at  length 
indurated  bracts. — Introduced  from  Europe,  but  not  rare  with  us. 

26.  GrtfAPHALIUM,  Diosc.  Floccose-woolly.  Leaves  sessile,  entire. 
Heads  cymosely  clustered,  white,  yellowish  or  rose-tinted.  Eeceptacle 
flat,  naked.  Bracts  of  involucre  scarious,  imbricated.  At  least  the 
outer  flowers  (usually  all  of  them)  fertile.  Achenes  terete  or  flattish. 
Pappus  a  single  series  of  scabrous  capillary  bristles. 

*  Pappus-bristles  not  united  at  base,  falling  separately. 
+- Plants  dioecious. 

1.  (jr.  Americanum,  Clusius  (1601).  G.  margarilaceum,  L.    Erect,  1 — 
2  ft.  high,  growing  in  tufts  from  a  perennial  root,  equably  leafy  up  to  the 
terminal  cymose  corymb;  white-floccose,  except  the  glabrate  upper  sur- 
face of  the  broadly  lanceolate  leaves;  broadest  leaves  3-nerved:  bracts  of 
involucre  pearly- white,  radiating  in  age. — Common  about  the  Bay,  on 
wooded  or  bushy  northward  slopes  of  hills. 

•i—  -)—  Heads  heterogamous;  all  the  flowers  fertile. 
•M-  Involucre  woolly  at  base  only. 

2.  G.  inicrocephalum,  Nutt.    Biennial,  slender,  with  several  erect 
branches  2  ft.  high  or  more,  loosely  corymbose-paniculate  above,  the 


186  COMPOSITE. 

whole  herbage  white  with  a  persistent  woo?,  not  at  all  glandular  or  heavy- 
scented:  leaves  linear,  or  the  lower  spatulate,  with  slenderly  decumbent 
base:  involucres  small,  ovate,  bright  white;  bracts  ovate  or  oblong, 
obtuse. — Hillsides.  Aug. — Oct. 

3.  G.  Chileiise,  Spreng.     Annual  and  biennial,  stoutish,   1 — 2^  ft. 
high,  cymose-corymbose  at  summit :  leaves  lanceolate,  more  thinly  Jioccose 
than  in  the  last,  the  short  decumbent  leaves  rather  broad:  involucre 
hemispherical,    with  a  greenish-yellowish  tinge;  bracts  thin,  oval  or 
oblong,  obtuse.     Var.  eoufertifolia.    Very  stout  and  low:  leaves  linear, 
densely  clothing  the  stem  up  to  the  sessile  dense  cluster  of  heads.— Very 
common  and  variable;  the  variety  biennial;  both  flowering  at  almost  all 
seasons. 

4.  G.  Californicum,  DC.    Stoutish,  2—3  ft.  high,  biennial,  the  leaves 
diminishing  in  size  towards  the  broad  cymose  terminal  loose  cluster  of 
large  rather  dull  white  heads:  leaves  lanceolate,  glabrate  above,  glandular 
and   balsamic-scented,  very  obviously  adnate-decurrent:  outer  bracts  of 
the  involucre  ovate  or  oblong,  the  inner  acute. — Common  on  dry  hills  in 
places  partly  shaded. 

5.  G.  ramosissimmn,  Nutt.    Biennial,  erect,  3—5  ft.  high,  the  fastig- 
iate  panicle  often  2  ft.  long  and  more,  of  small  reddish  heads:  leaves  green 
and  glandular  on  both  faces,   linear,  decurrent,  the  herbage  very  sweet- 
scented:  heads  only  2  lines  high:  involucral  bracts  rather  few,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acutish. — Wooded   hills;  late-flowering.    Sept. — Nov. 

•M-  -M-  Involucres  deeply  embedded  in  loose  wool. 

6.  G.  palustre,  Nutt.    Low  branching  annual,  floccose  with  long 
wool :  leaves  spatulate  to  oblong  and  lanceolate :  heads  glomerate,  leaf y- 
bracted,  a  line  high :  tips  of  linear  involucral  bracts  white,  obtuse. — In 
low  moist  lands.     May — Aug. 

*  *  Pappus-bristles  united  at  base,  deciduous  in  a  ring. 

7.  G.  purpureum,    L.    Biennial,    simple    or    branching,    erect    or 
decumbent,  6 — 10  in.  high,  canescent  with  a  dense  coating  of  close  wool: 
leaves  spatulate,  obtuse,  usually  becoming  glabrate  and  green  above: 
heads  crowded  in   an  elongated  more   or  less  interrupted  spiciform 
inflorescence:  involucre  brownish:  achenes  sparsely  scabrous. — In  open 
grounds.     March — May. 

27.  ADEffOCAULON,  Hook.  Perennial,  with  alternate  dilated  leaves 
on  long  margined  petioles;  the  slender  stem  naked  and  paniculate  above, 
bearing  small  heads  of  whitish  flowers;  the  peduncles  beset  with  stalked 
glands.  Involucre  of  few  thin-herbaceous  bracts.  Receptacle  flat, 
naked.  Achenes  ovoid-oblong  or  subclavate,  far  exceeding  the  involucre, 
the  upper  part  beset  with  stout  stipitate  glands. 


AMBROSIACE^:.  187 

1.  A.  bicolor,  Hook.  Stem  2  ft.  high :  leaves  ample,  deltoid-cordate, 
coarsely  sinuate-dentate  or  slightly  lobed,  green  above,  white-cottony 
beneath:  involucral  bracts  4  or  5,  in  one  series,  ovate,  reflexed  in  fruit, 
small  by  the  side  of  the  4—6  clavate  achenes.— Eedwood  forests. 

Suborder  4.    AMBROSIACEJE. 

Heads  small,  greenish,  the  fertile  flowers  without  corolla,  or  this  reduced 
to  an  obscure  rudiment.  Bays  none.  Staminate  involucres  mostly 
forming  a  raceme  above  the  axillary  and  few  pistillate  ones.  Anthers 
but  slightly  united  or  quite  distinct.  Pappus  none. 

Heads  all  alike,  and  only  in  the  leaf -axils IVA  28 

Staminate  heads  racemose  above  the  others AMBROSIA         29 

Staminate  heads  glomerate;  lertile  head  becoming  a  bur XANTHIUM        30 

28.  IVA,  Linn.    Perennial  herb  with  simple  mostly  alternate  leaves, 
and  discoid  heads  nodding  on  short  pedicels  in  their  axils.    Involucre 
of  few  scales  in  1  series,  commonly  joined  into   a  cup.     Marginal  fl. 
pistillate  and  with  short  tubular  corolla;  the  other  and  more  numerous 
fl.   staminate,  with  funnelform  5-lobed    corolla  and    undivided  style: 
anthers    nearly    distinct.    Receptacle  with  linear  or.  spatulate    scales 
subtending  the  sterile  fl.     Achenes  thick,  naked. 

1.  I.  axillaris,  Pursh.  Branching  sparingly,  1 — 1%  ft.  high:  leaves 
from  obovate  and  spatulate  to  broadly  linear,  sessile,  entire.  1  in.  long 
or  more:  heads  hemispherical:  scales  of  involucre  about  5,  united  at 
base,  or  beyond  the  middle.  Var.  pubescens,  Gray.  Villous  with  loose 
spreading  hairs;  the  involucre  turbinate,  almost  entire. — Solano  Co.  and 
southward,  mostly  on  subsaline  plains,  or  near  the  coast. 

29.  AMBROSIA,  Dodoens.    Weedy  aromatic  coarse  perennials  with 
mostly  alternate  and  piunately  divided  leaves.     Flowers  unisexual,  the 
staminate  heads  several-flowered  and  arranged  in  erect  spikes  or  racemes 
resembling  aments.     Pistillate  heads  mostly  in  the  axils  of  the  upper 
leaves,  1— 4-flowered,  their  involucres  closed  and  achene-like,  in  maturity 
bearing  protuberances  or  prickles.     Achene  ovoid  or  obovate,  thick. 

*  Fruit  1-seeded,  more  or  less  roughened,  but  not  spinescent. 

1.  A.  psilostachya,  DC.    Stems  erect,  from  horizontal  rootstocks, 
2  ft.  high  or  more,  with  strigose  pubescence  and  somewhat  scabrous: 
leaves  once  or  twice  pinnatifid:  fr.  mostly  solitary  in  the  axils,  turgid- 
obovoid,  less  than  2  lines  long,  obtusely  short-pointed,  rugose-reticulate, 
either  unarmed,  or  with  4  short  blunt  or  sharp  tubercles. — Borders  of 
fields  in  uncultivated  land  near  the  Bay;  plentiful  on  Point  Isabel. 

*  *  Fruit  often  more  than  1-seeded,  spinescent. 

2.  A.  bipinnatiflda  (Nutt.).    Stems  very  stout,  procumbent,  2—3  ft 
long,  somewjiat  hirsute:  leaves  ovate,  1 — 3  in.  long,  twice  or  thrice  pin- 


188  COMPOSITE. 

nately  parted  into  oblong-linear  divisions  and  small  oblong  lobes,  canescent 
with  a  silky  pubescence:  sterile  raceme  dense,  the  heads  large:  fruit 
ovate-fusiform,  armed  with  short  thick  flattish  spines,  their  tips  often 
incurving. — Sandy  beaches;  very  common.  June — Dec. 

3.  A.  Chamissonis  (Less.)-  Size,  habit  etc.,  of  the  last,  but  leaves 
cuneate-obocale,  or  oblong-ovate  with  cuneate  base,  obtusely  serrate,  only 
some  of  the  lower  laciniate -incised:  fruiting  involucre  ovate,  the  spines 
broad  and  channeled.  Habitat  of  the  preceding,  but  less  common. 

30.  XANTHIUM,  Tourn.  (COCKLE-BUB).    Coarse  annuals,  with  branch- 
ing stems,  alternate  lobed  or  toothed  leaves,  and  clustered  heads  of 
greenish  flowers;  the  staminate  clusters  uppermost,  the  pistillate  in  the 
leaf-axils.    Involucre  of  staminate  heads  1  or  2  series  of  narrow  bracts. 
Stamens  monadelphous  but  anthers  merely  connivent.    Fertile  head  a 
closed  ovoid  bur-like  2-celled  and  2-flowered  involucre,  1 — 2-beaked  at 
apex :  each  flower  a  single  pistil,  becoming  a  thick  ovoid  achene,  the  two 
enclosed  in  the  hardened  prickly  involucre. 

1.  X.   SPINOSUM,  L.      Widely  branching  from  the  base,  2  ft.  high: 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  more  or  less  lobed  or  pinnatifid,  glabrate  and  green 
above,  white-tomentose  .beneath:  burs  %  in.  long,  armed  with  short  weak 
prickles. — By  waysides,  common;  native  of  tropical  America. 

2.  X.  Canadense,  Mill.    Stout,  branching  above  only:  leaves  broad- 
ovoid,  slightly   lobed,  scabrous:   bur  an  inch  long,  densely  beset  with 
stoutish  prickles,  and  at  apex  strongly  2-horned. — In  low  fields,  where 
it  may  have  been  introduced.     Aug.— Oct. 

Suborder  5.     HELIANTHACE^E. 

Plants  commonly  with  balsamic-resinous  juice,  and  coarse  roughish  or 
woolly  foliage.  Bays  conspicuous;  receptacle  strongly  chaffy;  anthers 
not  caudate;  .involucre  not  scarious;  pappus  never  of  capillary  bristles. 

Involucre  of    1  or   2   series  of  similar   bracts;    rays  small, 

white EOLIPTICA  31 

Involucral  bracts  imbricated  in  several  series; 

Pappus  none;  achenes  oblong BALSAMORRHIZA    32 

"        of  more  or  less  united  awns  or  palese WYETHIA 

''       of  two  or  more  thin  caducous  paleae HELIANTHUS  34 

"       none;  achenes  obovoid,  compressed HELIANTHELLA      35 

Involucre  double;  outer  series  of  bracts  spreading,  inner  erect; 

Pappus  not  retrorsely  barbed LEPTOSYNE  36 

retrorsely  barbed  or  aculeolate BIDENS  37 

31.  ECLIPTICA,  Rumphius.     Flaccid  low  riparian  herbs  with  oppo- 
site leaves,  and  scattered  small  heads  of  whitish  flowers.    Involucre 
broad,  of  1  or  2  series  of  herbaceous  bracts.    Bracts  of  flattish  receptacle 
reduced  to  awn-shaped  chaff  or  bristles.     Bays  short,  fertile.     Achenes 
thick,  those  of  the  ray  triquetrous,  of  the  disk  compressed,  margined. 
Pappus  of  2—4  short  teeth  or  awns  or  none. 


II  E  LI  A  NT  HA  C  E  ^  .  189 

1.  E.  alba  (L.),O.  Ktze.  Annual,  1—3  ft.  high,  decumbent,  minutely 
strigose-pubescent:  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  sparingly  serrate,  sessile, 
or  the  lower  short-petioled:  peduncles  from  the  upper  axils  long  or 
short;  rays  about  equalling  the  disk:  disk-achenes  corky-margined, 
truncate. — Banks  of  the  lower  Sacramento,  Jepson.  Sept.,  Oct. 

32.  BALSAMORRHIZA,  Nuttall    Rather  coarse  but  low  acaulescent 
perennials,  with  thick  roots  which  exude  a  terebinthine  balsam,  and 
bear  a  tuft  of  long-petioled  leaves  and  several  monocephalous  scapes. 
Involucre  broad;  bracts  large,  imbricated.     Chaff  of  receptacle  linear- 
lanceolate.    Kays  large,  fertile.     Achenes  destitute  of  pappus,  those  of 
the  ray  oblong,  of  the  disk  quadrangular. 

1.  B.  Hookeri,  Nutt.  Canescent  with  a  fine  appressed  pubescence : 
leaves  a  foot  long,  once  or  twice  pinnately  parted,  lanceolate  in  outline : 
scape  often  2-leaved  near  the  base:  involucral  bracts  linear  or  lanceolate, 
acuminate. — Hills  of  Sonoma  and  Alameda  counties;  rare. 

33.  WYETHIA,  Nuttall.     Vegetative  characters  of  Balsamorrhiza, 
but  the  stout  stems  in  our  species  leafy.     Achenes  prismatic-quadrangu- 
lar, crowned  with  a  short  pappus  of  united  or  nearly  distinct  rigid 
scales  or  awns. 

1.  W.  helenioides  (DC.),  Nutt.    Hoary-tomentose  when  young,  glabrate 
in  age:  radical  leaves  oblong,  1 — 1^  ft.  long,  4—8  in.  wide:  cauline  half 
as  large,  all  contracted  into  a  short  petiole:  heads  leafy  at  base:  outer 
involucral  bracts  ovate,  or  ovate-lanceolate,  sometimes  toothed:  achenes 
more  or  less  pubescent  at  summit;  pappus  more  or  less  united  at  base. 
— Common  on  elevated  hillsides.    March — May. 

2.  W.  id  a  bra,  Gray.     Size  and  habit  of  the  preceding;  green   and 
glabrous;  achenes  and  pappus  glabrous,  the  lobes  of  the  latter  ciliolate. 
— Hills  of  Marin  Co.     April,  May. 

3.  W.  angustifolia(DC.),Nutt.    Stems  scapiform,  with  a  few  reduced 
leaves  toward  the  base,  1 — 2  ft.  high,  more  or  less  hirsute:  radical  leaves 
1 — 1%  ft.  long,  elongated-lanceolate,  acuminate  at  both  ends:  head  naked; 
bracts  of  involucre  many,  broadly  linear  or  lanceolate,  foliaceous,  loose, 
ciliate  with  villous  or  hirsute  hairs:  achenes  crowned  with  1—4  stout 
hirsute  awns,  with  some  short  intervening  scales. — Very  common  on  dry 
plains  and  low  hills.    May,  June. 

34.  HELIANTHUS,  Linn.  (SUNFLOWER).    Annuals  and  perennials. 
Leaves  simple,  the  lowest  of  them  opposite.    Heads  peduncled.    Kays 
conspicuous,  yellow.    Disk-corollas  yellow  or  dark  purple,  with  short 
tube  and  long  cylindric    throat.     Chaffy   bracts  of  receptacle    partly 
embracing  the  compressed-quadrangular  or  2-edged  achenes.     Pappus  a 
pair  of  caducous  thin  scales,  with  occasionally  a  few  intervening  ones. 


190  COMPOSITE, 

*  Annuals  3— 6  feet  high. 

1.  H.  a ii ii  u us,  L.    Eobust,  hispid  or  scabrous:  stem  often  1  in.  thick 
at  base,  mottled  or  spotted  with  purple:  leaves  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate, 
more  or  less  regularly  serrate,  4—10  in.  long,  petiolate:  involucral  bracts 
broadly  ovate  to  oblong,  aristiform-acuminate:  dark-purple  disk  1  in.  or 
more  in  diameter:  rays  often  2  in.  long.— Plains  of  the  San  Joaquin,  but 
probably  introduced  from  the  Rocky  Mountain  region.    July — Oct. 

2.  H.  Bolanderi,  Gray.    Not  as  stout,  a  yard  high,  scabrous-hispid: 
leaves  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  entire  or  coarsely  serrate,  2—5  in. 
long:  disk  1  in.  wide  or  less,  brownish-yellow;  rays  about  1  in.  long: 
chaff  of  receptacle  subulate- aristif or m,  equalling  the  disk-flowers. — Sono- 
ma Co.,  and  northward  and  eastward. 

3.  H.  exilis,  Gray.     More  slender,  seldom  a  yard  in  height:  leaves 
lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  sparingly  denticulate,   tapering  into  a 
slender  petiole:  cusp  of  the  chaff  a  slender  awn  surpassing  the  disk-flowers. 
— Lower  Sacramento  plains;  thence  northward. 

*  *  Perennial  from  a  taberiform  root,  6 — 10  feet  high. 

4.  H.  Califoruicus,  DC.     Stem  very  leafy  throughout:  leaves  lan- 
ceolate, entire  or  serrate,  6—12  in.  long,  short-petioled:  heads  about  % 
in.  high  in  a  terminal  corymbose   panicle:  involucral  bracts  linear-subu- 
late,   often    somewhat  hirsute:    rays    over    an    in.  long:  disk-corollas 
canescently  puberulent  toward  the  base:  achenes   glabrous;  palea3  of 
the  pappus  broadly  lanceolate. — Plentiful  along  streams,  and  borders 
of  marshes.    Aug.— Nov. 

5.  H.  Douglasii,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Stems  branching,  hispidulous;  upper 
rhomboid-oblong  to  spatulate-lanceolate,  tapering  into  winged  petioles, 
obtuse,  entire  1 — 2  in.  long:  heads  %  "*•  high:  involucral  bracts  mostly 
foliaceous,  hispidulous;  outer  narrowly  oblong,  obtuse,  reflexed  or  spread- 
ing, longer  than  the  disk;  innermost  shorter,  erect,  acute  or  acuminate: 
rays  %  in.  long;  chaff  entire.— Obscure  and  long  lost  species,  collected 
by  Douglas  near  Santa  Clara  sixty  years  since. 

35.  HELIANTHELLA,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Low  subacaulescent  peren- 
nials, with  habit  of  some  eastern  Helianthi;  differing  from  that  genus  in 
the  more  compressed  and  thin-edged  achenes,  which,  in  our  species, 
have  no  pappus. 

1.  H.  Californica,  Gray.  Minutely  hirsute- pubescent,  slender,  2  ft. 
high,  sometimes  branching:  all  save  the  radical  leaves  opposite,  all 
tapering  into  petioles  and  of  spatulate-lanceolate  outline:  heads  folia- 
ceous-bracted,  the  disk;  %  in.  wide:  rays  %  in.  long:  achenes  black, 
obovate-oblong,  smooth  and  glabrous,  obcordate  at  summit,  narrowly 
margined. — Common  at  considerable  elevations  among  the  Coast  Range 
hills  of  Marin,  Napa  and  Contra  Costa  counties.  May — Aug. 


MADIACEJ5.  191 

2.  H.  castauea,  Greene.  Stouter,  seldom  a  foot  high,  rough-pubes- 
cent with  short  spreading  hairs:  leaves  scabrous,  lanceolate,  nearly 
equalling  the  stem;  heads  nearly  2  in.  wide;  rays  1  in.  long:  achenes 
cuneate-obovate,  neither  strongly  compressed  nor  thin-edged,  those  of  the 
ray  thicker  and  triquetrous,  all  dull-black  at  base,  chestnut-brown  above 
the  middle;  apical  notch  short  and  deep.— Summit  of  Mt.  Diablo. 

36.  LEPTOSYXE,    DeCandolle.      Low    glabrous    annuals,  with  an 
apparently  radical  tuft  of  leaves  cut  into  linear  lobes,  and  long  scapiform 
erect  peduncles  bearing  each  a  showy  head  of  yellow  flowers.     Involucre 
double;  an  outer  series  of  narrow  foliaceous  spreading  bracts,  and  an 
inner  of    broad    membranaceous    erect  ones.     Rays    broad.     Chaff  of 
receptacle  linear,  thin,  scarious,  deciduous  with  the  fruit.     Achenes  flat, 
margined.     Pappus  a  minute  callous  cup,  or  a  pair  of  palea3. 

1.  L.  Douglasii,  DC.    Peduncles  slender;  head  an  inch  wide:  achenes 
sparsely  beset  with  capitate  rigid  bristles,  the  margin  at  length  corky; 
cup-like  ring  in  place  of  the  pappus  entire. — Attributed  to  the  vicinity  of 
San  Francisco;  perhaps  erroneously. 

2.  L.  Stillmani,  Gray.    Less  strictly  acaulescent:    achenes    nearly 
smooth  and  glabrous,  the  corky  margin  rugose;  terminal,  cup  sometimes 
%-lobed. — At  Alma,  Santa  Clara  Co.,  according  to  Dr.  Behr. 

3.  L.  calliopsidea  (DC.),  Gray.    Stoutish  and  somewhat  leafy  above 
the  base:  bracts  of  outer  involucre  thick,  broadly  ovate,  little  shorter 
than  the  narrowly  ovate  inner  ones:  rays  often  1  in.  long  and  %  in.  wide: 
ray-achenes  distinctly  thin-winged;    disk-achenes   cuneate-oblong ,   long- 
villous  on  the  margins  and  inner  face;  pappus  of  2  long  and  conspicuous 
palese. — Santa  Clara  Co.,  Behr. 

37.  BIDEXS,    Ccesalpinus.    Branching  herbs  with  opposite  leaves, 
the  heads  with  double  involucre  as  in  Leptosyne.     Achene  bearing  a 
pappus  of  2  or  more  rigid  retrorsely  hispid  or  aculeate  awns. 

1.  B.  frondosa,  L.     Somewhat  hairy,  2— 6  ft.  high:  leaves  pinnately 
3— 5-divided  into  lanceolate-serrate  petiolulate  leaflets:  involucre   often 
very  leafy:  rays  inconspicuous:  achenes  obovate  or  oblong,  2-awned. — 
Fields  of  the  lower  Sacramento.    Aug. — Oct. 

2.  B.  laevis  (L.),  BSP.    Glabrous,  stout,  more  or  less  decumbent,  1 — 
2  ft.  high:  involucre  not  leafy,  surpassed  by  the  oval  inch-long  yellow  rays: 
achenes  often  with  more  than  2  awns. — In  very  wet  grounds  only,  near 
lakes  and  rivers.     Aug. — Nov. 

Suborder  6,  MADIACE^E. 

Herbs  with  watery  juice,  but  herbage  mostly  viscid  and  glandular. 
Involucre  of  a  single  series  of  equal  bracts.  Bay-flowers  fertile,  the 

achenf  of  each  embraced  by  or  enfolded  within  its  involucral  bract.     Chaff 


192  COMPOSITE. 

of  receptacle  mostly  in  a  single  row  between  ray  and  disk,  and  often 
united  into  a  cup.  Disk-corollas  usually  hairy.  Style-branches  subulate, 
hispid. 

*  Involucral  bracts  quite  enclosing  eachiits  r ay-ache ne. 

Achenes  compressed,  /.  e.,  flattened  laterally MADIA  38 

obcompressed; 

Rays  very  short,  erect;  pappus  showy ACHYRACH^ENA  43 

"     broad,  spreading;  pappus  none LAOOPHYLLA  44 

;     ampler; 

Pappus  of  ray  short,  cup-like;  of  disk  scanty HOLOZONIA  45 

"         "       none;  of  disk  copious BLEPHARIPAPPUS  46 

*  *  Involucral  bracts  half  enclosing  their  achenes. 

Receptacle  chaffy  throughout;  leaf -lobes  pungent CENTBOMADIA         40 

leaves  not  pungent HEMIZONIA  39 

Receptacle  chaffy  only  between  disk  and  ray; 

Rays  few  (often  1  only);  plants  with  large  saucer-shaped 

glands CALYCADENIA         41 

RaysSor  more  ^  papt>U8  P^mo8e BLEPHARIZONIA     42 

paleaceous  or  0 HKMIZONIA  39 

38.  MADIA,  Molina  (TARWEED).  Glandular  and  viscid  heavy-scented 
herbs,  with  at  least  the  upper  leaves  alternate,  entire,  or  merely  toothed. 
Heads  axillary  and  terminal,  the  yellow  flowers  vespertine,  closing  in 
sunshine.  Involucre  angled  by  the  salient  carinate  backs  of  the  uniserial 
involucral  bracts;  these  completely  enfolding  the  laterally  compressed 
smooth  achene,  and  having  free  herbaceous  tips.  Eeceptacle  flat  or 
convex,  bearing  a  single  series  of  chaff  united  and  forming  a  cup  which 
separates  between  rays  and  disk-flowers.  Ligules  3-lobed.  Bracts  of 
involucre  deciduous  with  the  mature  achenes  (except  in  n.  2);  these 
smooth,  beakless,  (except  in  n.  7). 

*  Annuals;  rays  short,  inconspicuous;  pappus  none. 

1.  M.   sativa,  Mol.     Stout,   1 — 4  ft.   high,  pubescent  with  slender 
hairs  and  beset  with  pedicellate  very  viscid  glands,  ill-scented:  leaves 
lanceolate,  nearly  entire:  heads  ^  in.  high,  short  peduncled  or  sessile  in 
the  upper  axils  and  at  the  ends  of  some  short  branches :  cup  of  receptacle 
broadly  campanulate,  enclosing  many  disk-achenes,  these  cuneate  oblong 
and  4- angled;  ray-achenes  falcate-obovate. — By  waysides  and  in  culti- 
vated lands.    July— Sept. 

2.  M.  capitata,  Nutt.    Size  of  the  last,  but  more  expressly  viscid 
herbage  honey-scented,  the  loose  hairs  hispid:  leaves  linear,  sessile  by  a 
broad  base:  heads  longer  and  narrower,  capitate  congested  at  the  ends 
of  stout  ascending  short  branches :  involucre  very  hispid :  cup  of  receptacle 
narrow  and  nearly  closed,  the  achenes  within  it  very  few:  ripe  involucral 
bracts    and  achenes  semipersistent.— Marin    Co.,    and  far  northward. 
Very  distinct;  early-flowering.    April— June. 


MADIACEJE.  193 

3.  M.  dissitiflora  (Nutt.),  Torr.  &  Gray.    Slender,  loosely  branching, 
2  ft.  high,  viscid:  heads  scattered,  broad-ovate,  %   in.  high:    cup  of 
receptacle  ovoid  but  not  closed:  achenes  thin,  but  none  angular. — Borders 
of  thickets  and  along  mountain  roads;   not  in  open  plains  or  cultivated 
lands.    May— July. 

4.  M .  anomala,  Greene.     Lower  and  stouter  than  the  last,  otherwise 
of  the  same  aspect:  chaff  of  receptacle  not  joined  into  a  cup:  achenes  of 
ray  3—5,  of  disk  3  only,  none  either  compressed  or  angled,  somewhat 
gibbously  obovate. — Mountain  districts    from    Marin    Co.  northward; 
perhaps  rare. 

5.  M.  exigna  (Sm.),  Greene.    Slender,  1  ft.  high  more  or  less,  hirsute, 
glandular  above,  paniculately  branched,  the  small  heads  on  long  filiform 
naked  peduncles:  leaves  linear:  involucral  bracts  5—8,  lunate,  almost 
destitute  of  free  tips,  hispid-glandular:  cup  of  receptacle  prismatic  and 
very  narrow,  enclosing  a  single  straight  obliquely  obovate  achene;  ray- 
achenes  obovate-lunate,   pointed  by  a  small  disk. — Open  woods  and 
glades,  in  the  higher  hills.    June— Aug. 

*  *  Rays  ample  and  showy;  annuals  (except  n.  6). 

6.  M.  madioides  (Nutt).    Perennial,  slender,  2  ft.  high:  leaves  oppo- 
site, linear-lanceolate,  remotely  serrate:  heads  loosely  panicled,  4  lines 
high,  slender-peduncled:  bracts  of  involucre  8—12,  with  short  tips:  rays 
y^  in.  long:  cup  of  receptacle  deeply  cleft,  enclosing  many  sterile  flowers, 
these  with  a  pappus  of  small  palese. — Borders  of  redwood  forests,  and 
elsewhere  in  damp  shades  of  the  coast  mountains.     July — Oct. 

7.  M.  radiata,  Kell.    Stout,  2—3  ft.  high:  leaves  broadly  lanceolate, 
denticulate,  hirsute  and  viscid:  bracts  of  involucre  10—20,  with  short 
tips:  rays  light  yellow,  %  in.  long,  obtusely  3-toothed:  disk-flowers  very 
numerous,  all  but  the  central  ones  fertile,  their  achenes  somewhat  clavate 
and  4-angled,  without  pappus;  ray-achenes  narrowly  obovate-falcate,  flat, 
tipped  with  a  minute  reflexed  beak. — Plains  of  the  lower  San  Joaquin. 

8.  M.  elegans  (DC.),  Don.    Clothed  with  long  hirsute  and  shorter 
gland- tipped  spreading  hairs :  stem  stout,  3—6  ft.  high,  simple  up  to  the 
ample  corymbose  panicle:  leaves   at  base    of  stem   alternate,    crowded, 
narrowly  linear,  6—10  in.  long,  acute,  entire,  the  midvein  beneath  very 
prominent:  bracts  of  involucre  with  slender  linear  tips:  rays   12 — 15, 
1  in.  long,  3-lobed  at  apex,  yellow  throughout  or  dark  red  at  base:  disk- 
flowers  sterile,  without  rudiments  of  pappus:  achenes  obliquely  obovate- 
cuneate,  beakless,  black.— Valleys  of  the  Coast  Range.    July — Oct. 

9.  M.  hispida,  Greene.    Clothed  with  long  almost  hispid  hairs,  and 
a  short  little  more  than  scabrous  indument,  a  few  gland-tipped  hairs  of 
intermediate   length  interspersed:   stem   1—2  ft.   high:    lowest  leaves 


194  COMPOSITE. 

scattered  in  pairs  (opposite),  oblanceolate,  obtusish,  not  even  the  scattered 
reduced  and  linear  upper  ones  acute:  corymbose  panicle  ample:  rays 
narrow,  % — %  in.  long,  yellow:  achenes  lunate-clavate,  brown  dotted 
with  black. — Mountain  sides  and  summits;  Tamalpais,  Hamilton,  Diablo, 
etc.  May,  June. 

39.  HEMIZONIA,  DeCandolle.  Very  heterogeneous  assemblage  of 
annuals,  of  which  the  typical  species  are  only  empirically  separated  from 
Madia  on  account  of  the  broader  ray-achenes,  which  are  but  partly 
enclosed  by  their  bracts.  But  the  ray-achenes  in  the  second  group  are 
rugose,  and  the  flowers  diurnal.  Receptacle  flat;  chaff  mostly  as  iu  Madia. 

*  Habit,  pubescence,  and  vespertine  rays  of  MADIA;  ray-achenes 
obovate-triangular,  smooth,  the  terminal  areola  nearly  cen- 
tral; disk-achenes  abortive,  without  pappus. 
•i—Corymbosely  paniculate-branching. 

1.  H.  congest  a,  DC.    Soft-hirsute  but  not  lanate,  2  ft.   high,  the 
inflorescence  glandular :  bracts  of  the  involucre  with  lanceolate  foliaceous 
tips  little  surpassed  by  the  white  rays:  margined  bracts  of  the  receptacle 
lightly  connate  or  distinct:  achenes  with  conspicuous  inflexed  stipe. — 
Marin  Co.,  near  Olema. 

2.  H.  citrina.    Lowest  leaves  opposite,   oblong-lanceolate,   3-nerved, 
obtusish,  glandular-pubescent,  not  lanate:  heads  at  first  few,  in  a  simple 
corymbose-panicle :  flowers  lemon-yellow :  tips  of  involucral  bracts  short 
and  broad;  bracts  of  receptacle  joined  into  a  cup:  achenes  with  incon- 
spicuous stipe. — Northern  part  of  Marin  Co.,  a  vernal  species,  flower- 
ing in  April  and  May. 

3.  H.  Inzulacfolia,  DC.    Lowest  leaves  opposite,  narrowly  linear- 
lanceolate,  acute   or  acuminate,  silvery-canescent  with  a   fine   appressed 
silky  wool:  inflorescence  at  length  diffuse,  very  glandular  and  ill-scented: 
rays  white  or  pinkish:  involucral  bracts,   achenes,  etc.,  as  in  the  last. 
Var.   lutescens,   Greene.    Flowers    from  rich    cream-color  to  lemon- 
yellow,  the  branches  more  slender;  leaves  narrower. — The  type  abundant 
in  fields  and  waste  lands  generally.    The  variety  in  Contra  Costa  Co., 
near  San  Pablo,  and  in  Marin,  about  San  Rafael.    June — Dec. 

H—  -t-Heads  racemosely  arranged  along  simple  branches. 

4.  H.  Cleveland!,  Greene.     Lower  leaves  narrowly  linear,  1-nerved, 
silky-lanate  as  in  the  last;  racemose  or  spicate  flowering  branches  villou» 
with   long  spreading  hairs:  fl.  white:  achenes   nearly  as  in   the  last. — 
Common  from  Marin  and  northern  Napa  Co.  to  Oregon. 


195 

*  *  Rays  more  numerous,  very  narrow,  diurnal;  achenes  turgid, 

indistinctly  rugose,  with  a  beak-like  apiculation  at 
summit  of  the  inner  angle. 

5.  H.  corymbosa  (DC.),  Torr.  &  Gray.    Pubescent,  viscid  and  gland- 
ular,  1    ft.    high,    corymbosely  and  widely  branching:  radical    leaves 
pinnately  divided  into  linear  segments,  the  uppermost  linear  entire: 
pappus  of  sterile  disk  ovaries  of  palese  cut  into  chaffy  bristles,  or  nearly 
obsolete.— Plains  and  hills  near  the  Bay.    July— Nov. 

6.  H.  angustifolia,  DO.    Hirsute  and  viscid-glandular,  widely  branch- 
ing from  the  base:  leaves  mostly  entire,  linear,  less  than  1  in.  long:  rays 
12 — 15;  pappus  of  sterile  disk-achenes  none,  or  a  row  of  minute   bristles 
rather  than  scales.— Less  frequent  than  the  preceding. 

*  *  -x-  Rays  5  only,  broader;  disk-flowers  also  few;  tips  of  involu- 

cral  bracts  short,  rigid,  erect:  achenes  as  in  the  preceding 
group,  but  more  rugose. 

•^Receptacle  chaffy  only  next  to  the  rays;  disk-ovaries  with  a  pappus. 

7.  H.  fascicnlata  (DC.),  Torr.  &  Gray.    Hirsute  or  hispid  below,  gla- 
brous and  viscid-glandular  above,  6—18  in.  high:  heads  small  subsessile, 
usually  faciculate-clustered:    involucral  bracts    glabrous  or  glandular- 
hispidulous,  those  of  the  receptacle  slightly  united:  pappus   of  disk- 
ovaries  of  6 — 10  linear  paless.—  Hills  of  the  Mt.  Diablo  Range,  near  Wal- 
nut Creek,  Livermore,  etc.     June — Aug. 

8.  H.  Wrightii,  Gray.    Slender,  diffusely  and  widely  branching;  the 
filiform  branchlets  terminating  in  a  single  head:  lower  leaves  laciniate- 
pinnatifid:  disk-ovaries  with  pappus  of  8  or  9  oblong  firm  paless. — Native 
of  San  Bernardino  Co.,  but  found  on  the  Oakland  mole  in  1881;  at  that 
time  a  species  still  undescribed.    It  has  not  reappeared  in  this  district. 

9.  H.  Kelloggii,  Greene.   Hirsute  below,  loosely  paniculate  above,  1 — 3 
ft.  high,  the  heads  on  slender  pedicels:  lower  leaves  pinnately  parted: 
involucre  %  in-  high;  bracts  glandular  on  the  back:  ray-achenes  with  a 
slender  curved  beak;  pappus  of  the  sterile  ones  of  the  disk  long,  almost 
equalling  the  corolla,  lacerately  truncate  and  united  into  a  tube  from  base 
almost   to  summit. — Abundant  in    fields  of  grain  on    the  lower  San 
Joaquin  from  Antioch  southward. 

-*—-*—Virgately  racemose  species;  all  the  flowers  subtended  by  bracts; 
disk-achenes  with  no  pappus. 

10.  H.   Heermanni,  Greene.     Viscid  and  pubescent,  heavy-scented, 
1 — 3  ft.  high:  minute  leaves  of  the  flowering  branchlets  scattered:  bracts 
of  hemispherical  involucre  viscid-pubescent    and    beset  with   stalked 
glands;  terminal  gland  inconspicuous :  disk-flowers  10 — 15. — Mt.  Diablo 
and  southeastward.    Aug. — Oct. 


196  COMPOSITE. 

11.  H.  virgata,  Gray.    Nearly  or  quite  glabrous,  2— 4  ft.  high:  flow- 
ering branchlets  very  leafy;  their  leaves  short-linear,  a  line  long,  glandular- 
truncate:  bracts  of  oblong  involucre  also  ending  in  a  truncate  gland, 
and  stipitate-glandular  on  the  back:  disk-flowers  7—10. — Plains  of  the 
lower  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin.    July — Sept. 

*  *  *  *  Rays  very  many,  narrow;  receptacle  chaffy  throughout. 

12.  H.  macradenia,  DC.     Stout,  hirsute,  viscid-glandular,  1—2  ft. 
high,  leafy  below,  parted  abruptly  above  the  middle  into  few  and  widely 
diverging  spicate  branches:  leaves  linear,  sharply  laciniate-toothed  or 
entire,  the  chaff  of  receptacle,  floral  bracts  and  uppermost  leaves  linear- 
subulate,  abruptly  gland-tipped  and  more  or  less  beset  with  smaller 
gland-tipped  hairs:  heads  often  sessile  and  glomerate,  %  in.  thick:  ray- 
flowers  very  many,  with  short  yellow  ligules:  achenes  dull-black,  scarcely 
rugose  or  granular,  with  an  angle  on  the  ventral  face  and  5  dorsal 
nerves;  the  apiculation  very  short. — Rich  open  ground  in  the  Bay  region 
and  southward.    Aug.,  Sept. 

40.  CENTROMADIA.  Rigid  corymbosely  or  diffusely  branching 
annuals,  with  alternate  pinnatifid  or  entire  spinescent  foliage  and  invo- 
lucral  bracts;  the  whole  plant  more  or  less  resiniferous  or  glandular 
and  scented.  Receptacle  convex,  chaffy  throughout  and  the  bracts 
distinct,  persistent  ( !).  Bracts  of  involucre  subulate,  pungent,  embracing 
the  ray-achenes,  persistent  (!).  Ray-flowers  30 — 40,  small,  ligulate,  bifid, 
neither  vespertine  nor  matutinal  but  open  all  day;  their  achenes  destitute 
of  pappus,  triangular,  the  inner  angle  terminated  by  a  short  erect 
apiculation,  the  whole  surface  nearly  smooth,  or  faintly  rugose-tubercu- 
late.  Disk-achenes  mostly  sterile  and  with  or  without  a  paleaceous 
pappus. — In  point  of  habit  this  is  the  most  distinct  genus  of  the  suborder, 
after  Madia  and  Blepharipappus ;  and  the  duration  of  the  corollas,  as 
well  as  the  persistence  of  the  involucral  and  receptacular  bracts  are 
characters  of  the  best  kind. 

*  Herbage  yellowish- green,  scentless,  or  with  aromatic  or  sweet  odor. 
•*-No  pappus  to  disk-achenes. 

1.  C.  pun  irons  (H.  &  A.).    Erect,  2-4  ft.  high,  stout  and  with  rigid 
ascending  branches;  hirsute  or  hispid,  scarcely  viscid  and  nearly   or 
quite  scentless :  lower  leaves  doubly,  the  upper  simply  pinnatifid,  all  the 
lobes  pungent-tipped;  chaff  of  receptacle  rigid  and  pungent:  ray-achenes 
nearly  black,  rather  glossy,  about  a  line  long,  not  strongly  compressed, 
the  ventral  angle  carinate,  and  with  a  short  apiculation,  the  plane  sides 
and  rounded  back  faintly  tuberculate-rugose. — Plains  of  the  lower  San 
Joaquin.    July— Oct. 

2.  C.  marittina.    Stout  as  the  last,  but  only  1—2  ft.  high,  less  rigid, 
darker  green,  more  villous  or  hirsute,  and  with  widely  spreading  and 


MADIACE^E.  197 

divaricate  branches  at  summit  of  the  erect  stem;  leaves  nearly  all 
pinnatifid  and  softer,  but  setose-pungent;  chaff  of  receptacle  sharply 
mucronate,  scarcely  pungent:  ray-achenes  dull  greenish-brown,  scarcely 
%  line  long,  not  compressed,  though  with  angled  face,  more  prominently 
and  acutely  apiculate,  the  summit  and  back  quite  prominently  and  sharply 
rugulose,  the  whole  surface  obscurely  roughened. — Borders  of  salt  marshes 
about  San  Francisco  Bay.  July— Nov. 

-t-  -i—  Disk-achenes  with  3  or  more  slender  linear  palese. 

3.  C.  rudis.     With  the  aspect. of  C.  pungens,  but  only  1—2  ft.  high, 
commonly  branched  from  near  the  base,  and  the  branches   ascending, 
sparsely    hispid-hairy    and    scabrous-pubescent,  slightly  resinous    and 
distinctly  honey-scented :  earliest  cauline  leaves  pinnatifid,  all  the  others 
linear-subulate,    entire    hispid-ciliate,    the    margins    in    age    revolute: 
achenes  of  ray  black,  about  aline  long,  strongly  compressed,  semi-obcordate 
in  outline,  the  surface  nearly  smooth,  the  apiculation  infra-terminal  and 
rather  prominent,  though  short. — Sacramento  Valley,  near  Vacaville, 
Jepson.    Long  supposed  to  be  mere  C.  pungens,  to  which  it  bears  a  very 
close  general  likeness.    But  the  disk-achenes  have  the  pappus  of  the 
next  species,  and  those  of  the  ray  are  altogether  peculiar.     May— Aug. 

4.  C.  Parryi  (Greene).    Widely  branching,  1—2  ft.  high,  sparsely  hir- 
sute, minutely  resinous-glandular,  aromatic:  lowest  leaves  pinnatifid,  the 
cauline    linear,    entire,    sharply    pungent,    spreading,    the    uppermost 
pilose-ciliate  toward  the  base:  heads  scattered  rather  than  glomerate: 
ray-achenes  dull  black,  %  lines  long,  somewhat  compressed,  smooth  on 
the  sides, but  with  a  few  coarse  tuberculations  on  the  back:  those  of  the 
disk  with  3  or  more  palese  exceeding  the  corollas:  chaff  of  receptacle  not 
pungent.— Plentiful  about  the  warm  springs  at  Calistoga;  herbage  with 
the  fragrance  of  Wintergreen.    June — Aug. 

*  *  Herbage  dull  and  dark,  ill-scented:  disk-achenes  with  pappus. 

5.  C.  Fitchii  (Gray).    Stout,  widely  branching,  1—2  ft.  high,  villous- 
hirsute,  somewhat  viscid,  more  or  less  beset  with  stalked  glands:  leaves 
mostly  entire,  linear-acerose,  the  very  lowest  pinnately   divided  into 
about  3  pairs  of  linear-acerose  segments:  bracts  of  the  involucre  con- 
spicuous, subulate;  those  of  the  receptacle  soft,  pointless,  long-villous : 
ray-achenes  obovate-triquetrous,  light-brownish,  obscurely    if    at    all 
tuberculate,  indistinctly  angled;  those   of    the  disk  with  8—12  linear 
pappus-palese. — Very  common  on  plains  and  among  the  foothills  of  the 
interior.    Aug. — Oct. 

41.  CALYCADENIA  DeCandoUe.  Rigid  strict  virgate  more  or  less 
hispid  annuals.  Lowest  leaves  opposite,  the  others  alternate,  all 
narrowly  linear,  entire,  revolute;  those  of  the  axillary  fascicles  and  about 


198  COMPOSITE. 

the  heads  subulate,  but  obtuse,  commonly  ending  in  a  large  saucer- 
shaped  gland.  Receptacle  small,  flat,  the  chaff  herbaceous  and  only 
encircling  the  disk  flowers.  Bays  1—5,  white  or  yellow,  vespertine, 
palmately  3-lobed  or  -parted;  the  head  as  a  whole  narrow  and  small. 
Ray-achenes  obovoid-triangular,  the  terminal  areola  nearly  central. 
Disk-achenes  turbinate-quadrangular,  the  outer  fertile,  all  bearing  a 
conspicuous  chaffy  pappus. 

1.  C.  truncata,  DO.    Slender,  1—2  ft.  high,  glabrous,  or  some  of  the 
lower  leaves  sparsely  hispid;  herbage  keenly  benzine-scented,  though 
rigid  and  dry:  heads  sessile   and  scattered  along  the  virgate  branches: 
short  uppermost  leaves  and  bracts  truncate  by  a  large  sessile  flattish 
gland:  fl.  yellow;  rays  5  (rarely  more);  disk-fl.  10 — 24;  receptacle-chaff 
distinct,  or  nearly  so,  truncate:  pappus  of  disk-achenes  of  7 — 10  oblong 
fimbriate-toothed  pointless  palese. — Dry  hills  of  Marin,  Sonoma  and 
Napa  counties.    July — Oct. 

2.  C.  cephalotes,  DO.    Stem  simple,  or  with  few  ascending  branches, 
%—  l/^  ft-  high:  herbage  sweet-scented:  few-flowered  heads  densely  glom- 
erate and  sessile  at  the  summit  and  in  all  the  upper  axils:  small  floral  leaves 
densely  hispid-ciliate :  involucral  bracts  1—3,  only  a  third  the  length  of 
the  cup  of  the  receptacle :  fl.  white,  with  a  reddish  tinge,  ray-achenes 
with  prominent  turgid  angles  and  faintly  rugose  sides:  disk-achenes 
appressed-villous,  their  pappus  as  long  as  the  achene  and  of  about  8 
chaffy  scales  which  are  alternately  acuminate-pointed  and  pointless. — 
Marin  to  Napa  Co.,  and  northward.    June— Aug. 

42.  BLEPHARIZOtfIA,  Greene.    Stout  and  rather  coarse  glandular- 
viscid  and  hirsute  heavy-scented  annuals,  with  linear  entire  lower,  and 
oblong  upper  leaves.    Ray-flowers  7 — 10,  with  3-lobed  white  ligules. 
Disk-flowers  10 — 30,  the  outer  ones  subtended  by  linear  chaff.     Achenes 
silky-hirsute,  10-striate,  those  of  the  ray  partly  embraced  by  the  involu- 
cral bracts  and  without  pappus;  those  of  the  disk  surmounted  by  many 
densely  plumose  awns. 

1.  B.  plnmosa  (Kell.),  Greene.    Somewhat  paniculately  branching 
from  the  base,  the  branches  bearing,  racemosely,  many  heads,  these 
15 — 20-flowered:  ray  achenes  with  a  minute  crown  of  short  scales,  those 
of  the  disk  20  or  more  erect  plumose  bristles  half  as  long  as  the  achene. 
— Plains  near  Antioch.    Aug. — Oct. 

2.  B.  laxa,  Greene.     Larger,  3—6  ft.  high,  loosely  paniculate  above, 
the  large  heads  borne  singly  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  20— 25-flowered : 
pappus  of  ray-  and  disk-achenes  alike,  short  and  spreading,  less  plumose 
than  in  the  preceding,  only  a  fifth  as  long  as  the  achene. — Habitat  of 
the  other  species. 

43.  ACHYRACHISNA,  Schauer.    Soft-pubescent  sparingly  branching 
annual,  with  narrow  leaves,  and  rather  large  oblong-campanulate  seem- 


MADIACE^.  199 

ingly  rayless  heads  terminating  pedunculiform  branches.  Kays  6—8, 
very  short,  erect;  their  achenes  slightly  obcompressed,  enclosed,  without 
pappus.  Disk-achenes  chiefly  fertile,  clavate,  10-costate,  bearing  a 
showy  pappus  of  10  elongated-oblong  obtuse  silvery-scarious  palese. 
Chaff  of  receptacle  in  a  single  row,  not  united,  between  ray  and  disk. 

1.  A.  mollis,  Schauer.  Erect,  1  ft.  high  or  less;  branches  fastigiate: 
heads  1  in.  long:  rays  very  short  and  involute,  light  yellow,  soon 
changing  to  scarlet:  globose  heads  of  mature  achenes  with  expanded 
pappus  very  showy. — May,  June. 

44.  LAGOPHYLLA,  Nutt.    Slender  annuals,  rigid  and  brittle,  pani- 
culately  branching,  with  many  small  heads    of  pale  salmon-colored  or 
yellow  vespertine  flowers.    Eay-achenes  5  only,  obcompressed,  enclosed 
completely  by  their  involucral  bracts,  their  terminal  areola  not  protuber- 
ant.   Disk-achenes  slender,  abortive;  no  pappus  to  any,  whether  of  ovary 
or  disk.    Receptacle  bearing  a  circle  of  chaff  between  ray  and  disk,  .this 
and  all  the  achenes  and  bracts  deciduous  at  maturity. 

1.  L.  ramosissima,  Nutt.    Canescent  with  a  loose  silky  pubescence, 
1—4  ft.   high,  diffusely  paniculate:    lowest    leaves    spatulate-obovate, 
cauline  lanceolate  and  linear,  all  entire :  heads  3^  in   high?  %  in.  broad 
in  expansion  of  rays :  achenes  1^  lines  long. — Mountain  districts  north 
and  south  of  the  Bay.    June — Oct. 

2.  L.  congest  a,  Greene.    Tall  as  the  preceding  and  robust,  not  pan- 
iculate, but    the    heads    twice    as    large,    densely  glomerate  on  short 
branches:  lowest  leaves  oblanceolate,   remotely  serrate:  achenes  2  lines 
long.— Habitat  of  the  last. 

45.  HOL0550NIA,  Greene.    Perennial,  spreading  by  creeping  root- 
stocks.    Leaves  opposite.    Heads  small,  on  slender  pedicels,  in  an  ample 
panicle.    Flowers  diurnal,  white.    Ray-achenes  6 — 8,  obcompressed,  com- 
pletely enclosed,  smooth,  surmounted  by  a  short  saucer  shaped  hyaline 
entire  persistent  pappus.     Disk-achenes  with  a  pappus  of  2  slender, 
deciduous  paleae.    Receptacle  flat,  with  a  circle  of  united  chaff  between 
disk  and  ray. 

1.  H.  filipes  (H  &  A.),  Greene.  Stems  decumbent,  2  ft.  high;  slender 
branchlets  and  filiform  peduncles  glabrous  or  glandular :  cauline  leaves 
linear,  minutely  villous;  those  of  the  branches  with  some  short-stipitate 
dark  glands:  involucre  loosely  villous:  rays  white  or  rose-tinted,  deeply 
cleft  into  3  linear  lobes.— By  streamlets  in  the  hills  east  of  Napa  Valley; 
also  in  low  fields  along  Napa  River.  July — Oct. 

46.  BLEPHARIPAPPUS,   Hook.     Vernal  annuals,  with  alternate 
leaves,  and  mostly  showy  broad  heads  of  white  or  yellow  diurnal  flowers. 
Bracts  of  involucre  flattened  on  the  back,  with  dilated  and  thin  margins, 


200  COMPOSITE. 

the  whole  completely  enfolding  its  obcompressed  achene.  Kays  8—20; 
their  achenes  obovate -oblong  or  narrower,  without  pappus.  Disk- 
flowers  with  cylindraceous-funnelform  5-lobed  corollas;  their  achenes 
linear-cuneiform,  usually  with  a  pappus  of  bristles  or  awns.  Eeceptacle 
flat,  bearing  a  series  of  chaffy  bracts  between  ray-  and  disk-flowers, 
'these,  with  the  involucral  bracts,  mostly  deciduous  when  mature,  leaving 
a  naked  receptacle. 

*  Pappus  of  10 — 20  bristles  which  are  stout,  and,  below  the  middle, 
long-plumose. 

•^Hairs  of  pappus-bristles  not  interlaced. 

1.  B.  heterotrichus  (DC.),  Greene.     Erect,  1  ft.  high  or  more  branch- 
ing from  the  base,  rough-hirsute  or  hispid  and  glandular:  lower  leaves 
lanceolate:  laciniate-pinnatifid  or  incised,  the  upper  entire:  rays  large, 
white:  long- villous  hairs  of  the  pappus-bristles  all  erect  and  straight. — 
Eastern  base  of  the  Mt.  Diablo  Range,  on  sandy  plains.    April,  May. 

2.  B.  graveolens,  Greene.     Stout,  erect,  2  ft.  high  or  more,  sparingly 
branching,  hirsute,  and  with  numerous  rigid  gland-tipped  hairs  inter- 
spersed: leaves  all  entire:  heads  very  large,  rays  of  a  creamy  white: 
achenes  slenderly  clavate;  pappus  when  mature  deciduous  in  a  ring,  the 
villous  wool  of  the  bristles  all  straight  and  erect  and  two-thirds  their 
length. — Said  to  occur  on  Mt.  Tamalpais;  but  this  may  be  doubted.    It 
may  be  looked  for  on  the  plains  of  the  lower  San  Joaquin.    Apr. — June. 

3.  B.  carnosus  (Nutt),  Greene.    Dwarf,  depressed,  branched  from 
the  base,  pubescent;  leaves  succulent,  1  in.  long,  linear-oblong  or  spatulate, 
entire,  or  the  lowest  sinuate-pinnatifid :  heads  small :  rays  white,  reduced 
and    inconspicuous:    pappus-bristles   sparsely    plumose    with    straight 
villous  hairs. — Sands  of  the  sea  beaches  in  Marin  Co.,  etc.    April— June. 

4.  B.  hieracioides  (DC.),  Greene.    Erect,  rather  strict,  2—3  ft.  high, 
stoutish,  hispid:  leaves  linear  to  oblong,  laciniate-dentate :  rays  yellow, 
short,  little  exceeding  the  disk:  hairs  of  the  pappus  all  straight  and 
erect.    Var.  anomala,   Bioletti.    Involucral    bracts    open-boat-shaped, 
not  enfolding  the  achenes,  and  persistent  on  the  receptacle  after  the 
falling  of  the  fruit.— A  coarse  weedy  species  of  wooded  or  bushy  hills, 
in  half  shady  places.    May,  June. 

5.  B.  gaillardioides  (H.  &  A.),  Greene.    Freely    branching  below, 
1  ft.  high  or  more,  hispid:  leaves  commonly  laciniate-pinnatifid:  rays 
orange-yellow,  %—%  in.  long:  pappus  dull-white  or  sordid,  the  bristles 
about  twice  as  long  as  their  copious  straight  villous  basal  hairs.— Said 
to  be  common  near  San  Francisco;  which  we  doubt. 

6.  B.  neinorosus.    Bather  slender,  sparingly  branched  above,  1 — 2 
ft.  high,  hispidulous:  foliage  and  heads  much  as  in  the  preceding,  but 


MADIACEJE.  201 

rays  pale  yellow  below  the  middle,  white  above  it:  pappus  short,  the  bristles 
often  scarcely  surpassing-  their  copious  brownish  villous  hairs. — A 
beautiful  species  of  shaded  slopes  on  Tamalpais,  Mt.  Diablo,  and  the 
Berkeley  Hills.  May,  June. 

•*-•*- Villous  hairs  of  pappus-bristles  more  or  less  interlaced. 

7.  B.  hispidus,  Greene.    Scarcely  1  ft.   high,  branching   from  the 
base,  rather  densely  hispidulous;  a  few  dark  stipitate  glands  on  the 
involucre:  leaves  all  narrow,  entire:  rays   white,   rather  short  and  not 
conspicuous:  pappus  white,  of  10  aristiform  bristles,  with  copious  short- 
villous  hairs,  the  innermosb  of  which  are  interlaced. — Mt.  Diablo  and 
southward,  near  the  higher  summits.     May,  June. 

8.  B.  elegans  (Nutt),  Greene.    Habit  of  the  last  but  much  larger, 
more  or  less  stipitate-glandular  throughout:    lower  leaves   pinnately 
toothed;  upper  entire:  rays  yellow,  %  in.  long:  pappus  white,  its  copious 
villous   hairs  much  shorter  than  the   aristiform  bristles. — More  widely 
diffused  than  the  last,  and  at  lower  elevations.    May,  June. 

*  *  Pappus  of  naked  aristiform  bristles. 

9.  B.  platyglossus  (F.   &  M.),  Greene.    Sparingly  branching,  1  ft. 
high  more  or  less,  hirsute  and  stipitate-glandular:  lower  leaves  pinnat- 
ifid  into  linear  lobes:  rays  %  in.  long,  yellow,  with  white  tips:  pappus  of 
15—20  upwardly  scabrous  stout  awn-like   bristles. — Common  in  open 
grounds.    April — June. 

*•*  *  Pappus  paleaceous  or  none. 

10.  B.  Fremonti  (T.  &G),  Greene.    Strictly  erect;  branching  above 
the  base,  1  ft.  high,  minutely  pubescent,  not  glandular:  leaves  pinnately 
cut  into  short  lobes:  rays  % — %  in-  long,  yellow  at  base,  white  above  it: 
pappus-palest  ovate   to  oblong -lanceolate,  tapering  into  a  subulate   awn, 
entire  at  the  margins  and  with  a  few  long-villous  hairs. — Plains  of  the 
lower  Sacramento,  etc.     April,  May. 

11.  B.  Douglasii  (H.  &  A.),  Greene.    Habit  and  flowers  of  the  last, 
but  plant  nearly  or  quite  glabrous :  pappus  of  10—18  very  unequal  rigid 
subulate  awns,  these  slightly  hirsute  near  the  dilated  base,    Var.  oligo- 
choeta  (Gray).    Pappus  reduced  to  2  marginal  awns  and  some  rudiments 
of  intervening  ones. — About  the  Bay  and  northward.     April — June. 

12.  B.  chrysanthemoides  (DC.),  Greene.    Aspect  of  the  preceding; 
flowers    the    same:   achenes    destitute   of  pappus    and    all  wholly  gla- 
brous.— Habitat  of  the  last.    April — June. 

13.  B,  nutaiis,  Greene.    Low,  slender,  with  divergent  branches  above 
the  base,  3 — 6  in.  high:  leaves  all  linear,  entire,  the  lower  pairs  opposite, 


202  COMPOSITE. 

all  hirsute-ciliolate :  branches,  peduncles  and  involucres  glandular- 
pubescent:  rays  5—7,  yellow,  ^  in.  long:  acllenes  hispidulous :  pappus 
of  some  10  unequal  linear-lanceolate  acuminate  white  palese,  their  mar- 
gins barbellate:  heads  small,  nodding  both  in  bud  and  in  fruit. — 
Mountains  of  Sonoma  Co.  April — June. 

Suborder  7,  HELENIOIDE^E. 

Herbs  seldom  viscid  or  balsamic.  Receptacle  naked.  Bracts  of  involu- 
cre herbaceous  mostly  uniserial  and  equal,  sometimes  concave  behind 
the  ray-achenes,  but  never  enfolding  them.  Style  branches  of  perfect 
flowers  with  either  truncate  or  appendiculate  tips.  Pappus  mostly 
paleaceous  or  none. 

Receptacle  globose;  rays  cuneiform HELENI  ASTRUM  48 

flattish;  rays  narrow;  pappus  0 BLENNOSPERMA  49 

flat;  ligulate  rays  0;  pappus  hyaline CHJENACTIS  50 

'    rays  short;  pappus  firm-paleaceous RIGIOPAPPUS  51 

subulate  to  conical; 

Leaves  opposite;  pappus  various  or  0 LASTHENIA  52 

"      alternate;  pappus  0 MONOLOPIA  53 

opposite;  pappus  paleaceous ERIOPH  YLLUM  54 

Glabrous  succulent  seaside  herb JAUMEA  55 

48.  HELENIASTRUM,  VaillanL    Herbs  erect,  with  sessile  mostly 
decurrent  leaves,  and  long-peduncled  heads;  the  herbage  more  or  less 
resinous-dotted.      Rays    numerous,  cuneate,  disk-flowers    very  many. 
Involucre  of  1  or  2  series  of  small  herbaceous  bracts.    Receptacle  glo- 
bose,   naked.      Style  branches    with    capitate  truncate  tips.      Achenes 
turbinate.    Pappus  in  ours  of  awn-pointed  palese. 

1.  H.  puberulum  (DC ),  O.  Ktze.    Minutely  cinereous-pubescent,  2— 
4  ft.  high,   with  slender  widely  spreading  monocephalous  branches: 
leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  all  but  the  radical  strongly  decurrent:  involu- 
cre and  reflexed  rays  very  short  and  inconspicuous:  globose   disk  of  red- 
brown  flowers  %  in-  thick:  palese  of  pappus  ovate,  short-awned. — Banks 
of  streams,  and  in  other  moist  places.    July — Dec. 

2.  H.  occideutale.    Stout,  2—4  ft.  high,  erect,  parted  above  into 
several  stoutish  very    erect    pedunculiform  monocephalous  branches: 
leaves  lanceolate,  6  in.  long  or  more,  thickish  and  somewhat  fleshy, 
almost  gummy  to  the  touch,  and  with  some  tomentose  pubescence :  rays 
showy,  %  in.  long:  disk  brownish-yellow:  pappus-paleae  ovate-lanceolate, 
tapering  into  a  long  awn. — Suisun  marshes.    July — Oct. 

49.  BLENNOSPERMA,  Lessing.    Low  annual,  with  pinnately  parted 
leaves,   and  pedunculiform    branches  bearing  solitary  radiate  yellow 
heads.     Involucral    bracts    uniserial,    equal,    oblong,    herbaceous    but 
purplish  or  yellowish.    Receptacle  flattish,  naked.    Rays  5—12,  linear. 
Disk-flowers  about  20;  their  narrow  tube  abruptly  expanded  into  a 


HELENIOIDE.E.  203 

campanulate  limb;  their  style  undivided,  with  capitate  apex;  their 
ovaries  abortive.  Achenes  (of  the  ray)  pyriform,  obscurely  8— 10-ribbed, 
with  small  areola  and  no  pappus;  the  surface  bearing  minute  papillae 
which  develop  mucilate  when  wet. 

1.  B.  Californicum  (DC.),  Torr.  &  Gray.  A  span  high,  diffusely 
branching,  flaccid,  glabrous:  leaves  alternate,  pinnately  parted  into 
narrowly  linear  entire  lobes:  expanded  heads  %  in.  broad:  ligules  pale 
yellow  within,  brownish  without:  disk-flowers  shorter  than  the  involucre: 
style-branches  of  fertile  flowers  broad.— Early  vernal  plant  of  the  valleys 
of  the  Mt.  Diablo  Range,  and  plains  beyond.  March,  April. 

50.  CHJE\ACTIS,  De  Candolle.    Compound-leaved  herbs,  often  more 
or  less  woolly,  with  discoid  heads  mostly  solitary  and  pedunculate. 
Involucre  campanulate,  the  linear  bracts  equal,  uniserial,  herbaceous. 
Receptacle  flat,  naked.     Corollas  (yellow  in  ours)  with  short  tube,  long 
narrow  throat,  and  short  teeth;   but  those  of  the  outer  circle  more 
ample,   approaching    the    nature  of    rays.    Achenes    slender,  smooth. 
Pappus  of  hyaline  nerveless  palea3. 

1.  C.  glabriuscula,  DC.  Annual,  seldom  a  foot  high,  thinly  floccose, 
at  length  glabrate;  peduncles  long,  stout:  heads  %  in.  high:  bracts  of 
involucre  thickish,  glabrate,  obtuse:  marginal  corollas  ample,  much 
exceeding  the  others :  pappus  of  4  equal  narrowly  oblong  acutish  palese. 
— Plains  of  the  lower  San  Joaquin.  April— June. 

51.  RIGIOPAPPUS,  A.  Gray.    Heads  with  short  narrow  ligulate 
rays;  all  the  flowers  yellow.     Involucre  turbinate-campanulate,  its  bracts 
nearly  linear,  equal,  rather  rigid,  involute  in  age.    Disk-corolla  small, 
with  short  tube,  long  narrow  throat,  and  3—5  short  erect  teeth.    Style 
branches  with  slender-subulate  hispidulous  appendage  and  short  linear 
stigmatic  part.    Pappus  alike  in  disk  and  ray,  of  3—5  opaque  paleaceous 
awns;  the  linear  pubescent  achene  transversely  rugose. 

1.  R.  leptocladus,  Gray.  Slender  erect  annual,  6—12  in.  high, 
simple  below,  above  with  few  slender  corymbose  branches :  leaves  alter- 
nate, narrowly  linear,  sessile,  erect,  entire,  hirsutulous  or  glabrate,  those 
of  the  filiform  branchlets  subulate:  paleaB  of  pappus  % — %  as  long  as 
the  long  slender  rugulose  achene.— Open  glades  among  sparsely  wooded 
hills.  May. 

52.  LASTHENIA,  Cassini.    Mostly  annuals  and  low,  from  glabrous 
to  slightly  flocculent.    Leaves  opposite.     Heads  middle-sized,  on  slender 
peduncles.     Receptacle  conical  to  subulate,  muricate  with  projecting 
points  on  which  the  achenes  are  inserted.    Involucres  hemispherical, 
campanulate,  or    oblong     Rays    oval    or    oblong.     Disk-corollas  with 
slender  tube  and  campanulate  5- toothed  limb.  Achenes  linear,  subclavate, 
or  linear-cuneate,  more  or  less  flattened  or  angled,  naked  at  summit, 
with  or  without  a  paleaceous  or  more  or  less  awn-like  pappus. 


204  COMPOSITE. 

*  Bracts  of  involucre  joined  into  a  toothed  cup. 

1.  L.  glaberrima,  DC.    Stems  weak,  decumbent,  1  ft.  long  or  less, 
very  glabrous:  leaves  linear,  entire:  heads  nodding  in  bud:  involucre 
about  15-toothed:  rays  very  short;  all  the  corollas  shorter  than  their 
broadly  linear  pubescent  achenes:  pappus  of  5 — 10  firm  chaffy  scales, 
2  or  3  of  them  subulate-pointed  or  short-awned,  the  others  not  so. — 
Subaquatic  herb  of  shallow  winter  pools  on  low  plains  or  in  depressions 
among  the  hills;  not  very  common.    May,  June. 

2.  L.  glabrata,    DC.    Stout,   sparingly    branching,    1 — 2    ft.    high, 
peduncles  few,  elongated,  erect:  leaves,  at  least  the  upper  pairs,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  coarsely  but  irregularly  toothed,  conspicuously  connate  at  the 
dilated  base  and  forming  an  open  cup  rather  than  sheath:  heads  very 
large,  1  in.  wide:  achenes  dark,  smooth,  without  pappus.— Borders  of 
salt  marshes  only;  not  common.    June. 

3.  L.  Californica,  Lindl.    More  slender,  almost  diffusely  branching, 
the  many  and  not  elongated  peduncles  forming  a  corymbose  top  to  the 
herb  as  a  whole:  leaves  narrow,  entire,  divaricately  spreading,  not  dilated 
or  manifestly  connate  below:  heads  %  in.  wide. — Abundant  on  low  plains, 
and  even  moist  slopes  of  hills.     Much  more  common  than  the  last,  and 
inexcusably  confounded  with  it  for  many  years.     May,  June. 

4.  L.  chrysantha  (Greene).    Habit,  foliage  and  flowers  of  the  last, 
but  plant  smaller:  achenes  obovate-oval,  much  compressed,  surrounded  by 
a  border  of  very  short  clavale  closely  packed  hairs. — Plains  of  the  San 
Joaquin;  perhaps  altogether  outside  of  our  district.    April. 

5.  L.  conjugens,  Greene.     Only  a  few  inches  high;  leaves  narrowly 
linear,  only  the  lowest  entire,  the  others  cleft  into  several  pairs  of  long 
linear  segments,  these  entire  or  toothed:  involucral  bracts  united  below 
the  middle  only:  achenes  very  small  (1  line  long)  olive-green  and  polished: 
pappus  none.— Subsaline  soil  near  Antioch;    closely  connecting  this 
group  and  the  following.     April,  May. 

*  *  Involucral  bracts  distinct. 

•^Herbage  often  slightly  villous-  orfloccose-lomenlose;  pappus 
of  pale se  or  awns,  or  both,  or  none. 

6.  L.  Fremoiiti  (Torr.).     Erect,  slender,  8—10  in.  high,  only  hirsute- 
pubescent:  leaves  mostly  palmately  parted  into  linear  lobes:  involucre 
broad;  bracts  10  or  12;  rays  as  many,  the  oval  ligules  not  longer  than 
the  width  of  the  disk:  pappus  of  4  slender  awns  and  as  many  or  more 
numerous  small  palese,  or  rarely  none. — Moist  plains  from  Napa  and 
Solano  counties  southward.     May. 

7.  L.  Burkei  (Greene).    Much  like  the  last,  but  taller,  1-2  ft.  high: 
pappus  of  8 — 10  minute  entire  acute  palese  and  a  single  very   long  and 
slender  awn. — Southern  Mendocino  Co.;  to  be  expected  in  Sonoma. 


HELENIOIDE^.  205 

8.  L.  tenella  (Nutt).     Erect,  sparingly  branching,  4—6  in.  high, 
somewhat  canescent  with  deciduous  woolly  hairs:  leaves  linear,  entire, 
or  some  of  the  lower  laciniate:  rays  oval  or  oblong,  short:  palese  and 
awns  each  usually  2,  but  pappus  not  rarely  wholly  wanting. — Low 
plains  of  Contra  Costa  Co.    April,  May. 

9.  L.  nliginosa  (Nutt.).    Stouter  than   the  last,  freely  branching, 
often  decumbent,  somewhat  flocculent:  leaves  linear-ligulate,  the  lower, 
if  any,  entire,  the  upper  laciniate-pinnatifid  into   linear  entire  or  cleft 
segments:  involucral  bracts  and  long-exserted  rays.  10 — 13:  pappus  of 
about  4  slender  awns,  and  as  many  or  twice  as  many  broad  truncate 
laciniate-fimbriate  palese. — Common  in  low  grounds.     April,  June. 

10.'  L.  microglossa  (DC.).  Slender,  seldom  6  in.  high,  branching 
from  the  base  but  erect:  leaves  entire,  pubescent:  involucre  narrow  and 
nearly  cylindrical:  rays  few,  very  short  and  inconspicuous:  achenes 
linear-fusiform,  flattish,  minutely  and  sparsely  hispid;  pappus  of  2 — 4 
rather  rigid  awned  or  awn-like  scales,  or  in  the  ray  sometimes  none. — 
Valleys  among  the  coast  mountains  southward.  April,  May. 

•H-  H—  Pappus  usually  present  and  uniform,  of  awned  palese  or 

paleaceous-dilated  awns;  leaves  mostly  entire. 
•^•Somewhat  succulent;  pubescence  woolly,  if  any. 

11.  L.  platycarpha  (Gray).    Purplish-stemmed  and  very  wiry,  5 — 8 
in.  high,  with  erect  or  ascending  branches:  leaves  linear,  or  pinnatifid 
into  filiform  segments:  involucral  bracts  6  or  7,  3-nerved,  the  middle 
nerve  carinately  prominent:  pappus-palex   bright-white,  ovate,  slender- 
awned,  the  awn  as  long  as  the  achene. — Subsaline  plains  of  Solano  and 
Contra  Costa  counties.    April,  May. 

12.  L.  car uosa  (Greene).    Leaves  all  filiform,  entire :  bracts  of  invo- 
lucre with  a  single  strongly  carinate  nerve:  pappus  of  4  or  5  subulate- 
awned  ovate  palese. — Border  of  salt  marsh  north  of  Vallejo:  rare  or 
local.    April. 

•M-  -M-  Not  succulent;  leaves  entire;  (except  in  n.  15)  pubescence  not  woolly. 
=  Pappus  invariably  none,'  achenes  subclavate. 

13.  L.  chrysostoma  (F.  &  M.).    Hirsutulous,  1  ft.  high  more  or  less, 
freely  branching:  leaves  narrowly  linear:  head  3—4  lines  high:  bracts  of 
involucre,  and  the  rays,  7 — 12,  the  latter  3 — 4  lines  long:  achenes  gla- 
brous.— Rich  fields  and  sunny  slopes.    April,  May. 

14.  L.  macrantha  (Gray).    Perennial,  stout  and  nearly  simple,  decum- 
bent at  base,  with  peduncles  4 — 8  in.  long:  leaves  somewhat  3-nerved 
and  obtuse,  linear,  4    8  in.  long,  hispid- ciliate  toward  the  base:  heads  % 
in.  high  and  as  broad:  involucre  of  about  12  hirsute-pubescent  thickish 
herbaceous  bracts:  ligules  ^ — 34  in.  long. — Moist  lowlands  of  western 
Marin  Co.,  and  northward.     June. 


206  COMPOSITE. 

=  Pappus  seldom  if  ever  wanting;  achenes  somewhat  cuneate. 

15.  L.  hirsntnla.     Stout  and  low,  from  a  strictly  annual  root,  mostly 
branching  very  freely:  the  whole  herbage  rather  roughly  short-hirsute: 
leaves  broadly  linear,  often  with  saliently  projecting  scattered  teeth,  the 
lower  conspicuously  connate,  sheathing  the  stem:  involucral  bracts  obo- 
void,  obtuse    or  acutish:  rays  oblong:    achenes  mostly  very  smooth, 
rounded  at  summit,  manifestly  compressed;  pappus  of  2  brownish  very 
slsnder- subulate  aristiform  bristles. — Plentiful  on  open  rocky  and  grassy 
hills  along  the  seacoast,  from  Marin  Co.  southward.    May,  June. 

16.  L.  gracilis  (DC.).    Whole  habit  and  aspect  of  n.  13,  but  achenes 
linear-cuneate,  with  pappus  of  white  lanceolate  or  ovate  slender-awned 
palese,  or  the  paleae  sometimes  almost  obsolete.— Very  plentiful  and  var- 
iable; often  very  small,  slender  and  simple,  not  rarely  as  large  as  L. 
chrysostoma.    April — June. 

53.  MONOLOPIA,  De  Candolle.     Annuals  white  with  floccose  wool. 
Leaves  alternate,  not  linear,  toothed  or  entire.    Kay-corollas  with  ample 
ligule,  bearing  at  base,  and  opposite  the  ligule,  a  rounded  denticulate 
appendage.     Acheues    black,  without  pappus.     Genus  otherwise   like 
Lasthenia,  and  too  near  it;  but  also  as  easily  referable  to  Eriophyllum. 

1.  M.  major,  DC.    Stout,  nearly  simple,  or  with  several  pedunculi- 
form  naked  monocephalous  branches,  2  ft  high;  expanded  heads  more 
than  1  in.  wide:  bracts  of  involucre  joined  into  a  broad-campanulate  toothed 
cup:  achenes  2  lines  long. — In  rich  fields,  or  on  hillsides.     May. 

2.  M.  gracilens,  Gray.     Slender,  diffusely  paniculate,  bearing  scat- 
tered short-peduncled  heads  less  than  1  in.  wide:  bracts  of  involucre 
distinct  to  the  base:  achenes  1  line  long. — Plentiful  on  Mt.  Diablo  near 
the  summit,  thence  southward  to  the  Santa  Cruz  seaboard.     May — July. 

54.  ERIOPHYLLUM,   Lagasca.    Ours  mostly  suffruticose,  floccose, 
and  with  divided  leaves.    Involucres  oblong  or  campanulate,  the  bracts 
of  firm  texture,  permanently  erect.    Rays  few,  short  and  broad.    Disk- 
corolla  with  distinct  slender  proper  tube.     Style-tips  truncate,  obtuse, 
or  obscurely  conical :    Achenes  clavate-linear  to  cuneate-oblong,  mostly 
4-angled.    Pappus  of  nerveless  and  mostly  pointless  hyaline  paleae. 

*  Suffruticose;  heads  smallish,  terminally  clustered. 

I.  E.  staechadifoliuin,  Lag.  Stem  and  lower  face  of  leaves  white 
with  a  close  pannose  tomentum;  shrub  much  branched,  2 — 5  ft.  high, 
very  leafy  throughout:  leaves  subcoriaceous,  cut  into  linear  pinnate 
divisions:  heads  compactly  corymbose-cymose;  involucres  oblong,  angular, 
%  in.  high  or  more,  of  linear  bracts:  receptacle  convex:  rays  6—8: 
pappus-palese  8 — 12,  the  4  over  the  angles  of  the  achene  somewhat 
longer. — Sandy  hills,  and  slopes  of  bluffs  near  the  sea  only.  May — Dec. 


ANTHEMIDE^.  207 

2.  E.  cOHfertiflorum  (DC.),  Gray.    Smaller,  1—2  ft.   high;   haves 
on  the  flowering  branches  reduced  and  scattered,  membranaceous,  hoary- 
tnnn'iitose  on  bothfaces,  ternately  3—  7  parted  into  linear  divisions;  heads 
2  lines  high,  short-peduncled  or  sessile  in  a  dense  terminal  cluster: 
involucre  obovoid-oblong,  of  broadly  oval  bracts:  rays  4  or  5:  palese  of 
the  pappus  8— 14.     Var.  discoideum.    More  condensed  and  leafy;  heads 
broader,  with  more  numerous  flowers,  but  no  rays.— Very  common  on  all 
hills;  the  variety  in  Sonoma  Co.    June — Dec. 

3.  E.  Jepsonii,  Greene.    Suffraticose,  2  ft.  high;  stem  white  with 
pannose  tomentum;  leaves  hoary  on  both  faces,  pinnately  divided  into 
5 — 7  narrowly    linear  revolute  segments:  inflorescence  loosely    cymose- 
corymbose,  the  peduncled  heads  3—4  lines  high,  and,  with  6—8  oblong 
rays  expanded,  1  in.  broad:  bracts  of  involucre  6—8,  coriaceous,  ovate: 
achenes  with  a  few  short  hispidulous  hairs,  and  2  unequal  sets  of  pappus- 
paleae,  those  of  the  inner  circle  exceeding  the  others. — Mountains  of 
Alameda  Co.,  south  of  Livermore,  Jepson.    May. 

*  *  More  herbaceous;  heads  large,  solitary  or  scattered. 

4.  E.  arachiioideum  (F.  &  L.).    Loosety  branching  from  a  decum- 
bent base,  1—2  ft.  high,  clothed  with  long  floccose  wool:  leaves  broad, 
from  rhombic  or  cuneate  in  outline  to  oblong-lanceolate,  thinnish,  3 — 5- 
lobed  or  -incised,  the  lobes  or  coarse  teeth  triangular  or  oblong:  involu- 
cre hemispherical,  3 — 4  lines  high:  rays  10—13,  large;  disk-corollas  with 
very  glandular-hirsute  tube:    achenes    short,   thickish:    pappus-palese 
short. — In  the  redwood  districts  of  Marin  Co.,  etc.    June— Oct. 

5.  E.  achillseoides  (DC.).    Leaves  mostly  basal,  opposite,  pinnately 
parted  into  3 — 5  divisions,  these  incised  or  pinnatifid:  heads  somewhat 
corymbosely  collected  and  short-peduncled;  involucres  hemispherical,  the 
bracts  and  rays  9—13. — Hills  of  Napa,  Sonoma  and  Marin  counties  and 
northward.    June— Sept. 

55.  JAUMEA,  Persoon.  Procumbent  very  succulent  perennial  herb 
with  opposite  subterete  leaves  and  solitary  terminal  short-peduncled 
heads.  Involucre  campanulate,  the  outer  bracts  shorter.  Corollas  gla- 
brous. Style-branches  papillose  or  hairy.  Achenes  10-nerved.  Pappus  0. 

1.  J.  carnosa  (Less.),  Gray. — Common  denizen  of  sandy  salt  marshes, 
associated  with  Salicornia;  flowering  during  summer  and  autumn. 

Suborder  8,  ANTHEMIDE^. 

Mostly  aromatic-scented  plants,  with  a  very  bitter  juice.  Leaves  often 
much  dissected.  Bract*  of  involucre  imbricated,  more  or  less  scarious. 
Receptacle  either  naked  or  chaffy.  Anthers  not  caudate.  Style-branches 
of  perfect  flowers  truncate,  sometimes  penicillate.  Achenes  small  and 
short,  with  no  pappus,  or  a  paleaceous  crown. 


c  OMPOSIT^:. 

Heads  scattered  or  solitary; 
terminating  leafy  branches  or  peduncles; 

Receptacle  bristly ANTHEMIS  56 

naked; 

conic  or  f asiform MATBICABIA  58 

44  n     5  heads  radiate ...CHRYSANTHEMUM   59 


discoid COTUL  A  61 


sessile  in  the  forks SOLIVA  60 

Heads  cymose-corymbose; 

small;  flowers  white ..  ACHILLKA  57 

larger;  flowers  yellow TANACETUM  62 

Heads  panicled,  small,  rayless.  nodding ARTEMISIA  63 

56.  AXTHEMIS,  Diosc.    Herbs  with  pinnately  dissected  leaves,  and 
rather  large  heads  on  peduncles  terminating  leafy  branches.    Involucre 
hemispherical.    Ray -flowers -white;  disk-flowers  yellow.    Chaff  of  recep- 
tacle bristly.    Achenes  not  flattened,  glabrous;  the  truncate  summit 
with  or  without  a  short  coroniform  pappus. 

1.  A.  COTULA,  L.  (MAYWEED).  Strong-scented  annual  weed  1 — 2  ft. 
high,  somewhat  freely  branching:  receptacle  conical,  destitute  of  chaff 
near  the  margin:  achenes  10-ribbed,  rugose  or  tuberculate.— In  waste 
grounds.  July — Oct. 

57.  ACHILLEA,  Diosc.    Erect  perennial  herb,  with  pinnately  mul- 
tifid  lanceolate  leaves,  and  small  heads  in  a  dense  terminal  cymose 
corymb.     Chaff  of  receptacle    membranaceous.    Rays  few,  short   and 
broad.     Achenes  obcompressed,  callous-margined,  glabrous,  destitute  of 
pappus. 

1.  A.  Millefolium,  L.  (YARROW).  Stoutish,  1—2  ft.  high,  villous- 
lanate  to  nearly  glabrous:  heads  crowded  in  a  fastigiate  flat-topped 
cyme:  involucre  oblong;  rays  4  or  5,  white. — Very  common  in  sandy 
soils  toward  the  sea. 

58.  M4TRICARIA,   Tourn.    Our  species  annual  herbs,   with  finely 
dissected  sweet-scented  foliage  and  rayless  heads  of  green  flowers  ter- 
minating the  branches.    Receptacle  conical  or  ovoid,  naked.     Achenes 
glabrous,  3— 5-nerved  on  the  sides,  rounded  on  the  back,  nearly  desti- 
tute of  pappus. 

1.  M.  discoidea,  DO.     Low  often  diffusely  branching,  mostly  less  than 
1  ft.   high,    sweet-scented:  heads  sbort-peduncled:  bracts  of  involucre 
broadly  oval,  scarious,  with  green  centre,  not  half  the  length  of  the 
ovoid  disk:  achenes  oblong,  somewhat  angled,  with  an  obscure  coroni- 
form margin  at    summit. — By  waysides  everywhere,   mostly  in  hard 
sterile  soil.    April,  May. 

2.  M.  occidentalis,  Greene.    Erect,  very  stout,  \YZ— 2%  ft.   high, 
corymbosely  branched  at  summit,   the  herbage  nearly   scentless:   heads 
more  than  twice  as  large  as  in  the  last  and  6—8  lines  high:  receptacle 


ANTHEMIDE^.  209 

somewhat  fusiform:  achenes  sharply  angled  and  with  a  broad  coroni- 
form  margin  below  the  summit. — Grain  fields  and  by  roadsides,  chiefly 
in  the  interior;  only  occasional  near  the  Bay.  May,  June. 

59.  CHRYSANTHEMUM,  Diosc.    Herbs  of  various  habit  and  foliage 
Heads  large,  with  yellow  or  white  rays.     Receptacle  flat  or  hemispher- 
ical, naked.     Achenes  glabrous,  5— 10-ribbed  all  around. 

1.  C.  SEGETUM,  Lobel  (1570).    Annual,  erect,  1 — 2  ft.  high,  with  few 
ascending  leafy  monocephalous  branches:  leaves  somewhat  fleshy,  gla- 
brous, glaucous,  oblong,  incisely  serrate,  the  upper  sessile  by  a  clasping 
base:  heads  yellow,  2  in.  wide  including  the   rays:  disk-achenes  com- 
pressed, corky-winged — Bather  common  in  fields  and  by  waysides  above 
West  Berkeley,  and  east  of  Oakland. 

2.  C.  PARTHENIUM,  Pers.  (FEVERFEW).    Biennial,  erect,  1—2  ft.  high, 
stoutish,  branching,  puberulent:  leaves  thin,  pinnately  parted,  the  oval 
or  oblong  divisions  incised  or  toothed:  rays  while,  obovate,  2 — 3  lines 
long:    pappus   a  minute    crown.— Only  occasionally  spontaneous;    an 
escape  from  the  gardens. 

60.  SOLIVA,  Ruiz  &  Pavon.    Small  depressed  herb  with  rigid  short 
branches,  petioled  pinnately  dissected  leaves,  and  heads  of  greenish 
flowers  sessile  in  the  forks.    Involucre  of  5 — 12  nearly  equal  bracts. 
Receptacle    flat.     Outer    and    only  pistillate  flowers    apetalous,  their 
achenes  pointed  with  the  hardened  and  persistent  style,  obcompressed, 
with  rigid  callous  margins.     Pappus  none. 

1.  S.  sessilis,  R.  &  P.  Plant  depressed,  seldom  6  in.  broad,  villous 
or  glabrate:  primary  divisions  of  the  leaves  3—5,  petiolate,  parted  into 
3 — 5  narrow  lobes:  heads  depressed:  achenes  broadly  obovate,  thin- 
winged,  the  wings  entire  or  panduriform-incised  near  the  base,  spinulose- 
pointed  at  summit:  persistent  style  long  and  stout. — In  moist  open 
ground,  or,  less  frequently,  in  shady  places.  May. 

61.  COTULA,  Linn.     Low  herbs  with  alternate  lobed  or  dissected 
leaves,  and  slender  peduncled  discoid  short-hemispherical  heads.    Outer 
series  of  flowers  pistillate  only,  and  apetalous,  the  style   deciduous. 
Disk-flowers  4-toothed.    Bracts  of  involucre  greenish,  in  about  2  ranks. 
Mature  achenes  pedicellate,  obcompressed,  thick-margined  or  narrowly 
winged,  in  ours  nearly  or  quite  destitute  of  pappus.     Both  species  of  our 
flora  supposed  to  have  come  from  Australia,  in  recent  times. 

1.  C.  CORONOPIFOLIA.  L.  Somewhat  succulent  glabrous  stoutish  and 
decumbent  usually  subaquatic  perennial:  leaves  ligulate-linear,  lacini- 
ate-pinnatifid,  or  the  upper  entire,  the  base  clasping  or  sheathing:  head 
much  depressed,  % — %  in.  broad:  pistillate  fl.  in  a  single  series,  their 
achenes  with  a  thick  spongy  wing:  disk-achenes  with  wing  reduced. — 


210  COMPOSITE. 

Abundant  in  shallow  pools  and  on  muddy  banks  of  tidal  streams;  occa- 
sionally on  higher  lands;  flowering  throughout  the  year. 

2.  C.  AUSTRALIS  (Sieb.),  Hook.  f.  Slender,  not  fleshy,  very  diffusely 
branched:  leaves  bipinnately  dissected  into  linear  lobes  and  somewhat 
pubescent:  heads  small;  pistillate  fl.  in  2  rows,  their  achenes  pedicelled, 
those  of  the  disk  less  so.— Plentiful  in  gardens,  and  along  some  streets 
in  San  Francisco  and  elsewhere.  Feb. — June. 

62.  TAXACETUM,  Pliny  (TANSY).   Kobust  aromatic  perennials,  leafy 
to  the  corymbose  summit.     Leaves  ample,  2— 3-pinnately  dissected  into 
very  many  divisions  or  lobes.     Heads  discoid,  erect.    Receptacle  naked. 
Flowers  yellow.     Anther-tips    broad,  obtuse.    Achenes    truncate,   and 
with  a  coroniform-dentate  pappus. 

1.  T.  camphoratnm9  Less.  Camphoric-aromatic,  villous-tomentose, 
very  stout  but  decumbent,  the  stems  1—3  ft.  long:  pinnse  and  segments 
of  the  very  large  leaves  much  crowded:  heads  in  a  large  corymbose 
cluster,  short-peduncled,  the  low-convex  disk  %  in.  broad;  achenes 
4-angled. — Abundant  on  sand  dunes  about  Point  Lobos,  etc.  Aug. — Dec. 

63.  ARTEMISIA,    Diosc.     Bitter-aromatic  herbs  and    low  shrubs. 
Leaves  alternate.     Heads  discoid,  small,  paniculately  disposed,  usually 
nodding.    Flowers  whitish  or  yellow,  often  sprinkled  with    resinous 
globules.     Anther-tips  slender  and  pointed.     Achenes  obovate  or  oblong, 
usually  with  small  summit  and  no  pappus. 

*  Shrubby  species. 

1.  A.  Call  for  uica,  Less.    Branches  ascending,  2 — 4  ft.  high;  leaves 
cinereous  with  a  minute  appressed  pubescence,  terebinthine-scented, 
the  lowest  parted  into  a  few  linear-filiform  segments,  the  upper  entire : 
heads  many,  in  leafy  panicles;  involucre  2  lines  broad:  achenes  broadish 
and  truncate  at    summit,  with  a  squamellate    or  coroniform-dentate 
pappus.— Southward  and  westward  slopes  of  hills.    Sept.— Dec. 

*  *  Herbaceous  species;  perennial  (except  n.  4)- 

2.  A.  pycnocephala,  DC.    Stout,  erect,  simple,  very  leafy  up  to  the 
dense  close  thyrsoid  or  virgate  panicle,  densely  silky-villous  even  to  the 
involucre:  leaves  1— 3-pinnately  parted  into  few  and  short  linear  or 
spatulate  lobes:  heads  2  lines  broad,  only  the  marginal  fl.  fertile;  style 
of  the  disk  fl.  undivided  and  tufted  at  apex:  achenes  glabrous;  pappus 
none. — Sandy  hills  and  shores  about  the  Bay.    Aug. — Dec. 

3.  A.  dracunculoides,  Pursh.     Stems  clustered,  ascending,  2—4  ft. 
high,    virgately    branched:    herbage    glabrous,    pungent  scented    when 
bruised,  but  neither  aromatic  nor  bitter:  lowest  leaves  3-cleft  at  summit, 
the  others  linear,  entire:  heads  little  more  than  a  line  broad.— Mostly 
beyond  our  limits  eastward  and  southward,  but  said  to  occur  at  Black 
Point,  San  Francisco,  and  near  Lake  Chabot.     Aug.— Nov. 


SENECIONIDE^.  211 

4.  A.  bieimis,  Willd.    Annual,  erect,  virgate,  1 — 3  ft.  high,  leafy  to  the 
summit:  herbage  deep  green,  glabrous  and  tasteless,  nearly:  leaves  1 — 
2-pinnately  parted  into  lanceolate  or  broadly  linear  laciniate  or  toothed 
lobes,  or  the  uppermost  only  pinnatifid:  heads  small,  in  close  glomerules 
on  the  spiciform  short  branches  and  main  stems:  achenes  with  small 
epigynous  disk  and  no  pappus. — Mostly  in  or  near  cultivated  ground,  at 
West  Berkeley,  etc.     Aug.— Oct. 

5.  A.  heterophylla,  Nutt.    Strictly  erect,  3 — 5  ft.  high,  simple  and 
leafy  up   to  the  short  naked  dense  panicle;    herbage  bitter  and  aro- 
matic: leaves  white  beneath  with  cottony   tomentum,  green  and  glabrate 
above,  2 — 4  in.  long,  lanceolate  or  broader,  acute,  often  laciniately  toothed 
or  cleft,  as  often  entire,  of  firm  texture:  heads  very  numerous,  2  lines 
high,  seldom  as  broad. — Very  common  in  low  rich  land,  along  streams, 
etc.    July— Oct. 

Suborder  9,  SENECIONIDE^:. 

Plants  herbaceous  or  suffrutescent,  mostly  with  watery  juice,  but  pun- 
gent; some  genera  bitter  and  aromatic.  Bracts  of  involucre  herbaceous, 
in  1  or  2  series.  Receptacle  naked.  Anthers  not  caudate;  sometimes 
sagittate.  Style-branches  of  perfect  flowers  obtuse  or  truncate;  in  some 
penicillate.  Pappus  of  capillary  bristles. 

Heads  subdioacious;  flowers  whitish PETASITES  64 

Heads  large;  flowers  yellow; 

Leaves  palmatifid CACALIOPSIS  65 

ovate  or  rounded,  or  pinnatifid; 

Pappus  brownish,  not  copious ARNICA  66 

white,  fine  and  copious ,. SENECIO  67 

Heads  small,  mostly  cylindric;  flowers  yellow SENECIO  67 

64.  PETASITES,  Tourn.    Perennial  herbs,  with  creeping  rootstocks 
sending  up  early  scapiform  leafy-bracted  flowering  stems,  and  later  ample 
long-petioled  radical  leaves  which  are  cottony-tomentose  at  least  when 
young.     Flowers  whitish  or  purplish,  in  a  racemose  corymb,  subdice- 
cious.    Achenes  narrow,  5— 10-costate.    Pappus  elongating  in  age,  very 
soft  and  white. 

1.  P.  palmata  (Ait.),  Gray.  Leaves  of  round-reniform  outline,  7 — 10 
in.  broad,  palmately  7 — 11-cleft  to  beyond  the  middle,  these  appearing 
later  than  the  very  early  flowering  stems. — Wet  mountain  woods,  at 
Taylorville,  Marin  Co.,  etc.  Fl.  March. 

65.  CACALIOPSIS,  A.  Gray.    Floccose-woolly  stout  perennial,  with 
ample  palmatifid  leaves  appearing  before  the  flowers.    Stem  stout,  with 
few  large  ray  less  heads  of  yellow  flowers.     Involucre  campanulate,  of 
many  lanceolate-linear  acuminate  bracts.    Corolla  with  cylindraceous 
throat  longer  than  the  slender  tube.     Style  puberulent  below  the  flattish 
branches.     Achenes  10-striate.     Pappus  copious,  soft,  white. 


212  COMPOSITE. 

1.  C.  Nardosmia,  Gray.  Kobust,  1  ft.  high  or  more:  leaves  mostly 
radical  or  at  the  base  of  the  stem:  heads  1  in.  high,  peduncled,  corym- 
bosely  or  racemosely  arranged  near  and  at  the  summit  of  the  stem: 
flowers  honey-yellow,  sweet-scented. — Mountain  summits  of  northern 
Napa,  or  adjacent  Sonoma  Co.,  collected  by  the  author,  in  1874;  other- 
wise a  far  northern  plant.  June. 

66.  ARNICA,  Ruppius.     Perennial  herbs,  somewhat  glandular  or 
viscid  and  aromatic.     Leaves  opposite.    Heads  one  or  several  and  large, 
at  summit  of  the  stem.  Involucre  broadly  campanulate,  not  bracteolate  at 
base;  the  herbaceous  bracts  lanceolate,  equal,  in  about  2  series.    Recep- 
tacle flat,  naked.     Disk-corollas  yellow  (as  also  the  rays  when  present), 
with  distinct  long  tube  and  funnelform  or  cylindraceous  5-lobed  limb. 
Achenes  linear,  angled.     Pappus  a  single  series  of  rather  rigid  brownish 
scabrous  or  barbellate  bristles. 

1.  A.  discoidea,  Benth.  Stoutish,  very  hairy,  2  ft.  high  or  less:  leaves 
ovate  or  oblong,  2 — 4  in.  long,  coarsely  toothed,  cordate,  or  truncate,  or 
sometimes  slightly  cuneate  at  base;  the  upper  smaller,  sessile,  often 
alternate:  heads  %  in.  high,  ray  less:  involucre  villous  and  glandular: 
achenes  sparsely  pubescent,  not  glandular.— Northward  slopes  of  the 
higher  coast  mountains,  in  shady  places  chiefly.  June,  July. 

67.  SENECIO,  Malthiolus.    Plants  extremely  diverse  in  habit,  fol- 
iage, etc.,  but  leaves  always  alternate.    Heads  clustered  cymosely,  or 
solitary;  either  radiate  or  discoid.    Involucre  usually  cylindrical,  of 
many  equal  bracts,  and  with  calyx-like  bracteoles  at  the  base.    Flowers 
yellow;  those  of  the  disk  5-toothed  or  -lobed.    Eeceptacle  flat  or  convex. 
Achenes  commonly  glabrous,  terete,  or  somewhat  ribbed.     Pappus  of 
very  copious  fine  white  capillary  merely  scabrous  bristles. 

*  Annual  species. 

1.  S.  vulgaris,  Tragus  (1552).    Nearly  glabrous,  slightly  fleshy,  1  ft. 
high  more  or  less,  branching,  leafy  throughout :  leaves  clasping   at  base, 
pinnatifid;  the  lobes  and  sinuses  sharply  toothed:  scales  at  base  of  the 
small  cylindric  involucre  with  black  tips:  rays  none. — Abundant  in  rich 
shady  cultivated  grounds;  flowering  at  all  seasons  of  the  year. 

2.  S.  aphanactis,  Greene.    Blender,  2—6  in.  high,  slightly  arachnoid 
when  young,  glabrate  in  age,  scarcely  viscid,  scentless:  leaves  % — %  iQ- 
long,  slightly  fleshy,  erect  or  ascending,  the   lowest  linear-spatulate,   the 
cauline  linear  to  oblong,  coarsely  toothed  or  slightly  lobed:  heads  very 
small,  2  or  3  together  at  the  ends  of  the  few  branches:  bracts  of  involucre 
linear-acuminate,  not  black-tipped  irays  about  5,  minute,  recurred:  achenes 
appressed-silky.— Clayey  slopes,  or  open  hilltops  of  the  Mt.  Diablo  Range. 
A  somewhat  rare  indigenous  plant,  strangely  mistaken,  by  some,  for  the 
Old  World  weed  S.  silvalicus.    March,  April. 


SENECIONIDE^E.  213 

*•  #  Perennial  species. 

3.  S.  curycephalus,  Torr.  &  Gray.    Somewhat  floccose  when  young, 
at  flowering  time  glabrous:  stem  stout,  2—3  ft  high,  leafy:  leaves  4 — 6 
in.  long,  lyrately  pinnate,  the  lobes  or  leaflets  7 — 15,  cuneate,  acutely 
and  incisely  cleft:  heads  many,  in  an  ample  corymb:  involucres  ^  in. 
high  or  more,  with  few  bracteoles:  rays  10 — 12,  light  yellow,  long  and 
showy.— In  groves  along  rocky  bases  of  the  coast  mountains  from  Sonoma 
and  Contra  Costa  counties  southward.    May,  June. 

4.  S.  Greeuei,  Gray.    Somewhat  floccose,  less  than  1  ft.  high,  leafy 
at  base:  heads  1 — 3,  large,  peduncled,  terminal:  radical  leaves  roundish, 
with  abrupt  or  slightly  cuneate  base  and  long  petioles,  coarsely  crenate- 
toothed:  heads  %  in.  long,  with  no  bracteoles  at  base;  rays  deep  orange, 
%  in.  long:  style  tips  of  disk-flowers  penicillate  and  with  a  central  cusp. 
— Under  bushes,  and  on  more  open  and  rocky  spaces  among  the  higher 
mountains  of  Napa  and  Sonoma  counties  and  northward.  *  May,  June. 

5.  S.  aronicoides,    DC.     Growing   parts  loosely  woolly,  afterwards 
glabrate:  stem  stout,  2—3  ft.  high,  leafy  chiefly  at  base,  the  many  small 
heads  in  a  compound  terminal  cyme:  leaves  ovate  to  oblong  and  lanceo- 
late, 3—6  in.  long,  irregularly  and  coarsely  toothed,  much  reduced  on 
the  stem,  the  uppermost  only  bract-like:  involucral  bracts  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  not  black-tipped:  flowers  10—20;  rays  none,  or  rarely  1  or  2. 
— Chiefly  among  thickets,  on  northward  slopes  of  hills.    April,  May. 

6.  S.  hydrophilus,  Nutt.  var.  Paciflcus,  Greene.      Very  stout,  suc- 
culent, glabrous,  glaucescent,  the  purplish  coarse  stems  2 — 4  ft.   high, 
leafy  mostly  at  base:  leaves  lanceolate,  the  lower  5—9  in.  long,  with 
stout  petiole,  the  upper  successively  shorter  and  sessile,  all  more  or  less 
denticulate :  heads  small,  very  numerous,  cymose-corymbose :  rays  none. 
— Brackish  marshes;  formerly  plentiful  at  West  Berkeley,  and  on  the 
lower  Napa  River;  still  abundant  in  the  Suisun  marshes.    July — Sept. 

*  *  *  Suffrutescent  species- 

1.  S.  Donglasii,  DC.  Usually  3  ft.  high,  branching  from  the  base, 
stoutish,  loosely  leafy;  growing  parts  and  young  leaves  whitish- tomen- 
tose,  later  glabrate— at  least  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaves;  lower  leaves 
pinnately  divided  into  about  5  narrowly  linear  revolule  lobes,  the  upper 
linear,  entire,  all  with  revolute  margins:  heads  few,  large,  corymbose; 
rays  conspicuous,  light-yellow:  achenes  glabrous.— Frequent  on  dry 
hills  of  the  Mt.  Diablo  Eange  from  Alameda  Co.  southward.  July— Nov. 

8.  S.  CINERARIA,  DC.  Sfcout,  2—4  ft.  high,  white-tomentose :  leaves 
of  firm  texture,  petiolate,  pinnately  parted,  the  segments  oblong,  obtuse, 
more  or  less  distinctly  3-lobed:  heads  many,  in  a  terminal  corymb:  rays 
10 — 12,  short,  oval. — An  ornamental  species  of  southern  Europe,  not 
infrequent  as  an  escape  from  the  gardens. 


214  COMPOSITES. 

9.  S.  MIKANIOIDES,  Otto.  Glabrous,  twining  and  trailing  to  the 
height  of  20  feet:  leaves  roundish-cordate-hastate,  sharply  5— 7-angled, 
2— 5  in.  long,  nearly  as  broad,  on  petioles  as  long  or  longer,  these  with 
a  reniform  stipulaceous  lobe  on  either  side  at  base:  heads  small,  in  com- 
pound corymbs  terminating  axillary  branchlets:  rays  none:  disk-fl.  9 — 
15.— Plentiful  along  banks  of  streams  at  the  base  of  the  Oakland  and 
Berkeley  Hills.  Native  of  S.  Africa;  flowering  profusely  in  January. 

Suborder  10.    CYNAROCEPHAL^E. 

Herbs  with  watery  juice,  usually  prickly  leaves,  and  flowers  in  dense 
ovoid  or  globose  heads;  involucre  imbricate.  Receptacle  densely  setose. 
Flowers  all  alike  and  perfect,  or  the  marginal  larger  than  the  others  and 
neutral.  Corollas  regular  or  slightly  irregular,  deeply  cleft  into  5  long 
and  narrow  lobes;  the  marginal  in  some  enlarged  and  palmatifid  but 
never  ligulate.  Stamens  syngenesious  and  also  rarely  monadelphous 
below.  Anthers  caudate.  Style  slightly  or  not  at  all  cleft,  commonly 
with  a  pubescent  node  or  ring  below  the  stigmatic  part.  Achenes  thick, 
hard,  smooth,  basally  or  obliquely  inserted.  Pappus  setose,  plumose,  or 
rarely  paleaceous,  sometimes  wanting. 

Pappus  of  many  setose  bristles CENTAUEEA  68 

' '       double,  i.  6.  of  2  different  sets  j  of  bristle8 CNICUS  69 

<of  paleae CENTROPHYLLYTTM  70 

"       many  series  of  barbellate  paleae SILYBUM  71 

"       united  at  base,  deciduous  in  a  ring; 

in  many  series  of  plumose  bristles CTNARA  72 

in  one  series  of  plumose  bristles CARDOTJS  73 

68.  CENTATJREA,  Linn.  Annual  or  biennial  herbs  of  various  habit. 
Leaves  unarmed  and  decurrent,  or  spinescent  and  merely  sessile.  Heads 
ovate;  the  imbricated  bracts  various.  Achenes  compressed  or  some- 
what tetragonal,  the  insertion  somewhat  oblique  or  sublatral.  Pappus 
of  many  slender  scabrous  bristles,  mostly  in  two  sets,  or  occasionally 
wanting. — All  our  species  naturalized  from  Europe. 

*  Bracts  of  involucre  armed  with  a  rigid  spine;  marginal  corollas 
not  enlarged.   ' 

1.  C.  CALCITRAPA,  L.     Stoutish,   rigid,    1 — 2    ft.   high,  very  widely 
branching,  leaves  narrow,  laciniate-pinnatind;  the  uppermost  somewhat 
involucrate-crowded  about  the  sessile  head:    principal  bracts  of  the 
involucre  armed  with  a  widely  spreading  long  and  rigid  subulate  spine, 
which  bears  2  or  3  spinules  on  each  side  at  base:  corollas  red-purple: 
pappus  none. — Common  along  roadsides  at  and  near  Vacaville. 

2.  C.  SOLSTITIALIS,  L.     Erect,  1 — 2  ft.  high,  canescent   with  cottony 
wool:    radical  leaves  lyrate-pinnatifid;    cauline  lanceolate  and  linear, 
mostly  entire,  decurrent  on  the  branches  in  narrow  wings:  heads  pedun- 
culate: middle  bracts  of  the  in volucre  with  a  long  rigid  spreading  spine 


CYNAROCEPHALJE.  215 

several  times  their  own  length,  and  having  1  or  2  spinules  at  base;  outer- 
most bearing  a  few  small  palmate  prickles;  innermost  only  scarious- 
tipped:  corollas  yellow:  pappus  double;  outer  of  short  and  squamellate, 
inner  of  large  bristles.— Very  common  in  Napa  Valley,  less  frequent  in 
other  parts  of  middle  California. 

3.  C.  MELITENSIS,  L.    Erect,  2 — 4  ft.   high,  cinereous-pubescent,  or 
when  young  slightly  woolly:  radical  leaves  lyrate-pinnatifid;  cauline 
lanceolate,  mostly  entire,  narrowly  decurrent:  principal  bracts  of  invo- 
lucre with  a  slender  spine  of  about  their  own  length  which  is  pectinate- 
spinulose  at  base;  innermost  with  spinescent  tips :  flowers  yellow:  pap- 
pus of  very  unequal  rather  rigid  bristles  or  squamellate.— A  very  common 
field  and  wayside  weed. 

*  *  Bracts  of  involucre  unarmed,  merely  fringed;  marginal 
corollas  much  larger  than  the  others. 

4.  C.  CYANUS,  L.     Slender,  1—2  ft.  high,  not  prickly,  whitened,  at 
least  when  young,  with  floccose  wool :  leaves  linear,  entire,  or  the  lower 
toothed  or  pinnatifid:  heads  naked,  on  slender  peduncles:  involucral 
bracts    narrow,  fringed  with  short   scarious  teeth:    marginal    flowers 
asexual,  much  enlarged,  irregularly  and  somewhat  palmately  cleft  and 
ray -like,  blue  or  pinkish  or  white:  pappus  of  unequal  bristles   about 
equalling  the  achene. — Escaped  from  gardens  to  waysides;  also  occasional 
in  grain  fields;  everywhere  admired  for  the  beauty  of  its  flowers,  and 
called  Cornflower,  Bluebottle,  etc. 

69.  CNICUS,   Vaillant.    Annual  with  sinuate-pinnatifid  leaves  thin- 
nish  and  reticulate-veiny,  only  weakly  prickly.     Heads  enclosed  within 
large  leafy  accessory  bracts.    Proper  bracts  of  the  involucre  thin-coria- 
ceous, in  few  ranks,  many  or  all  of  them  abruptly  tipped  with   an 
aristiform  or  spinescent  and  pectinate-prickly  appendage.    Receptacle 
densely  setose  with  long  and  soft  bristles.    Achenes   terete,  strongly 
many-striate,    the    corneous    margin    at  summit  10-toothed.      Pappus 
double;  each  set  consisting  or  10  aristiform  bristles;  the  outer  set  longer 
and  naked,  the  inner  short  and  fimbriolate. 

1.  C.  BENEDICTUS,  L.  A  less  rigidly  thistle-like  annual,  with  pale 
yellow  flowers  in  large  leafy-involucrate  heads;  occurring  rarely  as  a 
ballast  waif  at  San  Francisco. 

70.  CENTEOPHYLLUM,  Necker.    Annual  or  biennial.    Leaves  am- 
plexicaul,    reticulate-veiny,    rigid,    pinnatifid,    and    spinescent.     Outer 
bracts  of  involucre  foliaceous,  with  few  spinescent  lobes;  the  inner 
firmer,  appressed,  not  cleft,   but  with   a  dilated  and  spinescent  tip. 
Receptacle  densely  setose-paleaceous.     Flowers  yellow.     Achenes  obpyr- 
amidal;  those  of  the  marginal  row  more  plump,  somewhat  convex  and 
gibbous  on  one  side,  more  angular  on  the  other;  those  of  the  disk  more 


216  COMPOSITE. 

regularly  and  sharply  rhombic-tetragonal;  all  truncate  at  the  broad 
summit  and  surrounded  by  a  crenulate  margin.  Pappus  of  the  outer 
row  of  achenes  reduced  or  wanting;  of  the  others  double,  namely  with 
an  outer  set  of  elongated  but  unequal  ciliate  palese  in  several  series, 
and  an  uniserial  and  much  shorter  inner  set. 

1.  C.  LANATUM  (L.),  DC.  &  Duby.  A  very  rigid  thistle-like  yellow- 
flowered  annual,  naturalized  about  South  San  Francisco,  Biolelti. 

71.  SILYBUM,    Vaillant.    Coarse  and  stout  annual,  with  very  large 
sinuate-pinnatifid  prickly  leaves  veined  and  blotched  with  white.    Heads 
large,  at  the  ends  of  long  pedunculiform  branches.    Involucre  broadly 
ovoid;  bracts  foliaceous,  spinose  along  the  margins,  tapering  into   a 
rigid  prickle.    Receptacle  densely  soft-bristly.    Corollas   all  alike,  red- 
purple.      Stamens    monadelphous  below.      Achenes    compressed  and 
smooth.    Pappus    multiserial,    of  narrow  almost  setiform    barbellate 
palese  which  are  united  slightly  at  base,  and  deciduous  in  a  ring. 

1.  S.  MARIANUM  (L.),  Gaertn.  One  of  the  most  common  and  trouble- 
some of  rank  thistles,  in  all  waste  lands  in  California. 

72.  CYNARA,  Galen.     Very  stout    perennials,  with    pinnatifid    or 
bipinnatifid  sessile  though  not  decurrent  leaves;  the  lobes  spinescent- 
tipped.     Heads  very  large;  involucral  bracts  coriaceous.    Receptacle 
fleshy,  fimbrillate.   Achenes  obovate  compressed  and  somewhat  4-angled. 
Pappus  of  many  series  of  plumose  bristles. 

1.  C.  SCOLTMUS,  L.  (ARTICHOKE).  Stout  and  low,  with  very  ample 
hoary-tomentulose  bipinnatifid  leaves,  the  segments  spine-tipped:  iiivo- 
lucral  bracts  ovate,  obtuse  or  emarginate.— Escaped  from  gardens  near 
Benicia,  West  Berkeley,  Alameda,  etc. 

73.  CARDUUS,  Pliny  (THISTLE).       Stout  herbs,  mostly  biennial. 
Leaves  mostly  sessile  or  decurrent,  and  with  sharply  spinose  lobes  or 
teeth.     Heads  large,  ovoid  or  subglobose;  the  pluriserial  and  imbricated 
involucral  bracts  usually  prickly-tipped.    Receptacle   densely  villous- 
setose.    Flowers  all  alike,  crimson,  purple  or  white,  the  segments  of  the 
corolla  long  and  linear-filiform.   Achenes  obovate  or  oblong,  compressed* 
smooth,  not  striate;  pappus  a  single  series  of  long  and  barbellate  or  plu- 
mose slender  bristles  concreted  at  base  and  deciduous  in  a  ring,  often 
clavellate-dilated  at  the  naked  tip. 

*  Bracts  of  involucre  with  dilated  and  sguarrose-spreading  lips; 
heads  shorl-peduncled. 

1.  C.  fontinalis,  Greene.  Stout,  2  ft.  high,  the  widely  spreading 
branches  ending  in  middle-sized  nodding  heads:  stem  and  upper  sur- 
face of  leaves  glandular-pubescent:  bracts  of  the  involucre  herbaceous, 
broad,  squarrose-spreading  or  recurved,  abruptly  acute,  with  a  short 


CYNAROCEPHAL^;  217 

spinose  tip  and  no  glandular  spot:  flowers  dull  white:  anther  tips  acute. 
— Along  streamlets  and  in  springy  places  about  Crystal  Springs,  San 
Mateo  Co. ;  a  very  peculiar  species.  July. 

*  *  Only  the  outer  involucral  bracts  sguarrose;  terminal  spine  in  all  erect. 
•*— Heads  not  conspicuously  long-peduncled. 

2.  C.  remotifolius,  Hook.    Loosely  arachnoid  when  young,  glabrate 
in  age,  3 — 5  ft.  high;  leaves  from  sinuately  to  deeply  pinnatifid:  heads 
on  long  rather  slender  peduncles,  1^  in.  high,  ovate;  bracts  rather  loose 
and  thin,  linear-lanceolate,  the  outer  narrowed  to  a  small  weak  prickle, 
the  middle  ones  more  or  less  cartilaginous  and  lacerate  as  well  as  some- 
what dilated  toward  the  tip;  the  inner  linear-subulate  with  narrow  fim- 
brillate  scarious  margin:  corollas  ochroleucous,  the  limb  only  a  third  as 
long  as  the  throat. — Marin  Co. 

3.  C.  crassicanlis,  Greene.    Very  stout  and  tall,  4—7  ft.  high:  stem 
strongly  striate,  simple  to  near  the  summit,  there  becoming  rather  close- 
paniculate,  with  3 — 7  short-peduncled  headg  1^ — 2  in.  high:  herbage 
permanently  hoary-lanate:  leaves  small,  pinnately  parted,  the  segments 
spine-tipped  and  the  whole  margin  spinulose-ciliate :   involucral   bracts 
rather  loose,  linear-lanceolate  to  lanceolate-acuminate,  all  tipped  with  a 
slender  spine,  the  outer  and  middle  ones  with  pectinate-spinescent  margins: 
segments  of  the  whitish  or  pinkish  corolla  about  as  long  as  the  throat. — 
Abundant  in  moist  grassy  bottoms  of  the  lower  San  Joaquin. 

4.  C.  amplifolius,  Greene.     Somewhat  fleshy,  green  and  glabrous 
except  a  sparse  arachnoid  tomentum  on  the  lower  face  of  the  leaves: 
stem  stout,  3 — 4  ft.   high:  leaves  very  broad  and  ample,  conspicuously 
decurrent,  the  ample  lobes  crowded  and  overlapping  each  other,  trifid  and 
spinose-ciliate :  heads  short-peduncled  and  clustered,  1%  in.  high,  leafy  - 
bracted  at  base;  the  outer  bracts  loosely  spreading  and  arachnoid,  the 
inner  more  appressed  and  glabrous,  their  spinose  tips  often  reflexed: 
corollas  of  a  rich  bright  purple,  their  linear  obtuse  lobes  much  shorter 
than  the  throat. — On  stream  banks  back  of  Point  San  Pedro. 

5.  C.  edulis   (Nutt.),  Greene.      Eobust,   3—6    ft.  high,  pubescent, 
leafy  up  to  the  short  panicle:  leaves  oblong  or  narrower,  sinuate- pinnali  fid, 
weakly  prickly:  heads  1%  in.  high,  depressed-globose,  leafy-bracted  at 
base:  involucre  arachnoid  when  young:  corollas  deep  but  dull  purple; 
segments  shorter  than  the  throat.— Along  streams  in  the  Oakland  Hills, 
etc.    June,  July. 

•!—  -t—  Heads  solitary  on  stoul  peduncles. 

6.  C.  Califoniicus  (Gray),  Greene.    Bather  slender,  2—4  ft.   high, 
canescently  woolly:  leaves  sinuate-pinnatifid,  moderately  prickly,  heads 
middle-sized,  the  lower  brads  coriaceous-acerose,  spreading  and  incurved, 


218  COMPOSITE. 

the  others  straight,  all  subulate-spinescent  at  the  tip:  corollas  lilac- 
purplish  or  reddish,  lobes  shorter  than  the  throat. — Mt.  Diablo  and 
southward.  June,  July. 

7.  C.  Yenustus,  Greene.    Stoutish,  3  ft.  high,  the  foliage  permanently 
arachnoid-tomentose:   heads  large  (2  in.   high),   terminating  long  and 
almost  naked  pedunculiform  branches:  involucre  glabrate,  the  many 
subcoriaceous  bracts  with  closely  appressed  base,  and  long  lanceolate- 
subulate  abruptly  shorl-spinescent    tips:    corollas    bright    crimson,  the 
segments  longer  than  the  throat:  pappus-bristles  barbellate  above  the 
plumose  part,  the  tips  scarcely  dilated.— Foothills  of  the  Mt.  Diablo 
Range.    May,  June. 

8.  C.  occidentalis,   Nutt.      Stout,  2 — 3  ft.  high;  peduncles  stout, 
rather    short:    leaves   deeply  pinnatifid,    glabrate    above,  canescently 
tomentose  beneath:  involucre  subglobose;  bracts  straight,  subulate-lanceo- 
late, with  short  spines,  the  whole  mass  densely  festooned  with  remarkably 
distinct  cobwebby  hairs:  corollas  red-purple:  anthers  distinctly  bisetose 
and  lacerate  at  base :  pappus  somewhat  scanty. — Sandy  hills  along  the 
seaboard  only.    May — Aug. 

*  *  *  Involucral  bracts  appressed,  the  slender  spine  at  their  tips  more 
or  less  abruptly  spreading. 

9.  C.  hydrophilus,  Greene.    Bather  slender,  freely  branching  above, 
3—5  ft.  high;  when  young  pale  with  a  fine  thin  arachnoid  pubescence, 
in  maturity  green  and  glabrate:  leaves  not  large,  deeply  cut  into  uniform 
3-lobed  segments:  heads  1  in.  high,  somewhat  clustered  at  the  ends  of 
the  branches;  involucre  ovate,  the  appressed-imbricate  bracts  with  a 
green  and  glutinous  ridge   toward  the  summit,  and  ending  in  a  short 
slender  somewhat  spreading  spine.— Brackish  marshes  about  Suisun 
Bay.    July— Sept. 

10.  C.  quercetorum  (Gray),   Greene.*  Sparingly    villous-arachnoid 
when  young,  soon  glabrate:  stem  stout,  1  ft.  high  or  less,  with  few 
rather  large  heads:  leaves  mostly  petiolate,  the  larger  1  ft.  long,  pinnately 
parted,  the  oblong  divisions  often  3— 5-cleft,  prickly:  involucral  bracts 
coriaceous,  closely  imbricated  in  numereous  ranks,  the  outer  with  short 
prickles,  the  inner  obscurely  scarious  at  tip :  corollas  either  dull-purple 
or  white:  anther-tips  narrow,  very  acute.— Open  grassy  summits  and 
higher  slopes  of  hills  on  both  sides  of  the  Bay.    June,  July. 

11.  C.  LANCEOLATUS,  L.    More  or  less  villous  or    hirsute,  seldom 
cottony;  2—4  ft.  high,  stem  and  branches  interruptedly  winged  by  the 
decurrent  leaves,  both  leaves  and  wings  prickly:  heads  nearly  2  in.  high, 
arachnoid-woolly  at  first,  the  bracts  lanceolate,  attenuate  into  slender 
and  rigid  prickle-pointed  spreading  tips:  fl.  rose-purple.— A  most  trouble- 
some Old  World  weed,  already  abundant  on  this  coast  far  northward, 
only  lately  beginning  to  be  seen  occasionally  in  our  district. 


CICHORIACE^E.  219 

OBDEB  LVIX.     CICHORIACE^E. 

Plants  with  alternate  leaves  and  a  milky  narcotic  juice;  as  to  inflor- 
escence closely  analogous  to  Compositse,  though  not  naturally  allied  to 
them  very  closely;  much  nearer  Lobeliacese.  Flowers  in  the  head  all 
ligulate,  the  ligules  5-toothed  at  apex.  Anthers  appendaged  at  summit, 
at  base  sagittate,  or  abruptly  acuminate-setaceous.  Style-branches 
slender,  obtusish  or  acutish,  minutely  papillose.  Pollen-grains  perfectly 
smooth  and  distinctly  12-sided. 

*  Pappus  of  plumose  bristles- 
Receptacle  not  chaffy; 

Achenes  truncate PTILORIA  2 

["  flowers  -white NEMOSERIS  3 

"        beaked   \       "       purple TRAGOPOGON  4 

[       "       yellow.. PICRIS  9 

Receptacle  chaffy HYPOCKasRis  5 

*  *  Pappus  paleaceous,  awned  or  awnless. 

Pappus-paleae  awnless CICHORIUM  1 

"      awned; 

Awn  from  a  notch  in  the  palea UROPAPPUS  6 

Palea  tapering  into  the  awn; 

Annuals;  achenes  oblong  or  turbinate MICROSERIS  7 

Perennials;  achenes  cylindric SCORZONELLA  8 

*  *  *  Pappus  of  capillary  bristles  only. 

Achenes  not  compressed; 
Achenes  truncate; 

Pappus  soft,  deciduous , MALACOTHRIX    10 

Pappus  firmer,  persistent; 

Pappus  dull- white  or  darker HIERACIUM         11 

"        bright-white CREPIS  12 

Achenes  slender-beaked; 

10-ribbed  or  -angled AGOSERIS  13 

"        4— 5-angled TARAXACUM        14 

Achenes  compressed; 

Beaked  or  at  least  attenuate  above LACTUCA  15 

Not  beaked  or  narrowed  above ..SoNCHUS  16 

1.  CICHORIUM,  Theophr.  Perennials,  leafy  at  base;  the  tall  stem 
and  branches  with  reduced  foliage,  bearing  several  heads  of  blue  flowers 
in  the  axils.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  in  2  series;  the  inner  erect,  partly 
enfolding  the  subtended  achenes,  the  4  or  5  outer  more  spreading. 
Achenes  short,  truncate,  somewhat  angled;  the  broad  summit  bordered 
with  2  or  more  series  of  short  blunt  paleae. 

1.  C.  INTYBUS,  L.  (CHICOBY).  More  or  less  hirsute  below,  2—5  ft. 
high:  radical  leaves  runcinate;  cauline  oblong  or  lanceolate,  dentate; 
those  of  the  flowering  branches  scarcely  more  than  bract-like:  heads 
1  in.  broad  or  more,  expanded  in  the  morning,  closing  by  midday. — 
Common  in  many  places,  as  an  escape  from  the  market  gardens. 


220  CICHOEIACEJE. 

2.  PTILORIA,  Raf.  Ours  stoutish  and  rather  rigid  tall  annuals. 
Leaves  runcinate.  Heads  small;  fl.  pinkish  or  purplish,  few  in  the  head, 
the  ligules  all  equal.  Involucre  of  several  longer  erect  inner  bracts, 
and  as  many  short  appressed  calyculate  outer  ones.  Achenes  truncate, 
5-angled.  Pappus  a  series  of  plumose  bristles  curving  outward. 

1.  P.  virgata  (Benth.),  Greene.    Eigid,  virgate,  1—3  ft.  high,  glabrous 
throughout  and  the  herbage  deep  green:  leaves  runcinate:  heads  3—4 
lines  long,  subsessile  along  the  naked  upper  part  of  stem  and  branches, 
4— 8  flowered:  achenes  subclavate  or  oblong,  rugose-tuberculate  between 
the  ribs:  pappus  clear  white,  plumose  almost  throughout.— Sandy  banks 
and  hills.    Aug.— Oct. 

2.  P.  cnuescens,  Greene.    More  slender,  paniculate,  2—4  ft.  high; 
stem    and  foliage    hoary-tomentose  when  young,  somewhat  glabrate  in 
age:  leaves  lanceolate,  more  or  less  sinuate-  or  runcinate-pinnatifid: 
achenes  larger  than  in  the  last,  and  less  tuberculate;  pappus  as  white, 
slightly  longer  and  of  fewer  bristles.— Mountain  sides,  and  clayey  banks 
of  streams,  in  exposed  places.    June— Sept. 

3.  KEMOSERIS,  Greene.    Stout  annual,  near  Ptiloria,  but  decidedly 
inclining  to  the  corymbose  in  branching:  flowers  much  more  numerous 
in  the  head:  ligules  white,  unequal.     Achenes  tapering  to  a  long  beak 
supporting  the  pappus;  the  rays  of  the  latter  not  at  all  curved. 

1.  H.  Californica  (Nutt.),  Greene.  Glabrous,  the  stem  white,  2—3 
ft.  high,  herbage  glabrous  and  with  a  strong  narcotic  smell:  leaves 
oblong,  pinnatifid,  sessile  and  clasping:  heads  1  in.  wide  when  expanded: 
outer  achenes  pubescent;  plumose  pappus  sordid. — On  clayey  banks 
and  slopes  of  wooded  hills;  common.  June— Sept. 

4.  TRAGOPOGON,    Theophr.      Stoutish    biennials     with    fusiform 
edible  root,  leafy  erect  stems  and  large  long-peduncled  slender  conic 
involucres.    Receptacle   naked.    Achenes    muricate,   long-beaked;    the 
beak  supporting  an  ample  pappus  of  setaceous  bristles  which  are  long- 
plumose  at  base  and  naked  above. 

1.  T.  POBBIFOLIUS,  L.  (SALSIFY).  Leaves  entire,  long  and  grassy: 
stem  2 — 4  ft.  high:  rays  deep  purple. — Naturalized  in  waste  lands;  an 
escape  from  the  gardens. 

5.  HYPOCILERIS,  Vaillant.    Plants  leafy  mostly  at  base  of  the 
branching  naked  or  leafy-bracted  somewhat  corymbose  stems.  Involucres 
oblong -conic,  erect  in  the  bud ;  bracts  imbricated.    Receptacle  scarious- 
chaffy,  the    chaff    deciduous.    Flowers    yellow.     Achenes    oblong    or 
fusiform,  10-ribbed,  glabrous  or  scabrous,  at  least  the  inner  ones  tapering 
to  a  beak.    Pappus  a  series  of  fine  plumose  bristles,  often  accompanied 
by  some  outer  naked  ones. — Weeds  introduced  from  Europe. 


CICHORIACE^. 

1.  H.  GLABRA,  L.    Annual,  glabrous,  1  ft.  high  more  or  less:  leaves 
in  a  depressed  radical  tuft,  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  sinuate-toothed :  scape 
branching:  ligules  and  expanded  head  small:  outer  achenes  truncate  at 
summit,  the  inner  tapering  to  a  long  slender  beak:  pappus  of  capillary 
bristles  intricately  plumose  below  the  nearly  naked  apex,  and  of  some 
fine  short  naked  outer  ones. — Very  common  in  all  open  grounds. 

2.  H.  RADICATA,  L.     Twice  as  large  as  the  preceding,  perennial,  hir- 
sute: ligules  long,  and  expanded  heads  1  in.  broad:    achenes  all  rostrate. 
— Common  in  shaded  grassy  ground  at  Berkeley,  where  it  began  to 
appear  only  a  few  years  since. 

6.  UROPAPPUS,  Nutt.  Subacaulescent  annuals,  nearly  or  quite 
glabrous,  with  laciniately  cleft  or  pinnatifid  leaves,  and  stout  scapiform 
monocephalous  peduncles  enlarged  under  the  oblong-conic  heads,  these 
always  erect.  Ligules  short,  in  expansion  surpassed  by  some  of  the 
bracts  of  the  oblong  conic  imbricated  involucre.  Achenes  slender-fusi- 
form, 8 — 12-ribbed,  truncate  at  summit.  Pappus  of  5  scarious  ample 
bifid  palese,  with  an  awn  or  bristle  arising  from  the  notch. 


*  Achenes  brownish;  pappus  brownish, 

1.  U.  Lindleyi  (DC.),  Nutt.    Stoutish,  1%  ft.  high  or  smaller :  achenes 
5—6  lines  long,  slightly  narrowed  toward  the  summit:  pappus-palese 
linear-lanceolate,  4  lines  long,  the  awn  very  little  shorter.— The  most 
common  species.     May,  June. 

2.  U.  leucocarpus,  Greene.     Like  the   preceding  in   size,  etc.,  but 
achenes  almost  white,  slenderly  attenuate  at  summit,  the  narrow  part 
vacant,  i.  e.,  not  filled  by  the  seed;  very  light-brown  palese  and  slender 
awn  each  about  2%  lines    long. — With  the  preceding,  but  far    less 
common. 

3.  U.  Cleveland!,  Greene.    Smaller  than  the  preceding,  f  urfuraceous- 
puberulent:  afchenes  3  lines  long,  not  at  all  attenuate,  the  body,  and  also 
the  pappus,  of  a  deeper  brown;  palea3  with  a  very  short  awn.— Plains  at 
the  eastern  base  of  Mt.  Diablo,  thence  southward.     April. 

4.  U.  Kelloggii,  Greene.     More  slender  than  any  of  the  preceding, 
the  scapes  little  enlarged  under  the  heads:  achenes  slightly  attenuate  at 
each  end:  palese  of  pappus  only  about  2  lines  long,  the  awn  somewhat 
longer. — Toward  the  seaboard,   and  not  common:  near  Tomales,  etc. 
April,  May. 

*  *  Achenes  black;  pappus  clear  white,  deciduous. 

5.  U.  linearifolins  (DC.),  Nutt.    Stouter  than  any  of  the  foregoing; 
the  numerous  scapiform  peduncles  much  dilated  under  the  involucres : 
blackish  achenes  almost  rostrate-attenuate.    Var.  elatns.     Slender  and 
tall,  the  stem  (not  rarely  a  foot  high)  and  slender  peduncles  together 


222  CICHORIACE^. 

sometimes  making  a  height  of  2  ft.  or  more :  heads  smaller,  with  fewer 
flowers.— The  type  common,  chiefly  along  the  seaboard;  the  variety,  of 
the  interior,  extending  far  southward.  April,  May. 

7.  MICBOSERIS,  Don.  Stemless  annuals,  with  an  ample  radical 
tuft  of  mostly  pinnatifid  leaves,  and  many  slender  erect  or  decumbent 
monocephalous  scapes;  the  ovoid  or  subglobose  heads  nodding  in  bud, 
and  even  in  flower;  usually  erect  in  fruit.  Involucre  with  short-imbri- 
cated bracts  at  base;  the  main  bracts  longer  and  equal.  Ligules  short; 
expanded  heads  small.  Achenes  oblong-claviform  to  turbinate.  Pappus 
of  usually  short  palese  tapering  into  a  long  scabrous  awn. 

1.  M.  Donglasii  (DO.),  Gray.    Scapes    many,  decumbent  at   base, 
8 — 18  in.  high:  head  broad-ovoid:  achenes  2  lines  long,  thickish,  oblong  - 
turbinate,  contracted  near  the  summit,  those  of  the  outer  circle  usually 
white- villous :  paleas  of  the  pappus  2  lines  long,  round-ovate  to  orbicular. 
half  or  a  third  the  length  of  the  awn,  glabrous  or  villous  on  the  outside. 
Very  common,  and  in  great  variety  of  forms.    April,  May. 

2.  M.  attennata,  Greene.    More  slender,  with  fewer  scapes,  these 
not  as  long,  more  erect:  head  oblong:  achenes  4  lines   long,  attenuate- 
fusiform^  the  upper  and  narrower  half  not  filled  by  the  seed  but  vacant: 
pappus-pale  %  3  lines  long  or  more,  oblong -lanceolate,   about  half  the 
length  of  the  awn,  more  or  less  villous  externally. — Hills  of  Contra 
Costa  Co.,  but  first  collected  at  Berkeley,  where  it  is  long  since  extinct. 

3.  M.  imlivisa,  Greene.    Stoutish,  leaves  not  pinnatifid,  many  not 
even  toothed,  oblanceolate;  scapes  quite  erect,  1 — 1J^  ft.   high:  heads 
subglobose,  the  fl.  and  achenes  more  than  100;  outer  row  of  achenes 
silvery-silky,  the  others  glabrous,  all  chestnut-brown,  2  lines  long,  the 
pappus  about  5  lines,  of  5  whitish  barbellulate  not  fragile  bristles  the  bases 
of  which  are  dilated  into  small  triangular   lanceolate  palese. — Plains   of 
Solano  Co.,  east  of  the  mountains.     May. 

4.  M.  tenella    (Gray).    Very  slender,  and  the  leaves   subentire,  or 
larger  and    the  leaves  pinnatifid:    heads    broad-ovate  to  subglobose: 
achenes  dark-brown,  oblong-clavale:  pappus  mostly  of  only  2  or  3  very 
slender  fragile  bristles  which  are  merely  deltoid-dilated  at  base. — Very 
common  and  variable;  occasionally  destitute  of  pappus  and  the  small 
heads  hemispherical.    April,  May. 

5.  M.  elegaiis,  Greene.    Seldom  1  ft.  high,  slender,  the  leaves  pin- 
natifid: fruiting  head  small  (less  than  Y2  in.  high):  achenes  little  more 
than  a  line  long,  turbinate:  pappus-palex  ovate-deltoid,  a  fourth  the  length 
of  the  very  slender  awn,  these  and  often  the  whole  summit  of  the  achene 
minutely  villous. — Low  plains  of  Solano  and  Contra  Costa  counties. 

6.  M.  Bigelovii,  Gray.    Often  1  ft.  high  and  more:  broad-ovate  head 
^  in.  high:  involucre  more  imbricated  than  in  the  foregoing:  acheues 


CICHORIACE^.  223 

oblong-turbinate,  2  lines  long:  pappus-palese  ovate-lanceolate,  brownish, 
only  half  or  a  third  the  length  of  the  similarly  brownish  awn. — Along 
the  seaboard  chiefly,  in  sandy  soil;  extremely  variable,  if  not  indeed  an 
aggregate  of  two  or  more  species.  April— June. 

7.  M.  acnmina'ta,  Greene.     Only  a  span  high,  but  heads  elongated; 
leaves  deeply  pinnatifid  into  slender  lobes:  achenes  slenderly  fusiform- 
turbinate,  nearly  3  lines  long,  the  pappus  nearly  %  in.   long;  palese 
narrowly  lanceolate,  the  awn  shorter  than  the  palea.— Plains  and  mountain 
valleys  from  Sonoma  Co.  to  Solano.     April,  May. 

8.  SCORZONELLA,  Nutt.     Stems  erect,  from  a  fusiform  perennial 
root,  parted  into  several  pedunculiform  monocephalous  branches,  and 
leafy  mostly  at  base.     Leaves  lanceolate,  coarsely  toothed,  or  pinnatifid 
into  narrow  segments,  or  some  entire.    Heads  large,  nodding  in  bud; 
ligules  elongated,  yellow,  the  expanded  head  therefore  showy.    Involucre 
cylindraceous-ovoid,  more  or  less  imbricated.     Achenes  cylindric,  with 
10  or  more  obscure  angles.     Pappus  of  10  or  more  scabrous-  or  barbel- 
lulate-awned  long  or  short  firm  palese. 

1.  S.  silvatica,  Benth.    Mostly  simple  and  monocephalous,  1—2  ft. 
high:  head  1  in.  high,  30 — 40- flowered:  bracts  of  involucre  in  3  or  4 
series,  the  outer  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  abruptly  acuminate,  the  inner 
lanceolate,  gradually  acuminate:  ligules  glandular-puberulent:  palese  of 
the  pappus  lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  achene,  tapering  into  the  subplumose 
awn  which  is  somewhat  longer. — Hills  and  plains  along  the  eastern  base 
of  the  Mt.  Diablo  Range. 

2.  S.  paladosa,  Greene.     Sterns  several,  2  ft.  high  or  more,  strictly 
erect:  leaves  subentire  to  laciniate-parted  into  long  and  very  narrow 
segments:  head  50— 75-flowered;  bracts  all  tapering  frorn  a  lanceolate 
base  into  a  long  slender  acumination:   achene  2   lines  long:  pappus 
brownish,  the  lanceolate  palex  little  more  than  a  line  long,  the  barbellulate 
awn  4—5  lines.— Low  moist  plains,  from  Marin  Co.  to  Solano. 

3.  S.  Bolanderi  (Gray),  Greene.     About  1  ft.    high,   the  scapiform 
branches  leafy   at   base   only   and  decumbent:    leaves   linear-lanceolate, 
entire,  or  with  linear  lobes  above  the  middle:  bracts  all  gradually  atten- 
uate from  a  broad  base,  rather  regularly  imbricated:  pappus   brown, 
5  lines  long,  the  ovate  palea  %  line. — Marin  Co.,  in  wet  places.     April. 

4.  S.  maxima,  Bioletti.    Very  stout,  2 — 4  ft.   high,  leafy -stemmed, 
the  branches  long  and  erect:  leaves  1  ft.  long,  2  in.  wide,  entire  or  barely 
somewhat  toothed:  heads  very  broad,  400-flowered;  bracts  of  involucre 
from  ovate,  acute,  to  lanceolate-acuminate:   achenes   %   in.  long,   the 
pappus  almost  white;  lanceolate  palea  \%  lines  long,  the  merely  scabrous 
awn  5  or  6  lines. — At  Los  Guilucos.    June,  July. 


224  CICHORIACE^:. 

9.  PICRIS,  Theophr.    Coarse  branching  leafy  herbs,  rough-bristly, 
yellow- flowered;  the  heads  scattered.   Involucre  double,  an  outer  series  of 
foliaceous  spreading  bracts  and  an  inner  erect  series.    Achenes  subterete, 
transversely  rugose,  beaked  and  bearing  a  pappus  of  plumose  bristles. 

1.  P.  EOHIOIDES,  L.  Biennial,  2—3  ft.  high:  stem  hispid  with  hooked 
hairs;  oblanceolate  leaves  rough  with  bristles  from  a  pustulate  base: 
outer  involucral  bracts  ovate-acuminate,  bristly-spiny  on  the  margins: 
achenes  reddish,  slender-beaked;  pappus  very  plumose.— Common  way- 
side weed  about  Vallejo.  West  Berkeley,  Santa  Clara,  etc. 

10.  MALA.COTHRIX,    DeCandolle.     Annuals,  heterogeneous  as    to 
habit,  involucre,  etc.,  but  known  by  short  glabrous  terete  and  5—15 
costate,  or  4— 5-angled  truncate  achenes  with  denticulate  border  to  the 
summit,  and  a  soft-capillary  deciduous  pappus,  accompanied  by  one  or 
more  stouter  bristles  which  are  more  persistent;  the  inner,  more  copious 
deciduous  set  more  or  less  joined  into  a  ring  at  base. 

*  Acaulescent;  heads  targe,  pale-yellow. 

1.  M.  Californica,  DC.    Woolly  when  young,  with  very  long  «oft 
hairs:  leaves  once  or  twice  pinnately  pinnatifid  into  narrow-linear  or 
almost  filiform  lobes':  scapes  stoutish:  involucre  long-conical,  %  in.  high; 
outer  bracts  slender- subulate;  receptacle  slender- bristly:  achenes  nar- 
row, striate-costate:  outer  pappus  of  2  persistent  bristles,  and  between 
them  some  minute  pointed  teeth. — Plains  of  eastern  Contra  Costa  Co. 

*  *  Caulescent,  branching  freely;  heads  smaller. 

2.  M.  parviflora,  Benth.    Leaves  scattered,  only  some  of  the  lower 
pinnatifid;  plant  1  ft.  high;  panicle  narrow;  heads  %  in.  high,  few- 
flowered,  fl.    yellow;    achenes    oblong  linear,   minutely    striate-costate, 
4  or  5  of  the  ribs  slightly  more  prominent;  outer  pappus  of  1  conspicuous 
bristle  and  many  white  setulose  teeth. — Mt.  Diablo  Range,  and  plains  to 
the  eastward.    April—  June. 

3.  M.  obtusa,  Benth.     Leaves  in  a  rosulate  radical  tuft,  runcinate- 
pinnatifid,  the  lobes  sinuate -toothed,  the  teeth  or  sinuses  bearing  tufts 
of  cottony  white  wool:  stem  8—10  in.  high,  diffusely  corymbose-panicu- 
late: heads  %  in.  high;  fl.  pure  white,  or  with  a  pinkish  tinge:  achenes 
obovate-oblong,  obtusely  5-angled,  the  apex  slightly  narrowed  and  border 
entire;    none   of  the  pappus-bristles  persistent. — Coast  and  Mt.   Diablo 
ranges  at  middle  and  higher  elevations.    May,  June. 

4.  M.  Coulteri,  Gray.    Stoutish,  erect,  1 — 2  ft.  high,  with  rather  few 
branches;  herbage  glabrous,  glaucescent:  upper  cauline  leaves  ovate  or 
cordate,  sessile,  clasping,  all  sparsely  toothed:  involucres  %  in.  high, 
ovoid,   of  silvery-scarious   bracts    very   distinctly  imbricated  in    several 
series:  fl.  white,  fading  purplish:  achenes  acutely  about  15-ribbed  and 
4-  or  5-angled,  the  summit  obscurely  denticulate:  1  or  2  stouter  bristles 
more  persistent.— Plains  of  the  lower  San  Joaquin.     April— June. 


CICHORIACE^E.  225 

11.  HIERACIUM,    Diosc.     Perennial,     often     rough-hairy     herbs. 
Involucre  subcylindric,  of  uniserial  linear  bracts.    Keceptacle  naked. 
Flowers  mostly  yellow  (in  ours  white).     Achenes  linear,  10-ribbed  or 
-striate.     Pappus  of  rigid  fragile  dull-white  or  brownish  bristles. 

1.  H.  albifloruni,  Hook.  Leaves  mostly  radical,  oblong-spatulate, 
entire  or  denticulate,  2 — 5  in.  long,  thickly  beset  with  long  bristly  hairs: 
stem  nearly  naked  above,  ending  in  a  more  or  less  ample  panicle  of 
white-flowered  heads:  involucre  3 — 5  lines  long,  achenes  1^  lines  long, 
not  tapering,  evenly  striate-ribbed. — Woods  of  the  Coast  Range. 

12.  CREPIS,  Dalechamps.    Perennial,  tomentulose  or  glabrous  herbs. 
Involucre  of  linear  equal  bracts,  usually  with  calyculate  short  ones  at 
base.    Flowers  yellow.     Achenes  columnar  to  fusiform,  10— 20-costate. 
Pappus  of  copious  soft  white  bristles. 

1.  C.  acmninata,  Nutt.    Hoary-tomentulose,  slender,  1 — 2  ft.   high, 
with  open  cyme  of  many  slender  peduncled  narrow  heads:  leaves  radical, 
runcinately  pinnatifid  into  lanceolate  or  linear  lobes  below  the  middle, 
the  apex  prolonged  into  a  narrow  entire  acumination:  involucre  5—7 
lines   high,  narrow-cyJindric:  achenes   10-striate,  tapering   at  summit. — 
Mt.  Hamilton;  thence  southward  and  eastward. 

2.  C.  VIKENS,  L.     Green  and  glabrous,  slender,  1 — 2  ft.  high:  leaves 
mostly  radical,  lanceolate  or  broader,  toothed  or  pinnatifid;  cauline 
sessile,  with  subsagittate  base:  heads  very  small;  -fl.  yellow:  achenes 
oblong,  10-striate,  smooth,  narrowed  slightly  but  about  equally  at  both 
ends.— In  shady  grassy 'places  about  Berkeley;  naturalized  from  Europe. 

13.  AGrOSERIS,  Rof.    Herbs  usually  quite  acaulescent,  with  tufted 
radical  leaves  lanceolate,  pinnately  toothed  or  cleft,  and  simple  scapes 
bearing  solitary  large  heads  of  yellow  or  orange-colored  flowers.    Invo- 
lucre at  first  subcylindric,  later  approaching  the  conic:  bracts  imbricated 
in  2  series,  the  outer  often  short,  more  foliaceous  and  spreading.    Achenes 
oblong  or  linear,  or  slender-fusiform,  terete,  10-ribbed;  the  apex  pro- 
duced in  ours  into  a  very  slender  beak  with  a  dilated  terminal  areola  on 
which  are  inserted  the  copious  fine  white  pappus-bristles. 

*  Perennials;  achenes  tapering  into  the  beak. 
•j—  Heads  very  large,  but  ligules  very  short. 

1.  A.  plebeia,  Greene.  Sparsely  lanate-hirsute  on  the  leaves  beneath, 
the  involucres  woolly  at  base,  otherwise  glabrous:  scapes  often  2  ft. 
high:  leaves  not  rarely  1  ft.  long,  narrowly  oblanceolate,  usually  slenderly 
acuminate,  the  sides  with  several  pairs  of  abrupt  triangular  teeth  or 
subfalcate  lobes:  ligules  short,  suberecl,  deep  yellow:  achenes  slender- 
fusiform,  2 — 2%  lines  long;  beak  5  or  6  lines;  pappus  very  soft  and 
white. — Western  side  of  the  Coast  Range,  and  about  the  Bay;  the  most 
rank  and  the  least  showy  species.  May,  June. 


226  CICHORIACE^:. 

•f—  -»—  Heads  large,  and  Ugules  elongated. 

2.  A.  graiidiflora  (Nutt.),  Greene.    Bather  more  lanate  than  the 
last,  often  as  large:  leaves  more  deeply  and  constantly  pinnatifid,  the 
terminal  undivided  part  oblanceolate,  obtuse:  ligules  light  yellow,  elon- 
gated, spreading,  the  expanded  head  2 — 3  in.  broad:   achenes   about  3 
lines  long,  the  beak  10  lines. — Plains  of  the  eastern  part  of  Solano  Co. 
and  far  northward;  not  in  the  Bay  region  proper.     May. 

3.  A.  intermedia,  Greene.    Size  of  the  last,  nearly,  pale  green  and 
glaucescent,  but  with  some  lanate  pubescence  when  young:  leaves  with 
a  linear  rachis,  many  remote  narrowly  linear  pinnate  segments  and  a 
long  linear-acuminate  terminal  lobe:  expanded  ligules  forming  a  head 
2  in.  broad,  fl.   pale  yellow:  achenes  2 — 2%  lines  long,  very  sharply 
carinate-ribbed,  the   ribs  along  their   bases  closely   beset  with  short   stiff 
setulose  hairs;  beak  8—10  lines  long.— Mt.  Diablo,  near  the  summit,  and 
elsewhere,  at  considerable  elevations  of  the  inner  ranges. 

4.  A.  hirsnta  (Hook.),  Greene.    Hirsute-pubescent,  not  rarely  caules- 
cent and  the  depressed  or  ascending  stem  6  in.  high:  leaves  from  narrowly 
spatulate  and  merely  toothed  or  lyrate-pinnatifid,  to  pinnately  parted 
into  linear  lobes:  scapes  or  peduncles  slender,  1—1^  ft.  high,  reddish; 
the  elongated  bright  yellow  ligules  also  fading  reddish:  achenes  slender- 
fusiform,  1%  lines  long  or  more,  the  beak  only  about  twice  as  long;  pappus 
usually  dull  or  yellowish  white.— Only  on  open  grassy  slopes  near  the 
Bay  and  seacoast.     May — Nov. 

5.  A.  apargioides  (Less.),  Greene.    Very  near  the  last,  but  every 
way  much  smaller,  the  leaves  more  remotely  and  slenderly  pinnatifid: 
heads  only  ^in.  high:  beak  not  longer  than  the  body  of  the  achene.—Saud 
hills  of  San  Francisco;  flowering  almost  throughout  the  year. 

*  *  Perennials;  achenes  abruptly  beaked  from  a  truncate  summit. 

6.  A.  retrorsa  (Benth.),  Greene.    Hoary  with  a  woolly  pubescence: 
leaves  pinnately  parted  into  linear-lanceolate  usually  long  retrorse  lobes, 
the  terminal  one  long  and  narrow,  all  callous-tipped:  ligules  long,  pale 
salmon-color:  achenes  truncate,  3  lines  long,  the  filiform  beak  nearly  an 
inch. — Higher  elevations  of  all  the  coast  mountains.    June,  July. 

#  *  *  Annuals;  manifestly  caulescent. 

7.  A.  heterophylla  (Nutt.),   Greene.    Slender,  seldom   1  ft.    high, 
more  or  less  villous  or  hirsute:  leaves  spatulate  to  oblanceolate,  toothed 
irregularly,  or  entire:  heads  % — %  in.  high;    ligules  short  and  inconspic- 
uous: achenes  about  2  lines  long,  with  beak  of  about  3  lines;  inner 
achenes  mostly  with  obsolete  ribs  and  not  rilled  to  the  summit  by  the.  seed; 
outer  ones  extremely  variable,  normally  with  ribs  developed  into  broad 
undulate  wings,  otherwise  merely  ribbed  and  hirsute,  or  again,  inflated 
to  the  subcylindric  and  the  ribs  not  visible. — Very  common,  and  dispersed 
widely  beyond  our  limits.     April— May. 


CICHORIACE^l.  227 

8.  A.  major,  Jepson.  Twice  larger  every  way;  leaves  often  pinnati- 
fid:  ligules  elongated  and  head  conspicuous  (1%  in.  broad),  when  in 
flower:  achenes  inclined  to  vary,  as  in  the  last,  but  not  reaching  such 
extremes,  tapering  more  abruptly  into  thejtipe,  and  more  or  less  distinctly 
toothed  under  it:  pappus  sordid  or  almost  fuscous. — Plains  of  the  inte- 
rior, from  Solano  Co.  southward.  May. 

14.  TARAXACUM,  Haller.      Flaccid  nearly  glabrous  acaulescent 
herb,  with  a  tuft  of  depressed  runcinate-pinnatifid  leaves,   and  hollow 
scapes  bearing  solitary  heads.     Involucre  double;  outer  bracts  short, 
spreading,  partly  connate  at  base;  inner  erect,  narrow,  equal.    Achenes 
oblong-obovate,  4 — 5-angled   or  -costate,  muricate  or  prickly  near  tile 
summit,  abruptly  narrowed  into  a  long  filiform  stipe  which  bears  the 
soft  capillary  whitish  pappus. 

1.  T.  OFFICINALE,  Weber  (DANDELION).  Common  weed  in  parks  and 
lawns,  where  it  has  been  introduced  accidentally,  with  lawn-grass  seed; 
scarcely  naturalized  in  our  district. 

15.  LACTliCA,  Pliny.  '  Leafy-stemmed  biennials  and  annuals,  with 
ample  though  narrowish  panicles  of  small  conoidal  heads.    Flowers  yel- 
low.    Achenes  compressed,  oblong,  abruptly  narrowed  to  a  short  slender 
beak  which  bears  at  its  dilated  summit  the  soft  white  capillary  pappus. 

1.  L.  VIROSA,  L.     Strict,  3 — 6  ft.  high,  glaucescent,  glabrous  except 
the  lower  part  of  the  stem,  which  is  somewhat  hispid:  leaves  horizontal, 
oblanceolate  to    oblong,    with  spinulose-dentate  margins,  the  midrib 
beneath  beset  with  a  row  of  soft  prickles :  beak  about  the  length  of  the 
striate-nerved  achene.— Shady  places  along  Strawberry  Creek,  Berkeley. 

2.  L.  SATIVA,  Bauhin  (LETTUCE).     The  common  salad  plant,  with  obo- 
vate  or  obovoid  thin  unarmed  foliage,  and  a  short  somewhat  corymbose 
panicle  of  heads,  is  a  common  field  and  orchard  weed  in  Napa  Valley, 
and  elsewhere  in  the  Coast  Range  regions. 

16.  SONCHUS,  Diosc.    Coarse  annuals  with  pinnatifid  leaves   and 
indistinctly    panicled  or  more    scattered  and    irregular    inflorescence. 
Involucre  conic,  in  age  broad  and  thickened  at  base.     Achenes  obcom- 
pressed,  without  beak  or  dilated  pappiferous  disk.     Pappus  of  very  soft 
fine  flaccid  bristles,  which  fall  more  or  less  unitedly,  and  commonly  one 
or  more  stronger  ones  which  fall  separately. — Old  World  weeds;  but 
common  in  all  parts  of  California. 

1.  S.  OLERACEUS,  L.  Stoutish,  2—4  ft.  high,  sparingly  leafy,  glabrous, 
or  with  a  few  glandular  hairs  on  pedicels  and  calyx,  glaucescent:  leaves 
from  obovoid  to  narrower  and  runcinate-pinnatifid,  toothed  but  not 
prickly  margined,  ainplexicaul,  the  auricles  straight,  acute,  holding  the 
same  plane  with  the  blade:  achenes  striate-nerved,  transversely  rugulose- 
scabrous. — Common  everywhere;  flowering  at  all  seasons. 


228  LOBELIACE^I. 

2.  S.  ASPEB,  Fuchs.  (1542).  Stouter,  the  distinctly  and  acutely  angled 
very  leafy  stem  often  an  in.  thick,  the  heads  irregularly  umbellate  at  its 
summit:  leaves  pinnatifid,  prickly-margined,  the  auricles  helicoid  and 
appressed  to  the  stem:  achenes  smooth,  3-nerved  on  each  side.— Nearly  as 
common  as  the  preceding,  but  more  a  plant  of  spring  and  early  summer. 

OEDEB  LX.     LOBELIACE>£. 

Herbs  with  milky  juice,  alternate  simple  leaves,  and  racemose  or 
scattered  irregular  flowers.  Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  the  limb 
divided.  Corolla  bilabiately  lobed  or  cleft.  Stamens  5,  alternate  with 
the  corolla-lobes;  filaments  joined  into  a  tube;  anthers  also  united; 
pollen  12-sided,  as  in  the  Cichoriacese.  Ovary  1-  or  2-celled;  style  entire. 
Fruit  capsular,  many-seeded. 

1.  HOWELLIA,  A.  Gray.  Delicate  herbs  of  muddy  shores.  Calyx 
with  linear-clavate  tube  wholly  adnate  to  the  ovary;  limb  of  5  segments. 
Segments  of  corolla  only  slightly  unequal;  tube  obsolete.  Stamen-tube 
nearly  free,  and  with  the  included  style,  slightly  incurved.  Capsule 
membranaceous,  1-celled,  few-seeded,  bursting  irregularly  on  one  side. 

1.  H.  limosa,  Greene.    Weak  procumbent  branches  6 — 12  in.  long, 
leafy  and  fioriferous  throughout :  leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  sessile,  %  in. 
long:  corolla  white,  the  segments  1  line  long,  cuneiform,  the  two  upper 
narrower  and  more  widely  separated:  capsule  %  in.  long,  surmounted 
by  the  5  triangular  erect  calyx-teeth. — Margins  of  pools  on  the  plains  of 
Solano  Co.  near  Suisun.    May. 

2.  BOLE  LI  A,  Raf.    Dwarf  herbs  of  low  plains  or  along  lake  shores. 
Calyx-tube  very  long,  stalk-like,  wholly  adherent  to  the  long  slender 
ovary.     Corolla  with  very  short  tube  and   ample  bilabiate  limb;   lips 
spreading,  the  larger  broad  and  only  toothed  or  lobed,  the  divisions  of 
the  upper  (and  smaller)  usually  distinct.     Capsule  elongated  and  linear, 
many-seeded,  dehiscent  longitudinally  into  3  long  valves. 

*  Larger  lip  of  corolla  merely  3-loothed  or  -lobed  at  apex. 

1.  B.  insignis,   Greene.     Stoutish,  erect,   mostly  simple  and    few- 
flowered:  lower  lip  of  the  very  large  corolla   ^  in.   broad,   obovoid, 
3-lobed,  the  lobes  and  lateral  parts  of  the  body  sky-blue  marked  with 
darker  veinlets,  the  main  portion  white,  bearing  in  the  middle  2  oblong 
parallel  green  spots;  upper  lip  merely  bifid,  the  lobes  ascending  and 
parallel;  throat  of  corolla  with  a  pair  of  bright  yellow  folds  in  a  field  of 
dark  violet.— Low  plains  of  the  lower  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin. 
Very  different  from  its  far  northern  ally,  B.  elegans.    May. 

*  *  Larger  Up  of  corolla  trefoil-shaped. 

2.  B.  pulchella  (Lindl.),  Greene.    Freely  branching,  often  6—10  in. 
high:  lower  lip  of  corolla  parted  into  3  broad  oblusish  and  mucronulate 


CAMPANULACE  M.  229 

r inlet  lobes,  the,  undivided  part  yellow,  with  white  border;  divisions  of  the 
upper  lip  spreading  and  divergent,  of  broad-lanceolate  outline. — With 
the  preceding,  and  a  more  profusely  flowering  species.  May. 

3.  B.  tricolor,  Greene.    Branches  few,  weak,  tortuous  and  reclining: 
lower  lip  of  corolla  parted  into  3  equal  broadly  obovate  truncate   and 
slightly  cuspidate  lobes,  these  deep  blue  at  tip,  white  below,  the  undi- 
vided part  with  a  transverse  somewhat  quadrate   spot   of  dark  maroon; 
upper  lip  of  2  small  segments  somewhat  recurved,  but  parallel.— Plains 
near  Suisun.     May. 

4.  B.  concolor,  Greene.    Bather  firm  branches  3—5  in.  high,  very 
numerous  and  for  ruing  a  dense  tuft;  the  herbage  very  minutely  puberu- 
lent:  corolla  violet  almost  throughout,  but  base  of  lower  lip  very  dark  and 
this  spot  circumscribed  by  lighter  blue,  the  lobes  slightly  unequal,  very 
obtuse  and  somewhat  cuspidate;  upper  lip  cleft  to  the  middle  only,  the 
lobes  lanceolate,  more  or  less  deflexed. — Low  grain  fields  near  Suisun. 

5.  B.  ornatissima,  Greene.     Slender,  6 — 10  in.  high,  mostly  simple, 
erect  and  rather  strict:  corolla  pale  throughout;  lobes  of  lower  lip  some- 
what obcordate  and  cuspidate,  the  undivided  part  with  4  prominent  fold-  like 
protuberances  partly  filling  the  throat;  segments  of  upper  Up  each  deflexed 
and  coiled  backward  into  a  ring,  the,  corolla-tube  at  base  of  these  seg- 
ments abruptly  raised  into  a  sharp  protuberance. — Plains   of  the  lower 
Sacramento,  especially  about  Elmira.     May. 

#  *  *  Segments  of  corolla  not  very  dissimilar. 

6.  B.  humilis,  Greene.    Very  dwarf,  the  stem  branching,  only  about 
1  in.  high:  segments  of  the  calyx-limb  linear,  unequal,  exceeding  the 
minute  while  corolla;  this  bilabiate,  the  upper  segments  being  smaller, 
but  all  of  them  ovate-oblong,  acute. — Moist  plains  of  Sonoma  Co. 

ORDER  LXI.     CAMPANULACE>£. 

Closely  allied  to  Lobeliacex;  but  corolla  regular  (in  our  genera); 
stamens  quite  distinct.  Style  I,  with  2 — 5  introrse  stigmas.  Flowers  in 
all  oars  blue,  or  bluish. 

Capsule  dehiscent  by  small  valvular  openings  on  the  sides; 

Flowers  all  having  corollas CAMPANULA        1 

all  but  the  uppermost  apetalous TRIODANIS          2 

Capsule  bursting  on  the  thin  sides  indefinitely HETEROCODON   3 

Capsule  opening  at  top,  within  the  calyx (TITHOPSIS          4 

1.  CAMPANULA,  Dodoeus.  Flowers  all  complete.  Calyx-lobes  5, 
narrow;  tube  short  and  broad.  Corolla  5-lobed  or  -parted.  Filaments 
dilated  at  base.  Capsule  short,  opening  on  the  sides  by  3 — 5  small 
uplifted  valves. 


230  CAMPANULACEJ3. 

1.  C.  prenauthoides,  Durand.    Perennial,  1—2  ft.  high,  erect,  gla- 
brous or  scabro-puberulent:  leaves  ovate  to  oblong,  1  in.  long  or  less, 
sharply  serrate,  the  cauline  mostly  sessile:  fl.  mostly   racemose,  short- 
pedicelled:  corolla  slender-cylindric  in  bud,  %  in.  long,  almost  5-parted, 
the  narrowly  lanceolate  lobes  thrice  the  length  of  the  tube.— Wooded 
hills  of  the  Coast  Range. 

2.  C.   Scouleri,   Hook.    Perennial,  but    delicate,  decumbent,    few- 
leaved,  the  stems  seldom  a  foot  long;  leaves  mostly  tapering  into  a 
marginal  petiole:  fl.  somewhat  panicled,  nodding,  on  long  filiform  pedicels: 
corolla  oblong  in  bud,  exceeding  the  slender  calyx-lobes,  deeply  5-cleft; 
lobes  ovate-oblong. — Bed  woods  of  Marin  Co.,  in  moist  shades. 

3.  C.  exigua,  Rattan.    Annual,  2—5  in.  high:  leaves  only  1—3  lines 
long,  sessile,  the  lowest  obovate,  entire  or  with  few  teeth,  the  upper 
subulate:  fl.  erect  at  the  ends  of  the  numerous  divergent  branchlets:  calyx- 
lobes  subulate-linear,  twice  the  length  of  the  turbinate  tube:  corolla 
light  blue,  oblong-campanulate;  tube  longer  than  the  oblong  acute 
lobes:  filaments  dilated  into  a  broad  ciliolate  base:  capsule  urceolate, 
opening  by  3  valves  above  the  middle.— Only  at  the  very  summits  of  our 
highest  mountains,  Diablo,  Tamalpais  and  Hamilton.     June. 

2*  TRIODA.NIS,  Raf.  Annuals  with  very  broad  closely  sessile  leaves, 
and  flowers  of  two  kinds  sessile  in  their  axils.  Only  the  uppermost 
flowers  complete,  these  with  rotate  5-lobed  corolla;  the  others  apetalous, 
fertilized  in  the  bud.  Calyx  prismatic,  of  the  apetalous  fl.  3-lobed,  of 
the  complete  5-lobed.  Prismatic  capsule  opening  by  2  or  3  small  lateral 
valves.  Seeds  oo ,  ovoid,  flattish,  smooth. 

1.  T.  biflora  (R.  &  P.).  Slender,  6—10  in.  high,  often  with  many 
branches  from  the  base:  leaves  ovate  or_  oblong,  somewhat  crenate- 
toothed;  the  upper  reduced  to  lanceolate  bracts  shorter  than  the  flowers: 
calyx-lobes  of  complete  fl.  lanceolate-subulate,  of  apetalous  shorter  and 
broader:  valvular  openings  of  capsule  just  below  the  summit:  seeds 
lenticular.— Sandy  plains  and  dry  hillsides;  not  common.  April,  May. 

3.  HETEROCODOX,  Nutt.    Habit,  and  dimorphous  flowers  of  the 
last  genus;  but  calyx  with  obpyramidal  tube,  and  broad  foliaceous  lobes 
which  are  veiny  and  sharply  toothed.    Capsule  3-angled,  thin  and  mem- 
branaceous,  bursting  on  the  sides  irregularly.    Seeds  oblong,  obscurely 
triquetrous. 

1.  H.  rariflorum,  Nutt.  Very  slender,  2—10  in.  high :  leaves  rounded, 
with  cordate  partly  clasping  base,  and  coarse  sharp  teeth. — Mountains 
of  Napa  Co.  and  northward. 

4.  GITHOPSIS,  Nutt.    Low  rigid  branching  annuals,  with  flowers 
all  alike  complete.     Calyx  with  clavate  or  linear  10-ribbed  tube  and  5 
long  narrow  rather  rigid  foliaceous  lobes.    Corolla  narrowly  campan- 


231 

ulate.  Capsule  firm,  strongly  ribbed,  crowned  with  rigid  calyx-lobes  of 
its  own  length,  opening  by  a  round  aperture  formed  by  the  falling  away 
of  the  base  of  the  style.  Seeds  oblong  to  somewhat  fusiform. 

1.  <*.  specularioides,  Nutt.    Roughish  with  short  stiff  hairs,  2 — 5 
in.  high,  mostly  quite  erect,  and  with  few  short  divergent  branches,  each 
1-flowered:  leaves  lanceolate-oblong,  sessile,  coarsely  toothed:  corolla 
blue,  usually  shorter  than  the  narrow-linear  1-nerved  calyx-lobes:    cap- 
sule pedicellate:  seeds  rather  slender-oblong.    Dry  open  grounds.     May. 

2.  (x.  diffusa,  Gray.    Slender,  diffusely  branching,  glabrous:  calyx- 
lobes  subulate-lanceolate  from  a  broad  base,  half  the  length  of  the 
linear  sessile  capsule:  seeds  short-oblong. — Vaca  Mountains,  and  south- 
ward.   May,  June. 

ORDER  LXIL     E  R  I  C  A  C  E  ^E  , 

Woody  plants  (Pyrola  herbaceous),  with  alternate  simple  leaves,  and 
symmetrical  mostly  5-merous  flowers.  Calyx  either  adherent  to  or  free 
from  the  ovary,  and  stamens  epigynous  or  hypogynous,  opening  by  ter- 
minal pores.  Corolla  sympetalous  (in  Pyrola  choripetalous),  often 
urceolate.  Style  1;  stigma  sometimes  girt  with  a  ring.  Ovary  with  cells 
equal  in  number  to  the  petals.  Fruit  baccate,  drupaceous,  or  capsular. 

Corolla  sympetalous; 

Calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  ovary :.  VACCINIUJM  1 

'    free  from  the  ovary; 

Fruit  granular,  baccate ARBUTUS  2 

smooth,  drupaceous ARCTOSTAPHYLOS  3 

capsular,  but  berry-like  by  enclosure  in  a 

fleshy  calyx BROSSJEA  4 

"      woody-capsular RHODODENDRON     5 

Corolla  choripetalous;  stamens  hypogynous; 

Flowers  umbellate,  on  a  leafy  stem CHIMAPHIL.A  6 

racemose,  on  a  naked  scape PYROLA  7 

!•  YACCINIUM,  Linn.  Shrubs.  Calyx-tube  adherent  to  the  ovary, 
and  corolla  epigynous.  Anther-cells  separate,  tapering  upwards  into  a 
tube,  this  opening  by  a  round  orifice  at  the  apex.  Stigma  simple,  with- 
out a  ring.  Fruit  a  many-seeded  berry  crowned  with  the  5  small  teeth 
of  the  calyx. 

1.  V.  ovatum,  Pursh.     Evergreen,  erect,  3—6  ft.  high,  with  spreading 
branches  and  hirsute  branchlets :  leaves  coriaceous,  smooth  and  shining 
above,  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  serrate:  fl.  crowded  in  very 
short  axillary  and  terminal  racemes:  corolla  campanulate,  pink:  calyx- 
teeth  as  long  as  the  ovary :  berries  black,  without  bloom  — Plentiful  on 
wooded  hills  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Redwoods.     May,  June. 

2.  ARBUTUS,  Pliny.    Trees.    Calyx  5-lobed,  free  from    the  ovary. 
Corolla  urceolate,  with  5  small   recurved  teeth.     Stamens    10,  included; 


232 

anthers  with  a  pair  of  reflexed  awns  on  the  back.     Ovary  raised  on  a 
hypogynous  disk.     Fruit  a  berry  with  granular,  surface,  and  many  seeds. 

1.  A.  Menziesii,  Pursh.  Small  symmetrical  large-leaved  evergreen 
tree,  with  hard  wood,  and  a  red-brown  exfoliating  bark :  leaves  oval  or 
oblong,  deep  green  and  shining  above,  entire  or  serrulate:  fl.  in  an  ample 
terminal  panicle  of  dense  racemes;  corolla  white,  nearly  globular :  berries 
dark  reddish. — Common  in  the  Coast  Range. 

3.  ARCTOSTAPHYLOS,  Galen.  Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  inflor- 
escence and  flowers  nearly  as  in  Arbutus.  Foliage  coriaceous  and 
evergreen.  Cells  of  ovary  only  1-ovuled.  Fruit  with  hard  smooth  sur- 
face, and  a  mealy  or  almost  powdery  pulp  between  it  and  the  5  or  more 
hard-woody  or  almost  bony  stone-like  1-seeded  nutlets;  these  often  more 
or  less  firmly  consolidated. 

*  Ovary  glabrous;  branches  and  petioles  never  hispid. 

1.  A.  pumila,  Nutt.     Stems  depressed,  several  feet  long,   tomentose- 
pubescent  when  young:  leaves  obovate,  or  oblong-obovate,  obtuse,  entire, 
short-petioled :  fl.  in  short  racemose  clusters,  with  veiny  bracts:  corolla 
pinkish:  fr.   orbicular,  yellowish -brown;  the  nutlets  broadly  carinate, 
occasionally  partly  coalescing  into  irregular  2-celled  stones. — A  rare 
undershrub,  found  chiefly  about  Monterey,  but  occurring  at  the  base 
of  Lone  Mountain,  San  Francisco.    Fr.  July. 

2.  A.  Manzanita,  Parry.    Trunks  erect,  usually  clustered,  the  bush 
or  small  tree  6—25  ft.  high:    bark  mahogany-red,  exfoliating:  leaves 
commonly  vertical  by  a  twist  in  the  short  petiole,  rigid,  ovate,  with  broad 
rounded  base  and  obtusish  though  often  mucronate  apex:  peduncles 
and    pedicels    of    the  somewhat    paniculate    inflorescence    pubescent; 
bractlets  broad,  acuminate:  corolla  pinkish,  broadly  urceolate:  fr.  cin- 
namon-color,  but    bright  and    shining,  depressed-globose,  4—6    lines 
broad:  nutlets  more  or  less  firmly  coalescent,  the  whole  including  5—7 
fertile  cells. — Very  common  in  the  Coast  Range;  in  Napa  and  Sonoma 
counties  often  very  large  and  tree-like.    Fl.  Nov. — Feb. 

3.  A.  Stan  for  diana,  Parry.    Stems  3—5  ft.  high,  slender,  the  smooth 
bark  not  exfoliating:  leaves  narrowly  ovate  to  oblanceolate,  tapering  to  a 
short  petiole,  entire,  mucronate,  deep  green  on  both  faces:  calyx  red; 
corolla  pink :  fruit  in  pendulous  racemes,  orbicular,  much  flattened,  the 
nutlets  broader  than  high,  carinate,  usually  2  or  more  coalescent,  rarely 
all  united  into  an  irregular  stone. — Abundant  on  hills  above  Calistoga, 
Napa  Co.    Fl.  March;  fr.  July. 

4.  A.  glauca,  Lindl.    Erect,  8— 20  ft.  high,  glabrous,  glaucous:  leaves 
rigid,  often  vertical,  round-ovate  to  oblong:  racemes  panicled;  pedicels 
glandular-hirsutulous;  fruit  large,  not  depressed,  but  rather  longer  than 
broad;  the  nutlets  completely  consolidated  into  a  5-celled  stone  a  half-inch 
thick.— Mt.  Diablo  to  Los  Gatos,  and  southward. 


^:.  233 

*  *  Ovary  pubescent;  branchlets  often  hispid. 

5.  A.  tomentosa  (Pursh),  Dougl.    Erect,  4 — 8  ft.  high,  tomentose 
when  young,  the  branchlets  and  often  the  petioles  hispid  with  long  white 
rather  flaccid-bristly  hairs:    leaves    glaucescent,  oblong-lanceolate    to 
ovate   and  somewhat  cordate,  entire,  or  rarely  serrulate:  fl.  in  short 
conspicuously  bracted  clustered  racemes,  the  pedicels  shorter  than  the 
bracts :  f  r.  red,  puberulent. — Cool  slopes  of  the  Coast  Range. 

6.  A.  Amlersonii,  Gray.    Size  of   the    last,   every  way  similar  in 
aspect,  save  that  the  leaves  are  thinner,  longer,  and  sessile,  or  nearly  so, 
by  a  strongly  sagittate-clasping  base:  drupes  reddish,  much  depressed, 
clothed  with  short  viscid-glandular  bristles. — Oakland  Hills  and  south- 
ward to  the  Santa  Cruz  Mts. 

7.  A.  niunmularia,  Gray.    Low,  more  or  less  spreading,  glabrous 
excepting  the  bristly  hairs  of  the  branchlets:  leaves  of  a  vivid  light  green, 
not  in  the  least  glaucescent,  oval,  rounded  at  both  ends,  or  at  apex 
acutish,  }& — %   in.  long,  short-petioled:  racemes  short  and  clustered. — 
Marin  Co.  and  northward. 

4.  BROSSJEA,  Plumier.    Low  shrub,  with  large  evergreen   leaves, 
and  flowers  in  axillary  racemes  from  scaly  buds.     Calyx  5-cleft.     Corolla 
urceolate,  5-toothed.     Stamens  10.    Fruit  closely  imitating  a  berry,  but 
consisting  of  a  depressed  5-celled  many-seeded  capsule  enclosed  within 
the  enlarged  and  fleshy  or  pulpy  calyx. 

1.  B.  Shallou  (Pursh),  O.  Ktze.  Shrubby  stems  ascending,  1 — 2  ft. 
high:  leaves  ovate-cordate,  acute  or  acuminate,  2—4  in.  long,  finely 
serrate :  fl.  in  terminal  and  axillary  compound  viscid  glandular  racemes : 
bracts  scaly :  pedicels  1 — 2-bracteolate  below  the  middle :  corolla  ovate  : 
fr.  blackish  and  sweet. — Only  in  the  redwood  districts,  and  not  very 
common  with  us. 

5.  RHODODENDRON,  Linn.    Shrubs  with  alternate  entire  leaves, 
and  showy  flowers  in  terminal  umbels.     Corolla  large,  with  ample  limb 
and,  in  ours,  5  exserted  stamens.     Capsule  woody,  elongated,  septicidally 
5-valved  from  the  summit.     Seeds  many,  small,  with  a  loose  testa. 

1.  R.  occidental  (T.  &  G.),  Gray.    Shrub    5—8  ft.    high:    leaves 
obovate-oblong  or  oblanceolate,  glabrate,  the  margins  minutely  hispid- 
ciliate:  flowers  faintly  mephitic,  appearing  after  the  leaves;  corolla  2  in. 
long  or  more,  minutely  viscid-pubescent  on  the  outside,  white,  with  a 
long  yellow  spot  on  the  upper  lobe,  the  narrowly  funnelform  tube  about 
as  long  as  the  limb.— Banks  of  mountain  streams,  and  on  swampy  north- 
ward slopes:  plentiful  in  some  parts  of  Marin  Co. 

2.  R.  Sonomense,  Greene.     Shrub  2—5  ft.   high;  leaves  somewhat 
elliptical,  1  in.  long  or  less,  the  margin  serrulate  and  ciliolate :  fl.  rose- 


234  ERICACEAE. 

color,  sweet-scented;  corolla  1  in.  long  or  more,  one  of  two  of  the  segments 
with  a  narrowly  elliptic  deep  salmon-colored  spot.— Mostly  on  dry  slopes 
of  the  mountains  of  Sonoma  Co.,  from  Mt.  St.  Helena^to  near  Petaluma. 

6.  CHIMAPHILA,  Pursh.    Low  evergreen  undershrubs,  with  rather 
large  serrulate  leaves  in  irregular  whorls,  and  a  terminal  naked  umbel 
of  a  few  fragrant  flowers.     Corolla  rotate;  petals  5,  orbicular,  concave. 
Stamens  10;  filaments  enlarged  and  hairy  in  the  middle.    Style  in  verse - 
conic;  stigma  broad,  orbicular.    Fruit  a  depressed  5-lobed  5-celled  cap- 
sule opening  loculicidally  from  the  apex. 

1.  C.  Menziesii  (Don.),  Spreng.  Leaves  % — \Y2  in.  long,  ovate  to 
oblong-lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends,  purplish  beneath,  more  or  less 
mottled  or  veined  with  white  above:  peduncle  1 — 3-flowered:  filaments 
villous.— Mt.  Hamilton;  and  to  be  expected  on  Mt.  Tamalpais;  otherwise 
a  northern  plant. 

7.  PYROLA,  Brunfels.    Low  perennial  herbs.    Leaves  when  present 
ample,  petiolate  and  near  the  ground.     Scape  scaly-bracted,  bearing  a 
raceme  at  summit.    Petals  orbicular,  concave,  but  more  or  less  conver- 
gent.    Stigma  5-lobed.     Capsule  loculicidal,  the  valves  separating  from 
below. 

1.  P.  picta,  Smith.    Leaves  ovate,  or  ovate-oblong,  on  short  or  mar- 
gined petioles,  coriaceous,  pale,  veined  or  blotched  with  white:   petals 
greenish-white. — Reported  from  Mendocino  Co.,  and  likely  to  be  found 
within  our  limits. 

2.  P.  aphylla,  Smith.     Leafless;  the  stems  red,  7 — 10  in.  high,  from 
a  scaly-bracted  rootstock:  lobes  of  the  calyx  ovate,  acute,  much  shorter 
than  the  obovate  white  petals. — Lower  slopes  of  Mt.  Tamalpais. 


PLUMBAGINACE.E.  235 

DIVISION  IV.    SYMPETAL^  HYPOGYN^. 

Corolla  sympetalous,  the  stamens  attached  to  its  tube,  the  whole 
inserted  around  the  base  of  the  ovary. 

ORDER  LXIII.     PLUMBAGINACE>€. 

Maritime  herbs,  with  radical  leaves  clasping  the  stem  at  their  insertion. 
Flowers  regular,  5-merous,  perfect.  Calyx  5-plaited,  5-toothed,  persist- 
ent. Petals  with  long  claws  united  into  a  ring  at  base.  Stamens 
opposite  the  petals  and  joined  to  their  base.  Fruit  utricular  or  achene- 
like,  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx;  the  one  seed  with  straight  embryo  in 
mealy  albumen. 

1.  STATICE,  Dalechamps.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  in  a  close  radical 
tuft.  Flowers  in  a  single  globose  head  terminating  a  simple  scape. 

1.  S.  Armeria,  L.    Leaves  flat,  1-nerved:  scape  solitary,  stoutish, 
1  ft.  high  or  more:  fl.  dull  pink  or  flesh-color. — Along  sandy  beaches  in 
wet  ground,  or  occasionally  in  elevated  stations  among  the  hills  of  the 
seaboard.     May,  June. 

2.  LIMQNIUM,  Diosc.    Leaves  ample  and  rather  few.    Flowers  in 
short  spikes  terminating  the  many  branchlets  of  a  branching  scape. 

1.  L.  commune,  S.  F.  Gray,  var.  Californicum  (Boiss.).  Leaves 
8 — 10  in.  long,  obovate-oblong,  entire,  fleshy-coriaceous:  scape  1—2  ft. 
high,  the  spikes  corymbose-panicled :  calyx- tube  more  or  less  hairy  on 
the  angles. — In  salt  marshes,  plentiful.  Sept. — Nov. 

ORDER  LXIV.     PLANTAGINACE/E. 
Comprising  scarcely  more  than  the  genus 

1.  PLANTAGO,  Pliny  (PLANTAIN).  Acaulescent  herbs  with  elongated 
leaves,  and  spikes  of  colorless  small  flowers  on  naked  scapes,  each  flower 
subtended  by  a  bract.  Calyx  of  4  persistent  imbricated  sepals  free  from 
the  ovary.  Corolla  short-salverform,  scarious,  persistent;  its  limb 
4-parted,  imbricate  in  bud.  Stamens  2 — 4,  inserted  on  the  corolla  alter- 
nate with  its  lobes.  Style  filiform,  all  the  upper  part  pubescent  and 
stigmatic.  Fruit  a  circumscissile  capsule,  few-  or  many-seeded.  Embryo 
straight;  albumen  fleshy. 

*  Corolla  remaining  expanded,  i.  e.  not  closed  over  the  fruit. 

1.  P.  MAJOR,  L.  Perennial,  stout,  glabrous  or  sparsely  pubescent: 
leaves  ovate  or  oval,  3 — 10  in.  long,  very  distinctly  5 — 7-ribbed,  entire  or 
somewhat  toothed:  spikes  linear,  elongated,  the  naked  part  of  the  scape 
not  as  long  as  the  leaves:  capsule  ovoid,  obtuse,  circumscissile  near  the 


236  PLANTAGINACE.E. 

level  of  the  sepals:  seeds  8— 18,  brownish,  minutely  reticulated.— Mostly 
in  shaded  or  moist  places;  not  very  common;  supposed  to  have  been 
introduced  from  Europe. 

2.  P.  Asiatic:!.  L.    Bather  more  slender,  the  leaves  more  rounded; 
spikes  slender,  little  surpassing  the  leaves,  the  flowers  of  the  lower  part 
scattered:  capsule  globose-ovoid,  circumscissile  not  a  little  below  the  level 
of  the  sepak. — Less  common,  and  less  confined  to  the  neighborhood  of 
buildings,  or  to  cultivated  lands,*  presumably  native. 

3.  P.  LANCEOLATA,  L.    Perennial:  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  villous  or 
glabrate,  tapering  into  a  short  petiole,  very  strongly  ribbed:    scapes 
slender,  deeply  sulcate  and  angled:  spike  short,  dense:  bracts  and  sepals 
broadly  ovate,  scarious,  brownish. — Very  common  in  moist    meadow 
lands  and  waysides;  native  of  Europe. 

4.  P.  maritima,    L.    Very  stout    maritime    perennial,  with    many 
linear  obtuse  very  fleshy  leaves:  spikes  cylindric,  long  and  dense:  bracts 
mostly  roundish,  shorter  than  the  calyx:  sepals  oval,  carinate:  corolla 
with  pubescent  tube:  capsule  2— 4-seeded.— Plentiful  on  rocks  and  cliffs 
of  the  seaboard;  also  in  sandy  salt  marshes. 

5.  P.  Bigelovii,  Gray.    Stoutish,  fleshy  and  glabrate  like  the  last, 
but  annual  and  small,  the  leaves  and  scapes  erect,  the  latter  only  2—4 
in.  high,  the  leaves  shorter,  linear,  entire:  spike  in  fruit  1  in.  long  or 
more:  stamens  2  only:  capsule  ovoid-oblong,  well  exserted  from  the 
calyx,  4-seeded. — Borders  of  saline  or  brackish  marshes;  quite  common 
about  the  Bay,  and  on  the  lower  San  Joaquin.    April,  May. 

6.  P.  Californica,  Greene.     Annual,  3 — 6  in.  high,  the  rosulate  leaves 
commonly  depressed,  and  scapes  more  or  less  decumbent  at  base:  leaves 
linear,  entire  or  with  few  remote  salient  teeth,  glabrous  or  very  sparingly 
hirsutulous:  scapes  twice  the  length  of  the  leaves:  spikes  linear,  2—3 
in.  long,  rather  dense:  bracts  broadly  ovate  and  with  broad  scarious 
margins  below  the  middle,  shorter  than  the  sepals:  stamens  2:  seeds 
8 — 12,  irregularly  pitted,  blackish. — Plains  of  Alameda  and  Contra  Costa 
counties  and  southward,  in  alkaline  soils.    March — May. 

7.  P.  Patagonica,  Jacq.,  var.   Californica.    Annual,  slender,  3 — 10 
in.  high,  more  or  less  villous  but  not  lanate,  the  leaves  and  scapes  slender, 
strictly  erect  from  the  very  base:  leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate  linear, 
nearly  equalling  the  scapes,  these  gradually  dilated  up  to  the  base  of 
the  short  cylindric  spike:  bracts  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  obtuse 
scarious-margined  sepals :  lobes  of  the  corolla  roundish,  reflexed :  seeds 
oblong-oval. — Abundant  on  grassy  plains  and  hillsides.     March— May. 

*  *  Corolla  in  age  closed  and  forming  a  beak  over  the  fruit. 

8.  P.  hirtella,  HBK.    Perennial,  somewhat  fleshy:  leaves  oblong- 
ovate  or  -spatulate,  6 — 10  in.  long,  glabrate,  sparsely  denticulate,  5—7- 


PRIMULACE^.  237 

nerved,  narrowed  to  a  short  and  broad  petiole-like  base:  scapes,  with 
their  Jong  and  dense  spike,  1—2  ft.  long,  stout,  hirsute:  corolla-lobes  ovate, 
acute. — In  wet  places  among  the  hills  at  San  Francisco. 

OKDEB  LXV.     PRIMULACEXE. 

Herbs  with  simple  exstipulate  leaves,  and  flowers  either  axillary  and 
solitary  or,  more  commonly,  terminal  and  umbellate,  sometimes  rac- 
emose. Corolla  regular,  the  stamens  as  many  as  its  lobes  and  opposite 
them,  inserted  on  its  tube.  Ovary  1-celled,  the  many  ovules  borne  on  a 
free  central  placenta.  Fruit  capsular.  Embryo  small,  in  fleshy  or 
corneous  albumen. 

Flowers  umbellate,  terminating  a  scape; 

Segments  of  corolla  long,  reflexed MEADIA  1 

"      short, rotate ANDKOSACE  2 

Flowers  few,  at  leafy  summit  of  stem ALSINANTHEMUM  3 

solitary  in  the  leaf-aKils; 

Pedicellate,  red  or  blue AN AGALI  is  4 

Sessile   \  corolla  small CENTUNCULUS  5 

<       '•       none;  calyx  white GLAUX  6 

Flowers  racemose;  corolla  small,  white SAMOLUS  7 

1.  MEADIA,  Catesby.  Herbs  with  tufted  simple  radical  leaves,  and 
a  naked  scape,  from  a  short  perennial  often  bulbilliferous  crown;  the 
roots  fleshy-fibrous.  Flowers  5-merous  (rarely  4-merous  or  6-merous), 
umbellate,  nodding.  Calyx  5-parted,  reflexed.  Corolla  very  deeply 
cleft,  the  purplish  segments  reflexed.  Stamens  with  very  short  filaments, 
often  connate  at  base,  inserted  on  the  very  short  tube  of  the  corolla; 
anthers  long,  erect,  mostly  connivent  around  the  style.  Capsule  oblong, 
many-sided,  in  our  species  circumscissile  near  the  summit. 

1.  M.  Hendersonii  (Gray),  O.  Ktze.    Leaves  ovoid  or  obovoid,  very 
obtuse  to  almost  truncate  and  retuse,  entire,  2  in.  long  or  more  exclusive 
of  the  equally  long  or  longer  broad  petiole;  herbage  glabrous:  scape 
8 — 12  in.  high:  segments  of  corolla  of  a  rich  rose-purple,  the  short  tube 
dark  maroon  encircled  by  a  band  of  light  yellow:  anthers  about  2  lines 
long,  neither  connivent  nor  divergent  but  erect:  capsule  oblong,  twice 
the  length  of  the  calyx,  circumscissile  well  below  the  summit.    Var. 
cruciata  (Greene).     Leaves  narrower;  scapes  taller  and  more  slender: 
flowers  of  a  darker  purple,  always  4-merous:  the  anthers  longer  and 
narrower.— The  type  is  common  among  the  higher  hills  of  both  ranges 
of  coast  mountains;  the  very  marked  variety  on  northward  slopes  of  hills 
about  the  Bay.     Feb. — April. 

2.  M.  patula  (Greene),  O.  Ktze.     Low  and  stout,  pale  green  and  very 
glandular  throughout,  3—7  in.  high:  leaves  1—2  in.  long,  elliptic,  entire, 
narrowed  to  a  short  broad  petiole:  segments  of  corolla  pale  cream-color 
with  sometimes  a  purplish  tinge;  tube  of  a  dark  velvety  maroon-purple 


238  PRIMULACE^E. 

encircled  by  a  band  of  yellow:  anthers  deep  blue-purple,  barely  a  line 
long,  linear-oblong,  with  broad  retuse  apex,  at  length  divergent  from 
the  style:  capsule  short-oblong  or  subglobose,  circumscissile  near  the 
summit. — Subsaline  plains  of  the  interior;  abundant  in  the  eastern 
part  of  the  Livermore  Valley;  also  on  the  Oakland  Hills,  and  Bernal 
Heights,  in  a  modified  form.  March,  April. 

2.  AM) ROSACE,  Mallhiolus.    Diminutive  herbs,  with  small  rosulate 
radical  leaves,  and  slender  scapes  bearing  an  involucrate  umbel  of  very 
small  white  flowers.    Corolla  salverform,  with  constricted  throat.     Sta- 
mens 5,  included.     Capsule  subglobose,  valvate-dehiscent;  seeds  few. 

1.  A,  acut  a.  Very  slender,  1 — 4  in.  high,  rather  densely  hirsutulous 
or  almost  hispidulous  throughout:  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  attenuate- 
acute,  entire,  hispid-ciliolate,  % — %  in.  long:  bracts  of  involucre  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  3-4  lines  long:  umbel  few-flowered,  the  filiform 
pedicels  % — 1J£  in.  long:  calyx  2—3  lines  high  including  the  triangular 
acuminate  almost  pungently  acute  and  slightly  recurving  segments: 
capsule  not  known.— Not  rare  on  northward  slopes  of  the  hills  of  Contra 
Costa  and  Alameda  counties;  but  an  obscure  plant,  known  to  us  for 
years,  and  hitherto  mistaken  for  A.  occidentalis.  March. 

3.  ALSIXANTHEMUM,  Thalius.    Low  glabrous  perennials,  the  sim- 
ple stem,  from  a    tuberous-thickened    root    or  rootstock,  bearing  an 
apparent  whorl  of  ample  leaves  at  summit,  and  among  these  a  few  fili- 
form   1-flowered    pedicels.-  Flowers    7-merous    or    6-merous.    Corolla 
rotate,  deeply  parted,  the  divisions  convolute  in  bud.    Capsule  dehiscent 
by  about  5  revolute  valves.    Seeds  few,  large,  covered  with  a  white 
pellicle. 

1.  A.  Europaeum  (L.),  var.  latifolium  (Torr.).  Stem  naked  below: 
leaves  oblong-obovate,  mostly  acute,  1% — 4  in.  long,  in  a  cluster  of  from 
4  to  7 :  corolla  5—6  lines  broad,  from  pinkish  to  almost  rose-red. — North- 
ward slopes  of  hills,  in  shade  of  trees  or  thickets.  May. 

4.  ANAGALLIS,  Diosc.      Low  annuals  with  opposite  leaves,  and 
flowers  in  their  axils  on  slender  pedicels.     Corolla  rotate,  5-parted;  the 
rounded  lobes  convolute  in  bud.     Stamens  on  base  of  corolla;  filaments 
pubescent.     Capsule  globose,  circumscissile. 

1.  A.  ABVENSIS,  L.  Glabrous,  depressed;  stem  6—10  in.  long,  leafy 
and  flowering  throughout:  leaves  %  in.  long  or  more,  ovate,  sessile: 
calyx-lobes  narrow,  almost  equalling  the  scarlet,  or  sometimes  bluish 
corolla,  this  expanded  only  under  a  clear  sky. — Very  common;  flowering 
at  all  seasons  except  mid-winter. 

5.  CEXTUNCULUS,  Dillenius.    Diminutive  glabrous  annual,  with 
alternate  leaves,  and  small  inconspicuous  flowers  solitary  in  their  axils. 


OLEACE^E.  239 

Corolla  with  globular  tube,  and  4— 5-lobed  limb  shorter  than  the  calyx. 
Stamens  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla;  filaments  short,  subulate.  Capsule 
circumscissile. 

1.  C.  minimus,  L.  Stems  ascending,  2—6  in.  long:  leaves  usually 
obovate  or  spatulate-oblong,  2 — 3  lines  long;  fl.  nearly  or  quite  sessile, 
usually  4-merous:  calyx-lobes  lanceolate-subulate,  as  long  as  the  capsule. 
— Obscure  little  herbs  of  low  plains.  May. 

6.  GLAUX,    Dodoens.      Small    erect  succulent  seaside  herb,  with 
leaves  mostly  opposite,  and  small  flowers  sessile  in  the   axils.     Calyx 
campanulate,  corolla-like  and  white  or  pinkish,  5-cleft.     Corolla  0.     Sta- 
mens 5,  hypogynous.     Capsule  globose,  5-valved  from  the  summit. 

1.  G.  maritima,  L.  Perennial,  glauc'escent,  3—6  in.  high,  leaves  ob- 
long, %  in-  l°ng  more  or  less,  minutely  dotted. — Frequent  both  along 
the  seaboard  and  in  subsaline  soils  in  the  interior. 

7.  SAMOLUS,    Pliny.      Glabrous    perennial  herbs,  wiih  alternate 
leaves,  and  small  white  flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme,  or  racemose  pani- 
cle.   Ovary    at  base  connate    with    the    base  of    the    calyx.     Corolla 
subcampanulate.    Stamens  5,  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla;  filaments  short; 
anthers  cordate.     Staminodia  5,  in  the  sinuses  of  the  corolla. 

1.  S.  Valerandi,  J.  Bauh.,  var.  Americanns,  Gray.  Slender,  3—10 
in.  high,  branching  and  somewhat  racemose-paniculate :  leaves  obovate, 
thin,  narrowed  to  a  petiole :  pedicels  of  the  small  flowers  not  bracted  at 
base,  but  bracteolate  near  the  middle :  calyx-lobes  ovate,  shorter  than 
the  corolla.— Not  rare  among  rushes  and  sedges,  in  the  Suisun  Bay 
marshes.  Aug. — Oct. 

OKDEBLXVI.   0  L  E  A  C  E  >£ . 

Important  family  of  trees;  represented  in  our  district  by  two  very 
dissimilar  species  of  Ash. 

1.  FRAXIXUS,  Vergil  Trees,  with  unequally  pinnate  leaves,  and 
very  many  small  flowers  in  crowded  panicles,  developed  before  the  leaves 
in  spring,  and  from  separate  buds:  dioecious  or  polygamous.  Calyx  4- 
cleft  or  -toothed,  or  obsolete.  Corolla  of  2—4  petals  distinct  or  united 
at  base.  Stamens  2— 4,  hypogynous.  Ovary  2-celled;  a  pair  of  ovules 
pendulous  in  each  cell.  Fruit  a  samara,  winged  from  the  summit. 

1.  F.  dipetala,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Tree  small:  leaves  glabrous;  leaflets 
5—9,  oval  or  oblong,  serrate,  mostly  petiolulate,  1 — 2  in.  long,  in  age 
coriaceous:  calyx  usually  4-toothed,  sometimes  almost  entire:  petals  2, 
white,  obovate-oblong,  with  short  claw:  fr.  narrowly  spatulate-oblong, 
mostly  retuse,  1  in.  long,  the  base  merely  sharp-edged,  or  else  the  wings 
continuing  to  the  base. — Near  Niles,  Livermore,  etc. 


240  APOCYNACE.E. 

2.  F.  Oregana,  Nutt.  Tree  of  fair  dimensions:  leaves  tomentose, 
or  glabrate  in  age;  leaflets  5—9,  oval  to  oblong-lanceolate,  entire,  sessile, 
2 — 4  in.  long:  fl.  all  with  minute  calyx  and  no  petals;  fr.  marginless  at 
base,  margined  upwards  into  an  oblanceolate  or  spatulate  retuse  wing, 
the  whole  1—1^  in.  long. — Marin  and  San  Mateo  counties. 

OBDER  LXVII.     APOCYNACE^E. 

Herbs  with  milky  juice,  opposite  entire  exstipulate  leaves,  and  regular 
5-merous  flowers.  Corolla-lobes  convolute  in  bud.  Stamens  borne  on 
the  corolla  alternate  with  its  lobes,  anthers  more  or  less  coherent  with 
the  stigma.  Ovaries  2,  both  developing  into  long  follicles  filled  with 
flattish  seeds  usually  bearing  a  tuft  of  silky  down  at  the  end. 

1.  APOCYNUM,  Matthiolus.  Flowers  small,  in  terminal  cymes. 
Calyx  small,  deeply  5-cleft.  Corolla  cylindric  or  campanulate,  5-lobed, 
bearing  within  and  toward  the  base  5  triangular- subulate  appendages, 
alternate  with  the  stamens.  Stamens  on  the  base  of  the  corolla;  fila- 
ments short,  broad;  anthers  sagittate,  acute.  Stigma  ovoid,  obscurely 
2-lobed.  Follicles  slender,  terete.  Seeds  many,  with  long  coma  at  apex. 

1.  A.  pumilum.     Commonly  pubescent,  stoutish,  seldom  1  ft.  high, 
with  spreading  branches  from  the  base:  lowest  leaves  subreniform  to 
j'ound-ovate,  the  others  cordate-ovate  and  oval,  commonly  %  in.,  seldom 
more  than  1  in.  long:  fl.  solitary  in  the  upper  axils,  and  in  short  cymose 
clusters  at  the  ends  of  the  branches:  corolla  subcylindric,  3—4  lines  long; 
oblong-lanceolate  segments  little  spreading. -^Goiomon  in  the  Mt.  Diablo 
Range  and  northward.    Eeferred  as  a  variety  to  A.   androsaemifolium 
hitherto,  but  wholly  distinct  in  size  and  form  of  corolla,  as  well  as  in 
other  particulars. 

2.  A.  caiiiialriiiuiii,  L.     Herbage  of  a  light  almost  yellowish  green, 
flaccid,  glabrous:  stem  2—4  ft.  .high,  erect,  rather  strict:  leaves  oblong, 
2 — 3  in.  long:  fl.  small,  greenish,  in  small  dense  terminal  cymes;  corolla 
little  exceeding  the  lanceolate  calyx-lobes. — Frequent  along  streams,  and 
in  low  lands.    June — Aug. 

3.  A.  Yestituni.     Allied    to  the  last,  but  dwarfish,  rather   widely 
branching,  and  densely  soft-pubescent   throughout:    leaves  all  ovate- 
lanceolate,  1 — 2  in.  long:  cymes  ample  and  compound:  corolla  cylindric, 
about  twice  the  length  of  the  lanceolate-subulate  calyx-lobes,  its  segments 
a  third  the  length  of  the  tube,  little  spreading. — Hills  west  of  Napa 
Valley,  in  dry  soil.    July. 

2.  PERVINCA,  Tragus.  Flowers  large,  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the 
leaves.  Calyx  5 -par ted,  with  acuminate  segments.  Corolla  with  narrow- 
funnelform  tube,  hairy  and  angular  throat,  and  rotate  limb.  Stamens  5, 
the  inflexed  anthers  longer  than  the  short  filaments;  these  on  the  tube 


ASCLEPIAD.ACE.E.  241 

of  the  corolla.  Style  enlarged  above,  ending  in  a  reflexed  membrane. 
Stigma  obscurely  2-lobed,  hispid.  Follicles  2,  terete,  striate.  Seeds 
oblong-cylindric,  with  no  coma. 

1.  P.  MAJOR  (L.),  Scop.  Steins  slender,  when  young  and  flowering 
erect,  1  ft.  high,  at  length  procumbent  or  trailing  and  several  feet  long: 
leaves  ovate,  2—3  in.  long,  short-petioled,  finely  ciliate:  calyx-segments 
subulate,  ciliate,  toothed  below:  corolla  blue:  the  limb  1  in.  or  more  in 
breadth. — Common  in  moist  shady  places,  as  an  escape  from  the  gardens; 
multiplying  by  rooting  at  the  joints  or  the  ends  of  the  long  shoots,  but 
not  fruiting  with  us.  Jan. — March. 

ORDER  LXVIII.     ASCLEPIADACE/E. 

Ours  perennial  herbs,  with  milky  juice,  opposite  or  whorled  entire 
leaves,  and  smallish  flowers  in  axillary  mostly  subglobose  umbels. 
Flowers  5-merous,  but  carpels  2  only.  Stamens  joined  to  the  stigma. 
Pollen  in  waxy  masses.  Fruit  a  follicle.  Seeds  thin,  flat,  crowned  with 
a  coma  of  silky  down. 

1.  ASCLEPIAS,  Diosc.  Calyx  very  small;  corolla  larger,  both  deeply 
5-parted,  the  divisions  reflexed.  Filaments  monadelphous,  inserted  on 
the  very  base  of  the  corolla;  a  circle  of  hood-like  organs  between  corolla 
and  stamens  being  the  most  conspicuous  part  of  the  flower,  these  with 
(or  sometimes  lacking)  a  horn-like  appendage  within.  Anther  cells, 
with  waxy  pollen-masses,  connected  with  the  stigmatic  disk;  the  body 
of  the  anther  with  a  triangular  corneous  wing  widening  down*  to  the 
base  of  the  organ,  i.  e.  to  the  column.  Follicle  usually  one  only  from 
each  flower,  the  other  ovary  being  abortive. 

*  Species  hoary -tomentose,  or  almost  white. 

1.  A.  speciosa,   Torr.    Stout,  2 — 4   ft.    high:    leaves    oblong-ovate, 
acutish,  4 — 6  in.  long,  very  short-petioled:  peduncle  longer  than  the 
white- woolly  pedicels:  fl.  %  in.  long,  of  a  dull  red-purple;  hoods  nearly 
%  in.  long,  ascending  or  almost  spreading,  lanceolate,  the  short  inflexed 
horn  not  surpassing  the  anthers:  follicle  soft-spinous,  densely  tomen- 
tose.— Marin  and  Contra  Costa  Co.  hills;  also  at  Alameda,  and  in  the 
hills  to  the  eastward. 

2.  A.  eriocarpa,   Benth.    Stoutish,  2—4  ft.  high,  the  stem    often 
sharply  angled:  leaves  sometimes  3  or  4  in  a  whorl,  oblong-lanceolate  or 
narrowly  oblong,  acute,  4 — 7  in.  long,  short-petioled:  umbels  on   stout 
peduncles  mostly  longer  than  the  pedicels:  fl.  3^  lines  long,  creamy- 
white  with  slight  purplish  tinge;  hoods  shorter  than  the  anthers,  oblately 
semiorbicular,  open    to   near   the    middle    of    the  back,   the    summits 
produced  inwardly  into  an  acute  angle  or  tooth,  nearly  enclosing  the 
acute  falciform  horn. — Napa  and  Santa  Clara  counties,  and  southward. 


242  GENTJANACE.E. 

3.  A,  yestita,  Hook.  &  Am.     Densely  floccose- woolly,  even  to  the 
outside  of  the  corolla:  leaves  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  very  acute  or 
acuminate,  often  subcordate,  short-petioled  or  the  upper  sessile:  only 
the  terminal  umbel  at  all  peduncled,  the  others  sessile:  corolla  purplish; 
hoods  nearly  erect,  venlricose,  slightly  surpassing  the  anthers,  somewhat 
truncate,   the   inner  angles  involute,   the  vomer-shaped  crest-like   horn 
attached  up  to  the  summit  of  the  hood  and  not  exserted. — Alameda  and 
San  Francisco  counties,  and  southward. 

4.  A.  Californica,  Greene.    General  aspect  of  the  last,  but  stouter 
and  low,  seldom  2  ft.  high:  leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  2—4  in.  long,  sharply 
acuminate:  umbels  sessile :  corolla  purplish;  hoods  dark-maroon,  nearly 
orbicular,  attached  centrally  and  lying  partly  below  the  anthers,  2-valved 
half  way  down  the  back,  destitute  of  horn. — Mt.  Diablo  Range. 

*  *  Glabrous  species. 

5.  A.  ecornuta,  Kell.     Herbage  dark  almost  purplish  green:  stem  2 
— 3  ft.  high:  leaves  3 — 5  in.  long,  from  deltoid-ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate, 
sessile  by  a  cordate  base:  umbels  mostly  at  naked  summit  of  stem  and 
axillary  to  mere  bracts;    pedicels  slender:  fl.   dark  red-purple;  hoods 
oblong,   obliquely  truncate  and  acutely  angled,  attached  near  the  base, 
destitute  of  horn:  follicles  smooth  and  glabrous.— Napa  Co.  and  north- 
ward, in  the  higher  mountains.    June. 

6.  A.  fascicularis,  Dcsne.    Slender,  2—3  ft.  high:  leaves  in  whorls 
of  3—  5, .or  the  lower  and  uppermost  opposite,  linear  to  linear-lanceolate, 
2 — 5 in.  long,  short-petioled:  slender-peduncled  umbels  many,  often  in 
whorls;  pedicels  and  calyx  often  puberulent:  fl.   small,  flesh-color  or 
purplish;  column  of  filaments  half  as  long  as  the  anthers;  the  slender 
horn  subulate,  erserted  from  the  hood  and  incurved  over  summit  of  the 
stigma. — In  low  plains  of  Alameda  and  Santa  Clara  counties;  perhaps  of 
more  general  distribution  in  our  district. 

2.  SOLANOA,  Greene.  Low  and  rather  slender  perennial,  differing 
from  the  preceding  genus  in  having  lunate  rather  than  triangular 
anther  wings,  and  the  hoods  split  down  both  sides  into  2  valves,  and  des- 
titute of  horn  or  appendage. 

1.  S.  purpurascens  (Gray),  Greene.  A  few  inches  to  1  ft.  high, 
decumbent;  herbage  canescently  puberulent:  leaves  cordate-ovate, 
obtuse,  1  in.  long  or  more:  umbels  globose  and  dense,  on  peduncles 
exceeding  the  pedicels :  fl.  purplish-red,  about  2  lines  long. — Mountain 
summits  of  Sonoma  Co.,  near  the  Geysers.  June. 

ORDER  LXIX.     GENTIANACE/E. 

Herbs  with  watery  and  bitter  juice,  mostly  opposite  simple  entire 
Bessile  leaves,  no  stipules,  and  complete  regular  5-merous  flowers.  Calyx 


GENTIANACE^E.  243 

persistent.  Corolla  convolute  in  bud.  Stameus  on  corolla-tube,  as 
many  as  its  lobes  and  alternate  with  them;  anthers  2-celled,  opening 
lengthwise.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  parietal  placentae.  Style  1;  stigma  2- 
lobed.  Seeds  very  many  and  small. 

Small  and  slender  yellow-flowered  annual MICROCALA  1 

Pink-flowered  annuals EKYTHRJEA  2 

Blue-flowered  perennials GENTIANA  3 

Trif oliolate  white-flowered  perennial MEN  YANTHES  4 

1.  MICROCALA,  Link.  Plants  almost  filiform,  the  branches  pedun- 
culiform,  terminating  in  a  minute  4-merous  yellow  flower.  Corolla 
funnelform;  tube  ventricose.  Stamens  4,  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the 
corolla;  anthers  cordate-ovate.  Capsule  2-valved,  septicidal,  the 
placentse  along  the  sutures. 

1.  M.  quadrangularis  ( Lam.),  Griseb.    Simple,  or  with  a  few  erect 
branches  from  the  base,  1—2  in.  high:  leaves  minute,  oval  or  oblong: 
peduncles  strict,  quadrangular:  calyx  short,   quadrangular,   appearing 
truncate  at  both  ends:  corolla  deep  yellow,  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx, 
open  under  a  sunny  sky  only. — Frequent  along  the  bases  of  low  hills, 
and  in  moist  fields;  doubtless  native.     April. 

2.  ERYTHRISA,  Renealm.    Stems  leafy  and  mostly  freely  branching. 
Calyx  5-parted;    the  divisions  slender.     Corolla    salverform;    stamens 
inserted  on  its  throat;  anthers  oblong  or  linear,  twisting  spirally  in  age. 
Capsule  elongated.     Seeds  oblong  or  spherical,  reticulate-pitted. 

*  Seeds  spherical. 

1.  E.  yenusta,  Gray.    Simple  and  cymosely  several-flowered  at  sum- 
mit, or  corymbosely  branched,  3—8  in.   high:  leaves  ovate  to  oblong- 
lanceolate,  % — %  in.  long,  obtusish:  calyx-lobes  very  narrow  down  to 
the  base:  corolla  bright  pink  with  a  yellow  center,  the  limb  %  in.  broad; 
lobes  oval  or  obovate:  anthers  oblong-linear. — A  southern  species,  but 
occurring  near  San  Leandro,  according  to  Dr.  Behr. 

2.  E.  Douglasii,  Gray.     Slender,  2—10  in.  high,  loosely  paniculate: 
leaves  lanceolate  to  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  J£— %  in    long:  peduncles 
filiform,  erect,  the  central  ones  1   in.  long  or  more:  lobes  of  the  pink 
corolla  oblong,  2  lines  long. — Attributed  to  San  Francisco  by  Dr.  Behr. 

*  *  Seeds  slightly  elongated. 

3.  E.  Mnhlenbergii,  Griseb.    Low,  fastigiately  branched   from  the 
base,   cymosely  flowered  at  summit:  leaves  oblong,  obtuse;  the  floral 
lanceolate:  pedicels  short  or  almost  none  in  the  forks,  but  the  lateral 
often  as  long  as  the  flower,  and  bibracteolate  at  the  summit:   corolla 
rose-red,  its  lobes  2 — 3  lines  long,  obtuse  or.  retuse:  seeds  short-oval. — Com- 
mon in  the  Bay  region. 


244  POLEMONIACE^E. 

4.  E.  floribunda,  Benth.    Rather  strict  and  closely  flowered,  6—10 
in.   high,  corymbose-cymose  at  summit:    lower  leaves  oblong;    upper 
lanceolate:  fl.  short-pedicelled,  or  those  in  the  forks  nearly  sessile;  lobes 
of  pinkish  corolla  oblong,  only  2  lines  long,  the  tube  twice  or  thrice  longer: 
anthers  short-oblong:  seeds  round-ovoid. — San  Bruno  Mountains,  Behr. 

5.  E.  trichantha,  Griseb.    Fastigiate-cymose  and  profusely  flower- 
ing, 4—8  in.  high:  leaves  oblong-oval  to  lanceolate:  corolla-lobes  oblong- 
lanceolate,  %  in.  long  or  more:  filaments  slender;  anthers  linear:  seeds 
oval-oblong. — Marin  and  Napa  counties. 

8.  GENTIAtfA,  Diosc.  Herbs  wifch  showy  usually  blue  corollas 
commonly  persistent  on  the  calyx  and  enclosing  tbe  mature  capsule. 
Corolla  campanulate  or  funnelform,  the  5  lobes  with  plaited  folds  in 
their  sinuses.  Stamens  included.  Style  short  or  0.  Capsule  septicidal, 
sometimes  with  its  whole  inner  wall  placentiferous. 

1.  0.  Oregana,  Engelm.  Perennial,  erect,  stoutish,  1—2  ft.  high: 
leaves  ovate  to  ovate-oblong,  1 — 1%  in.  long:  fl.  few  at  summit  of  stem: 
corolla  1  in.  long  or  more,  deep  blue,  funnelform,  the  ovate  lobes  not 
narrowed  at  base,  the  plaits  extended  into  a  conspicuous  laciniate- 
toothed  or  -cleft  appendage. — Mt.  Tamalpais,  and  hills  northward. 

4.  MENYANTHES,  Dalechamps.  Bog  perennial,  with  thick  horizon- 
tal rootstocks  bearing  long  petioled  leaves  (in  ours  trifoliate)  and  a 
naked  scape  with  a  terminal  raceme  of  white  flowers.  Corolla  campan- 
ulate, 5-cleft;  the  lobes  fimbriate-bearded  on  the  face.  Anthers  sagittate, 
versatile.  Ovary  surmounted  by  a  long  style.  Capsule  globular.  Seeds 
few  and  rather  large;  the  close  testa  smooth,  shining  crustaceous. 

1.  M.  trifoliata,  L.  Petioles  and  scape  stout,  1  ft.  high  or  less :  leaf 
divided  into  3  oblong-obovate  entire  or  repand  leaflets:  corolla  less  than 
1  in.  long,  densely  bearded  within,  white  or  rose-tin  ted. —Formerly  at 
San  Francisco,  but  extinct  there  since  1859,  according  to  Dr.  Behr;  not 
rare  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  elsewhere  northward  beyond  our  limits. 

ORDER  LXX.     POLEMONIACE/E. 

Mostly  herbs,  with  watery  juice  of  no  marked  properties.  Leaves 
exstipulate,  simple  or  divided.  Flowers  complete,  5-merous  (rarely  4- 
merous),  except  the  pistil,  which  is  3-merous;  the  style  3-cleft,  the  ovary 
3-celled.  Fruit  capsular,  loculicidally  dehiscent,  with  axial  placentae 
and  few  or  many  seeds;  these  commonly  mucilaginous  when  wet. 

*  Calyx  herbaceous  throughout. 

Calyx  slightly  accrescent,  otherwise  unchanged  in  age POLEMONIUM  1 

*  *  Calyx  scarious  or  coriaceous  at  base. 

Calyx-segments  equal,  the  sinuses  in  age  distended  into  a  short  lobe. .COI-LOMIA       2 
"         unequal;  sinuses  unchanged  in  age NAVARRETTA    3 


POLEMONIACE.E.  '245 

*  *  *  Calyx  scarious  between  the  angles. 

Leaves  alternate;  stamens  inserted  equally GILIA  4 

Leaves  mostly  opposite  and  corolla  salverform; 

Leaves  mostly  digitate-divided;  stamens  inserted  equally LINANTHUS  5 

"       undivided;  stamens  unequally  inserted PHLOX  6 

1.  POLEMOXIUM,  Diosc.  Herbs  with  alternate  pinnate  flaccid 
leaves,  the  leaflets  or  segments  sessile,  entire.  Calyx  herbaceous 
throughout,  neither  angled  nor  costate,  slightly  accrescent  and  loosely 
investing  the  capsule,  campanulate  or  narrower,  cleft  to  the  middle,  the 
segments  lanceolate  or  broader,  equal,  erect,  or  connivent  over  the  cap- 
sule, or  campanulate-spreading,  entire,  never  recurved  nor  aristate- 
pointed.  Corolla  regular,  in  ours  campanulate,  blue  or  purplish.  Sta- 
mens more  or  less  declined.  Seeds  angular  or  winged. 

1.  P.  carneum,   Gray.     Stoutish,    1—2    ft.    high,    sparingly    leafy, 
loosely  cymose-paniculate,  the  branchlets  3-flowered:  leaflets  ovate  to 
oblong-lanceolate,  1 — 1L<   in.   long:  calyx  deeply  5-cleft;   lobes  ovate- 
oblong:  corolla  campanulate-funnelform,  nearly  1  in.  long  and  as  broad 
in  expansion,  salmon-color  to  violet-purple;  lobes  round-obovate :  ovules 
and  seeds  3  or  4  in  each  cell. — Most  beautiful  species,  of  mountain 
woods  in  San  Mateo  and  Marin  counties,  and  far  northward.    June. 

2.  COLLOMIA,   Nutt.    Herbs  with    alternate    leaves,  and    cymose 
clustered  flowers.     Calyx  scarious  below  between  the  angles,  in  flower 
turbinate,  in  age  obpyramidal  or  nearly  cyathiform,  not  distended  by 
the  capsule;  segments  herbaceous,  equal,  entire,  triangular  or  lanceo- 
late, erect,  never  recurved  or  even  spreading;  the  sinuses  at  length 
distended  below  into  a  re  volute  lobe.     Corolla  with  narrow  tube,  open 
throat,  and  a  spreading  limb.    Stamens  unequal  and  unequally  inserted 
on  the  tube  of  the  corolla.     Capsule  narrowed  at  base.     Seeds  usually 
1  in  each  cell. 

1.  C.  graiidiflora,  Dougl.    Erect,  6  in.  to  2  ft.  high,  leafy  through- 
out, flowering  only  at  and  near  the  summit:  leaves  linear,  and  oblong- 
lanceolate,  to  almost  ovate  around  the  flower-clusters,  2 — 3  in.   long, 
mostly  entire:  fl.  capitate  crowded  at  summit,  and  at  the  ends  of  a  few 
subterminal  short  branchlets:  calyx  and  bracts  viscid-pubescent:  corolla 
pah  salmon-color,  1  in.  long  or  more,  narrowly  funnelform,  with  limb  of 
oblong  lobes  spreading  to  the  width  of  8—10  lines. — Slopes  and  summits 
of  the  inner  coast  mountains,  at  considerable  elevations.    June,  July. 

2.  C.  heterophylla,  Hook.    Low,    diffuse,    pubescent    and    viscid: 
leaves  thin,  more  or  less  bipinnatifid,  or  some  of  the  upper  merely 
toothed,  or  entire :  fl.  in  small  clusters  in  the  axils,  and  at  ends  of 
branches;  corolla  small,  slender-salverform,  deep  purple:  capsule  ellip- 
soid; seeds  2 — 3  in  each  cell. — Common  in  mountain  shades. 

3.  NATARRETIA,  Ruiz  &  Pavon.    Annuals,  glabrous  and  scentless, 
or  viscid- pubescent  and  heavy-scented;  the  leaves  always  alternate,  even 


246  POLEMONIACE^:. 

the  lowest,  and  setaceously  or  spinosely  pinnatifid,  or  the  lowest  sub- 
entire;  flowers  in  crowded  bracted  clusters  at  the  ends  of  all  the  branches. 
Calyx-tube  scarious  between  the  5  prominent  green  angles  or  costae,  not 
accrescent,  prismatical  or  obpyramidal ;  segments  unequal,  erect  or 
spreading,  not  recurved,  pungent-tipped,  all  entire,  or  the  two  larger 
spinulose-toothed  or  -cleft.  Corolla  tubular-funnelform  or  salverform. 
Stamens  and  style  usually  straight,  rarely  declined.  Pericarp  1 — 3- 
celled,  1 — many-seeded,  partially  dehiscent  from  above,  or  from  below,  or 
occasionally  in  dehiscent. 

*  Pericarp  hyaline,  indehiscenl,  the  walls  closely  adherent  to  and  trans- 
parently exhibiting  the  agglutinated  mass  of  dark-colored  seeds. 

1.  X.  prostrata  (Gray),  Greene.    Primary  flower-cluster  sessile  near 
the  ground,  the  few  branches  radiating  from  beneath  it  and  prostrate: 
leaves  pinnatifid,  the  rachis  broad  and  strap-shaped,  the  segments  short 
and  spreading,  some  of  the  uppermost  occasionally  3-cleft:  calyx-tube 
minutely  white-hirsute,  thin-hyaline  between  the  stout  costse,  constricted 
over  the  capsule,  the  segments  spreading,  3  spinulosely  trifid,  2  subulate 
and  entire:  pericarp  a  transparent  utricle  close-fitted  to  the  glutinous 
seeds,  breaking  transversely  or  irregularly  when  soaked. — Plains  of  the 
lower  Sacramento.     May. 

2.  X.  lencocephala,  Benth.     Erect,  a  span   high  or  more,  the  stem 
whitish-puberulent:     leaves  once  or  twice  pinnatifid,  the  rachis  not 
broader  than  the  divaricate  segments:  calyx-tube  nearly  glabrous  with- 
out, white-hairy  in  the  sinuses,  little  constricted  over  the  capsule,  the 
segments  erect,  all  entire,  or  one  or  two  of  them  cleft:  corollas  larger 
than  in  the  preceding,  white.— Very  common  on  the  plains  of  Solano 
Co.,  beyond  Suisun.     April,  May. 

3.  X.  intertexta  (Benth.),  Hook.    Nearly  simple,  or  branching  from 
the  base,  3—10  in.  high,  neither  viscid  nor  glandular:  stem  retrorsely 
pubescent:  leaves  mainly  glabrous,  their  divaricate  acerose  divisions 
simple  or  sparingly  divided:  fl.  densely  glomerate:  base  of  their  bracts  and 
tube  of  calyx  densely  villous  with  long  spreading  white  hairs:  corolla  pale 
blue  or  white,  little  exceeding  the  calyx:  capsule  subglobose,  3-celled, 
several-seeded,  but  walls  hyaline,  adherent  to  the  seeds,  breaking  irregu- 
larly.—Marin  and  Sonoma  counties,  and  northward.    June. 

*  *  Capsule  of  firm  texture,  opaque,  more  or  less  perfectly  dehiscent; 
seeds  not  agglutinate  in  a  mass. 

4.  X.  cotul  83 folia  (Benth.),  Hook.  &  Am.    Stem  stout  and  rigid,  4 — 8 
in.  high,  puberulent,  or  villous  and  somewhat  glandular:    leaves  twice 
pinnatifid  into  slender  herbaceous  soft  and  innocuous  segments;  the  upper- 
most ones,  and  the  bracts  decidedly  spinescent:  fl.    white,  4-merous: 


POLEMONIACE^.  247 

stamens  exserted:  capsule  few-seeded. — Plains  of  the  lower  Sacramento; 
plentiful  near  Fairfield  and  Suisun.  A  peculiar  soft-leaved  and  scentless 
species.  April,  May. 

5.  N.  Yiscidnla,  Bentk.     Only  2 — 4  in.   high,  simple  or  branching 
from  the  base:  viscid-pubescent:  stem- leaves  extremely  narrow,  remotely 
pinnatifid;  the  floral  rigid,  pinnatifid-toothed,  and,  with  the  bracts  and 
calyx-teeth  spinescent :  corolla  large,  rather  narrow,  perfectly  regular,  deep 
blue,  stamens  straight'  cells  of  capsule  1-seeded. — In  dry  rather  sandy 
soils,  from  Napa  Valley  southward.     June. 

6.  N.  heterodoxa,  Greene.     Slight  pubescence  of  the  preceding,  but 
extremely  viscid,  mephitic-scented;   stem  6 — 12  in.  high,  with  many 
slender  wide-spread  branches :  lowest  cauline  leaves  with  linear-filiform 
rachis  and  pinnate  segments,  the  latter  in  5—7  pairs;  the  upper  and 
floral  more  lanceolate,  and  with  pinnate  teeth  toward  the  base  only; 
bracts  broadly  ovate,  subulate-acuminate:  segments  of  calyx  subequal, 
entire:  corolla  blue,  with  short  tube,  open-campanulate  limb  and  exserted 
declined  stamens:  seeds  small,  4  or  5  in  each  cell. — Hills  of  Napa  and 
Sonoma  counties,  and  southward  to  beyond  Santa  Clara.    June — Aug. 

7.  X.  parvula,   Greene.     Low  but    stoutish  with  numerous    short 
branches,  2—4  in.  high;  glandular-puberulent,  very  viscid  and  aromatic: 
lowest  leaves  linear,  entire,  the  upper  rather  broader  and  with  subulate 
teeth  or  segments:  corolla  about  4  lines  long,  broadly  tubular-funnel- 
form,  light  blue:  stamens  very  unequal,  the  2  posterior  included,  the  3 
anterior  long-exserted  and  declined. — Near  Crystal  Springs.    June. 

8.  N.  mellita,  Greene.     Slender  and  low,  2 — 5  in.  high  and  with 
ascending  or  spreading  branches,  the  branches  glandular-villous :  herbage 
very  viscid  and  honey-scented:  lowest  leaves  divided  pinnately  into 
subulate-acerose  spine-like  segments,  those  of  the  upper  leafy-dilated 
and    spine-tipped:    corolla    narrowly    tubular-funnelform,  minute,  not 
exceeding  the  calyx,  very  pale  blue:  stamens  included. — San  Mateo  Co., 
near  Belmont,  and  northward.    June — Aug. 

9.  X.  pnbescens  (Benth.),  Hook.  &  Am.    Tall,  stoutish,  flexuous  and 
branching,  soft-pubescent,  the  herbage  with  a  strong  hircine  odor:  leaf- 
segments  5—11,  the  terminal  or  odd  one  spatulate-dilated,  the  others 
linear,  all  with  numerous  sharp  and  stiff  teeth  or  lobes :  calyx-teeth  all 
pungent-tipped,  3  small  and  entire,  2  twice  as  large  and  toothed:  corolla 
deep  blue  or  purple,  %  in.  long;  throat  funnelform;  stamens  exserted: 
capsule  1-celled  and  1-seeded. — Common  on  low  foothills  of  the  inner 
ranges,  and  plains  adjacent.     April — June. 

10.  X.  squarrosa  (Esch.),  Hook.  &  Arn.    Stout,  rigid,  ^—1  ft.  high, 
branching,  very  viscid-pubescent,  strongly  mephilic- scented:  leaves  and 
bracts   pinnately  parted,  the  segments  spinescent:  corolla  salver/orm, 


248  POLEMONIACE^E. 

small,  deep  blue:  stamens  not  exserted:  seeds  numerous,  small,  black.— 
A  noxious  wayside  weed;  Skunk  weed,  of  the  country  people     June— Oct. 

11.  X,  atractyloides  (Benth.),  Hook.  £  Am.  Stout  and  low,  with 
short  branches  paniculately  arranged:  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  rigidly 
coriaceous,  in  age  reticulate,  the  margins  beset  with  straight  spinose- 
subulate  teeth:  segments  of  the  calyx  subulate,  entire,  erect-,  only 
moderately  unequal:  corolla  narrowly  funnelform,  %  inch  long,  deep 
purple.— From  the  lower  Sacramento  southward.  Ill-scented  like  the 
last,  but  less  common.  June— Aug. 

4.  (ilLIA ,  Ruiz  &  Pavon.  All  our  species  (except  n.  6)  annuals,  with 
leaves  alternate,  flaccid,  not  pungent,  1 — 3-pinnately  dissected  into 
narrow  segments.  Flowers  more  or  less  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the 
few  branches,  the  clusters  not  bracteate.  Calyx-teeth  equal,  connivent 
or  recurved  in  fruit;  tube  in  some  (scarcely  in  our  species)  ruptured  to 
the  base  (through  scarious  sinuses)  by  the  splitting  of  the  capsule. 
Corolla  funnelform.  Stamens  inserted  equally  on  its  throat.  Seeds 
several  in  each  cell  of  the  capsule. 

1.  G.  capitata,  Dougl.     Slender,  1 — 2  ft.  high:  leaves  dissected  into 
filiform  lobes:  fl.  many,  in  dense  capitate  long-peduncled  clusters:  calyx, 
nearly  glabrous,  infr.  globose:  corolla  very  small,  light  blue;  tube  scarcely 
dilated  at  the  throat;  segments  nearly  linear:   stamens  inserted  in  the 
sinuses  of  the  corolla. — Species  of  the  higher  parts  of  the  Coast  Range. 

2.  G.  achilleaefolia,  Benth.    Stoutish,  pubescent,  1—3  ft.  high,  the 
head-like  flower-clusters  larger  and  less  compact:  calyx  more   or  less 
woolly;  the  somewhat  triangular  teeth  connivent  over  the  growing  ovary : 
corolla  broad-funnelform,  deep  or  pale  blue;  lobes  obovale   or   oblong; 
throat  abruptly  and  amply  dilated.— Common  in  sandy  soil.    May— Aug. 

3.  G.  multicaulis,  Benth.    Slender,  in  age  commonly  diffuse,  % — 1% 
ft.  high:  leaves  twice  cleft  into  narrowly  linear  lobes:  fl.  few  and  in  less 
dense  clusters,  on  short  peduncles:  calyx-teeth  recurved  in  fruit:  corolla 
nearly  salverform,  deep  or  pale  blue,  its  lobes  obovate:  capsule  ovoid. — 
Rocky  hills  and  sandy  plains;  extremely  variable.     April — June. 

4.  G.  tricolor,  Benth.     Slender,  seldom  a  foot  high,  cymose-panicled : 
leaves  and  calyx  almost  as  in  the  last,  but  fl.  much  larger  and  ampler, 
distinctly  3-colored:  corolla  %in.  long;  tube  yellow;  ample  campanulate- 
funnelform    throat   marked    with  deep    violet-purple    or  darker;    broad 
rounded  lobes  white  or  lilac.—  Common  from  Napa  and  Solano  counties 
northward  and  southward,  but  chiefly  in  the  interior.    April,  May. 

5.  G.  gilioides  (Benth.),  Greene.    Loosely  branching,  %— 2  ft.  long, 
viscid-pubescent:  leaves  simply  cut  into  few  narrowly  oblong  or  lanceolate 
divisions:  fl.  few  in  the  cluster:    corolla  slender-salverforrn,  deep  blue- 
purple:  stamens  hardly  equally  inserted:  capsule  globular:  ovules  and 
seeds  1  or  2  in  each  cell. — Higher  parts  of  the  Coast  Range.    May — July. 


POLEMONIACEjE.  249 

6.  G.  densifolia,  Benth.  Perennial,  1 — 2  ft.  high,  more  or  less  floccose- 
woolly;  stems  erect,  virgate,  from  a  somewhat  woody  base:  leaves  rigid, 
linear,  laciniate-pinnatifid  or  incised,  the  short  lobes  subulate:  fl.  many, 
in  a  dense  head:  corolla  % — %,  iQ-  l°ng»  salverform,  violet-blue;  limb 
%  in.  broad  in  expansion:  anthers  linear. — Mountains  of  Santa  Clara 
Co.,  and  southward. 

5.  LINANTHUS,  Benth.  Annuals,  with  opposite  leaves  mostly 
divided  digitately  into  3  or  more  narrowly  linear  rigid  segments. 
Inflorescence  dichotomous  and  loose,  or  cymose-glomerate  and  terminal 
only.  Calyx  prismatic;  its  segments  equal;  its  tube  scarious  between 
the  angles.  Corolla  usually  salverform,  often  with  very  long  and  slender 
tube.  Stamens  equal  and  equally  inserted  on  the  corolla.  Capsule 
few-  or  many-seeded. 

*  Sterns  dichotomously  branching;  flowers  scattered. 

1.  L.  dichotomus,  Benth.    Erect,  4—10  in.  high,  the  nodes  few  and 
exceeding  the  leaves,  these  or  their  3—5  segments  linear-filiform,  1  in. 
long:  flowers  subsessile:  calyx  prismatic,  scarious  except  the  5  prom- 
inent angles  which  are  prolonged  into  acerose-linear  recurved  segments: 
corolla  salverform;   tube  scarcely  exserted;    limb   1 — 1%   inches  broad, 
white,  shaded  on  the  outside  with  dark  chocolate-color:  stamens  inserted 
below  the  middle  of  the  throat,  the  base  of  each  filament  set  within  a 
nectariferous  groove;  anthers  linear:  cells  of  capsule  very  many-seeded: 
seeds  roundish,  not  mucilaginous  when  wet. — Common.     May. 

2.  L.  liniflorus  (Benth.),  Greene.     A  foot  high,  slender,    glabrous: 
leaf-segments  about  3,  filiform:  flowers  on  long  slender  pedicels  in  a 
loose  cymose  panicle:  corolla  with  nearly  obsolete  tube;  limb  rotate,  % — 1 
in.  broad,  the  obovate  entire  lobes  white,  marked  with  7  deep  blue 
veinlets:  stamens  nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla-lobes;  filaments  with  a 
dense  pilose  ring  just  above  the  base,  the  very  short  corolla-tube,  below 
them  pubescent:  ovules  6—8  in  each  cell:  seeds  mucilaginous. — Dry 
hills  and  sandy  plains.    April,  May. 

3.  L.  fllipes  (Benth.),  Greene.     Slender,  often  diffuse,  4—10  in.  high, 
scabrous-puberulent:    pedicels  elongated,  filiform:    calyx    a  line    long, 
narrow-campanulate,  hispidulous  throughout,  the  subulate-acerose  teeth 
little  shorter  than  the  tube:  corolla  pale  purplish,  3%   lines   long,  the 
limb  campanulate  from  a  short  cylindrical  lube:  seeds  about  8  in  each 
cell  of  the  capsule. — Open  hillsides.    May. 

4.  L.  Bolanderi  (Gray),  Greene.     Slender  as  the  last,  differing  in  a 
narrowly  cylindraceous  calyx  and  salverform  corolla,  the  tube  of  which 
equals  the  calyx;  the  rotate  limb  purplish  and  about  3  lines  wide:  seeds 
2 — 5  in  each  cell. — Sonoma  Co. 

5.  L.  ambignns  (Eattan),   Greene.    Stouter  than  the  last;  corolla 
much  larger  (%  in.  long),  not  strictly  salverform,  the  slender  tube  little 


250  POLEMONIACE2E. 

exserted,  the  obconic  dark  purple  throat  about  as  long  as  the  rotate- 
spreading  purplish  lobes:  seeds  2  in  each  cell.— At  Oak  Hill,  four  miles 
south  of  San  Jose,  Rattan. 

*  *  Stem  not  dicholomous;  flowers  corymbose-capitate. 
H— Corolla  salverform,  the  slender  tube  long-exserted. 

6.  L.  androsaceus    (Benth.),    Greene.      Stoutish,    6—15    in.    high: 
lowest  leaves  3-,  uppermost  5— 7-parted,  the  divisions  oblanceolate,  those 
of  the  floral  subulate-lanceolate,  all  acute,  rather  strongly  hispid-ciliate: 
corolla  more  than  1  in.  long,  the  slender  purple  tube  9  —10  lines,  the 
short  turbinate  throat  about  a  line  long,  very  dark  purple,  "with  a  yellow 
border,  the  broad  rounded  or  somewhat  cuspidate  segments  lilac-purple 
(occasionally  white),  3 — 4  lines  long;  style  and  filaments  little  surpassing 
the  throat  of  the  corolla. — Abundant  on  half  shaded  hillsides.    May. 

7.  L.  parviflorus  (Benth.),  Greene.     Much  more  slender  than  the 
last,  and  scarcely  as  tall;  leaves  with  narrow  segments:  tube  of  corolla 
very  slender,  9 — 10  lines  long;  throat  yellow;  segments  oval,  2 — 3  lines 
long,  mostly  pale  yellow  or  white,  tinged  with  red  or  brown  on  the 
outside:  style  and  filaments  half  or  more  than  half  as  long  as  the 
corolla-limb. — Plentiful  in  open  grassy  lands.     April,  May. 

8.  L.  acicnlaris,  Greene.    Only  3—6  in.  high,  very  slender,  more 
rigid  and  less  pubescent  than  the  last;    leaf-segments    linear-acerose: 
corolla  golden  yellow  throughout,  the  very  slenderly  filiform  tube  about 
thrice  the  length  of  the  limb:  stamens  two-thirds  the  length  of  the 
obovate-lanceolate  lobes;  style  short. — With  the  last  but  less  common. 

9.  L»  rosaceus,  Greene.     Commonly  branching  from  the  base  and 
the  branches  decumbent,  3—5  in.  high,  stoutish  and  with  short  inter- 
nodes,  these  5 — 7,  not  twice  the  length  of  the  leaves;  segments   of  the 
lowest  leaves  obovate-spatulale,  of  the  upper  spatulate-linear,  those  of  the 
floral  bracts  subulate,  pungently  acute,  spinulose-serrulate  above  the 
middle,  more  softly  ciliate  toward  the  base:  corolla  1  in.  long;  tube  and 
limb  rose-red,   the  ample   throat   orange. — Only  on   sandy  hills   at  San 
Francisco  and  southward.    May.  June. 

10.  L.  bicolor  (Nutt.),  Greene.    Very  near  the  last,  but  dwarf  (2—3 
in.   high);  flowers  rose-purple,  the  elongated  corolla-tube  % — %  inch 
long  and  less  slender  than  in  L.  parviflorus  but  the  limb  much  smaller, 
only  2—3  lines  broad. — Low  hills,  and  on  grassy  plains  along  the  Mt. 
Diablo  Range  and  far  northward.     April,  May. 

11.  L.  ciliatns  (Benth.),  Greene.     Rigid,  strict,  y2 — 1  ft.   high,  sca- 
brous-pubescent: internodes  long:  leaves  with  5 — 9  linear  rigidly  ciliate 
segments:  corolla  rose-color,  very  small  and  slender,  little  longer  than 
the  floral  leaves,  the  rotate  limb  only  2  lines  broad. — Range  of  the  last, 
but  at  greater  elevations  in  the  hills;  usually  under  trees.    May. 


HYDROPHYLLACE^E.  251 

-i—  H—  Corolla  broadly  funnelform  above  the  short  tube. 

12.  L.  grandiflorus  (Benth.),  Greene.  Very  rigid  and  strict,  % — 1% 
feet  high,  the  rigid  linear-subulate  leaf-segments  5 — 11,  ascending, 
spinulose-serrulate  on  the  margin  and  toward  the  base  somewhat  ciliate : 
corolla  lilac;  tube  little  exserted;  limb  more  than  ^  inch  broad.— At 
Alameda,  San  Francisco,  and  southward.  June,  July. 

6.  PHLOX,  Linn.  Opposite-leaved  herbs  with  usually  cymose  and 
terminal  inflorescence;  differing  from  the  last  genus  in  that  the  stamens 
are  unequal  and  unequally  inserted  on  the  upper  part  of  the  tube  of  the 
salverform  corolla,  and  the  leaves  not  rigid  nor  palmatisect.  Our  only 
species  belongs  to  a  chiefly  Texan  group  of  annuals  with  a  scattered 
inflorescence:  the  upper  leaves  being  alternate. 

1.  P.  gracilis  (Dougl.),  Greene.  Only  a  few  inches  high,  pubescent: 
lowest  leaves  obovate;  upper  lanceolate:  corolla  less  than  ^  in.  long, 
rose-purple;  tube  hardly  exceeding  the  linear  calyx-lobes;  limb  only  2 
lines  broad.— Not  rare  in  the  more  hilly  districts.  April,  May. 

OEDEB  LXXI.     HYDROPHYLLACE^E.    , 

Ours  (with  the  exception  of  one  gummy  coriaceous-leaved  shrub) 
herbs  remarkable  for  much  of  the  hispid  and  rough  in  pubescence,  coin- 
cident with  a  thinnish  and  juicy  herbage;  the  juice  watery  and  without 
special  properties.  Leaves  exstipulate,  often  pinnately  lobed  or  dis- 
sected. Flowers  complete,  5-merous,  very  often  in  unilateral  and 
scorpioid  false  racemes  or  spikes.  Calyx  persistent,  of  5  deep  lobes  or 
distinct  sepals.  Stamens  borne  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  alternate  with 
its  lobes.  Ovary  not  lobed  or  divided,  1-  or  2-celled;  the  2  styles  distinct 
at  apex  if  not  throughout  (except  in  Romanzoffia}.  Fruit  capsular;  the 
2  placentae  parietal,  or  borne  on  the  half-partitions. 

*  Ovary  1-celled,  the  placentx  forming  a  sac-like  lining  to  the  ovary-walls. 

Seeds  uniform,  globular  or  ovoid NEMOPHILA        1 

"     not  uniform  within  the  capsule EUCRYPTA  2 

*  •*  Placentse  narrow,  not  lining  I  he  cell,  sometimes  almost 
partitioning  it  into  two. 

Style-cleft  at  apex,  or  to  the  middle; 

Corolla  blue  or  white,  deciduous PHACELIA  3 

yellow,  persistent EMMENANTHE  4 

Style  and  stigma  entire;  flowers  white ROMANZOFFIA  5 

Styles  2,  distinct  to  the  base ERIODICTYON  fi 

1.  NEMOPHILA,  Null.  Diffuse  annuals  with  tender  herbage,  pin- 
nately lobed  or  divided  leaves,  and  axillary  peduncles  usually  1-flowered. 
Calyx  5-parted,  usually  with  a  supplementary  reflexed  lobe  at  each  sinus. 
Corolla  deeply  5-lobed,  broadly  campanulate  to  nearly  rotate,  convolute 


252  HYDROPHYLLACE^. 

in  bud;  the  throat  appendaged  within  with  10  scales  or  plaits.  Stamens 
and  style  mostly  shorter  than  the  corolla;  filaments  naked;  anthers 
sagittate.  Ovary  tardily  dehiscent  by  2  valves,  1— 16-seeded.  Seeds 
globular  or  nearly  so. 

*  Leaves  alternate,'  stems  beset  with  short  retrorse  prickles. 

1.  N.  aurita,  Lindl.     Stems  both  fleshy  and  very  brittle,  1—3  ft. 
long,  reclining  or  trailing  by  the  prickly  angles:  leaves  deeply  pinnatifid 
above  into  mostly  retrorse  lobes,  the  petiole  broadly  winged  and  the 
wing  auriculate-dilated  at  the  base :  lower  peduncles  1  flowered,  upper 
often  3-flowered:  appendages  of  the  calyx  very  small:  corolla  1  in.  broad, 
dark  violet,  its  appendages  broad,  partly  free :  seeds  globose,  reticulate. — 
Shady  slopes  of  hills,  in  San  Mateo  Co.,  and  on  Angel  Island. 

2.  N.  membranacea  (Benth.).    More    slender,    paler,    glaucescent, 
prickly-angled  and  procumbent,  1 — 1J^  ft.  long:  leaves  pinnately  divided 
into  3—9  linear  obtuse  nearly  entire  divisions;  the  petiole  winged:   fl. 
few  or  many  on  the  peduncles,  very  small;  calyx   and  corolla  without 
appendages,  the  latter  white:  seeds  globose,  reticulated. — Shady  hillsides 
from  the  Livermore  Valley  southward.    Thoroughly  congeneric  with 
N'.  racemosa;  only  empirically  placed  under  "Ellisia,"  notwithstanding 
the  absence  of  calyx-bractlets.    March,  April. 

*  *  Leaves  often  opposite;  stems  not  prickly-angled. 

3.  N,  iusignis,   Dougl.    At  length  very    branching,  the    branches 
ascending,  6 — 10  in.  high:  leaves  pinnately  parted  into  7—9  oblong, 
sometimes  3 — 5-lobed,  small  divisions:  corolla  rotate-campanulate,  1  in. 
broad,  clear  blue;  its  internal  scales  short  and  rounded,  partly  free,  short- 
hirsute:  seeds  oval,  somewhat  corrugated  or  tuberculate. — Very  common 
in  rich  fields  and  on  low  hills.    April,  May. 

4.  Jf.  Menziesii,   Hook.   &  Arn.    Smaller  than  the  preceding,  the 
leaves  less  divided:  corolla  as  large,  rather  more  nearly  rotate,  white  or 
very  pale   blue,  sprinkled   with  dark  dots  toward  the  centre,   the  spots 
confluent  into  a  purplish  eye;  its  scales  narrow,  one  edge  wholly  adherent, 
the  other  free  and  densely  ciliate:  seeds  oval  or  oblong,  either  smooth  or 
somewhat  tuberculate. — Not  as  common  as  the  last,  though  plentiful  in 
some  parts  of  Marin  and  Napa  counties.    April,  May. 

5.  N.  pedunculata,  Benth.    Every  way  much  smaller  than  the  last; 
whole  plant  2—4  in.  high:  corolla  seldom  2  lines  wide,  white,  with  purple 
veinlets. — Rocky  shades,  and  very  wet  plains;  not  uncommon.    May. 

6.  X.  parviiiora,  Dougl.    Slender,  weak  and  procumbent,  neither 
the  leaves  nor  the  stems  notably  succulent:  leaves  pinnately  5— 9-parted, 
the  divisions  obovate  or  oblong,  obtuse:  corolla  campanulate,  3—5  lines 
broad,  white;  its  appendages  oblong,  wholly  adherent  by  one  edge, 
nearly  or  quite  glabrous.— Shady  mountain  sides.    April— June. 


HYDROPHYLL  ACE^E.  253 

2.  EUCRYPTA,  Nutt.    Erect,  with  opposite  bi-  or  tripinnately  dis- 
sected leaves,  and  axillary  peduncled  racemes  of  small  whitish  flowers. 
Calyx  5-parted,  not  accrescent,  not  appendaged,  campanulate.    Corolla 
small,  campanulate,  without    internal  appendages.    Capsule  globose, 
8-seeded,  each  valve  in  dehiscence  liberating  2  oblong- ovoid  seeds,  and 
retaining  between  the  placenta  and  the  wall  of  the  ovary  2  flattened  and 
lenticular  or  meniscoid  ones. 

1.  E.  chrysaiitheinifolia  (Nutt.),  Greene.  Stoutish,  freely  branching 
though  very  erect,  1—3  ft.  high,  very  leafy :  racemes  rather  dense,  little 
surpassing  the  ample  pubescent  and  slightly  clammy  tripinnatifid  leaves: 
calyx-lobes  ovate,  acutish:  corolla  white  with  a  bluish  tinge:  free 
rounded  seeds  corrugated;  the  concealed  and  flattened  ones  smooth. — 
Common  in  the  hilly  districts.  April — June. 

3.  PHACELIA,  Jussieu.    Annuals,  or  a  few  perennials,  with  alternate 
simple  or  compound  leaves,  and  more  or  less  scorpoid  unilateral  racemes 
or  spikes  of  blue  or  bluish  flowers.     Calyx  mostly,  or  always,  completely 
divided  into  5  sepals.    Corolla  deciduous;  the  tube  commonly  with  10 
vertical  folds  or  lamellae  within.     Capsule  with  narrow  placenta  and 
1 — oc  corrugated  or  reticulate  or  pitted  seeds. 

*  Seeds  1  or  2  on  each  placenta;  testa  areolate  or  f arose. 
•J—  Perennials  or  biennials;  leaves  pinnatifid  or  entire. 

1.  P.  Californica,  Cham.     Stout  sparingly    leafy    flowering    stems 
1 — 2  ft.  high,/row  a  stout  much  branched  depressed  and  very  leafy  woody 
caudex:  herbage   canescent  with  a  minute   close  pubescence,  and   setose- 
hispid  with  scattered  long  white  hairs :  leaves  mainly  of  a  large  elliptic- 
lanceolate  terminal  lobe;  the  pinnae  below  few  and  reduced:  racemes 
erect,  short  and  dense,  in  a  short  paniculate   cluster  at  and  near  the 
summit  of  the  stem:  sepals  equal,  lanceolate,  2  lines  long  in  maturity, 
erect,  reticulate-veiny  and  with  a  strong  midvein:  capsule  ovate-oblong, 
acutish,  1^  lines  long,   1-seeded:  seed  ovate-lanceolate,   a  line  long, 
deeply  alveolate. — Sandy  hills  and  plains  near  the  sea.    Feb.— Sept. 

2.  P.  imbricata,  Greene.    Stems  erect,  several  from  a  stout  perpen- 
dicular perennial  root,  densely  leafy  at  base  only:  panicle  of  geminate 
racemes  long  and  lax,  the  branches  widely  spreading:  pubescence  much 
as  in  the  last,  but  more  scanty:  corolla  bluish :  fruiting  calyces  compressed 
and  closely  imbricated;  sepals  unequal,  the  broad  deltoid-ovate  outer  one 
larger  than  the  others,  these  ovate-oblong,  acutish,  all  hispid-ciliate,  none 
showing  either  distinct  midvein  or  reticulation;  seed  1  only. — Dry  hills 
and  valleys  of  the  mountain  districts  back  from  the  sea.    June,  July. 

3.  P.  nemoralis,  Greene.    Apparently  only  biennial,  stout,   erect, 
rather  widely  branching,  2—4  ft.  high;  herbage  light  green,  destitute  of 
pubescence  but  strongly  hispid  with  stinging  hairs:  leaves  simple,  or  with 


254  HYDROPHYLLACE^E. 

a  pair  of  pinnae,  rarely  2  pairs,  at  base,  petiolate,  without  any  conspic- 
uous parallel  veins:  racemes  geminate  or  ternate,  short  but  not  lax: 
corolla  small,  ochroleucous:  sepals  oblanceolate:  capsule  2-seeded:  seed 
deeply  pitted.— Shady  ravines  and  along  stream  banks.  June — Aug. 

H—  +-  Annuals;  leaves  entire,  or  with  shallow  lobes. 

4.  P.  malyaefolia,   Cham.     Annual,   the    herbage  of  a   light   green, 
pubescent,  very  hispid   with  spreading  or  reflexed  stinging   hairs:  leaves 
round-cordate,  slightly  5— 9-lobed,  sharply  toothed,  1—3  in.  long:  spikes 
solitary  or  gemmate:  corolla  3—4  lines  long,  yellowish  white,  longer 
than  the  unequal  linear  and  spatulate  sepals:  stamens  exserted:  capsule 
4-seeded:  seeds  alveolate-scabrous. — Damp  shades,  from  San  Francisco 
and  Alameda  counties  southward.    June — Sept. 

5.  P.  Rattaui,  Gray.     Smaller  than  the  last,  beset  with  more  slender 
bristles:  leaves  ovate  or  oval,  with  truncate  or  subcordate  base,  incisely 
lobed  or  crenate:  calyx  of  4  spatulate  sepals  and  one  larger  and  obovate: 
corolla  whitish,  little  more  than  2  lines  long:  stamens  and  style  included: 
seeds  small. — Northern  part  of  Sonoma  Co.,  on  Russian  River,  etc. 

6.  P.  Breweri,  Gray.     Slender,  diffusely  branched,  the  stems  6—10 
in.   long,  canescently  pubescent  and  hispidulous:  racemes  slender,  long 
and  lax:  sepals  linear:  corolla  open-campanulate,  violet,  twice  as  long  as 
the  calyx:  filaments  not  exserted:  capsule  ovate,  acute,  mostly  1-seeded: 
seed  favose. — Mt.  Diablo,  Mt.  Hamilton  and  southward.     May,  June. 

H—  -H-  -)—  Annuals  (except  n.  9);  leaves  oblong  or  narrower,  pinnately  lobed, 
toothed,  or  compound,  and  the  lobes  or  divisions  toothed  or  incised. 

7.  P.  distans,  Benth.    Usually  rather  slender,  branching,  1 — 2^  feet 
high,  the  branches  when  present  decumbent:  leaves  ample,  very  finely 
and  compoundly  dissected:  spikes  mostly  scattered,  solitary  or  geminate: 
sepals  unequal,  linear  to  spatulate,  1  or  2  more  dilated  upwards:  corolla 
dull  yellowish  white,  3—4  lines  long,  rotate-campanulate;  the  internal 
appendages  broadly   semiovate,  with  a  free  pointed  tip:    stamens   little 
exserted:    capsule    globular:    seeds    rugose-tuberculate.— Plentiful    at 
Alameda;  also  in  Mar  in  Co.  and  southward.    May — July. 

8.  P.  tauacetifolia,  Benth.    Stouter  than  the  last,  seldom  branching, 
erect:  leaves  less  ample  and  less  dissected:  spikes  all  clustered   and  ter- 
minal: sepals  equal,  linear,  beset  with    rigid    bristles:    corolla  open- 
campanulate,  %  in.  long,  lavender-color  or  lilac- purplish;  inner  append- 
ages wholly  adnate:  stamens  well  exserted. —Mostly  in  fields  and  open 
plains  of  the  interior.     May,  June. 

9.  P.  ramosissima,    Dougl.    Stems    clustered    and   decumbent    or 
ascending,  from  a  perennial  root:  herbage  pubescent  and  viscid-glandular: 
leaves  divided  into    oblong  or  narrower  pinnatifid-incised    divisions: 


HYDROPHYLLACE^.  255 

kes  short,  dense:  corolla  ochroleucous  or  bluish:  stamens  and  style 
ly  moderately  exserted:  sepals  linear-spatulate,  twice  the  length  of 
3  capsule:  seeds  oblong. — Mt.  Diablo  Range.  June,  July. 

10.  P.  Arthur!,  Greene.    Annual,  decumbent  or  nearly  prostrate, 
•  stoutish  branches  2  ft.  long:  herbage  setose-pubescent,  not  viscid, 

e  inflorescence  hispidulous:  leaves  rather  remotely  pinnate,  or  some 
rate,  the  lobes  crenate-toothed:  spikes  many,  solitary  in  the  axils, 
ort-peduncled:  fl.  biserial  and  crowded:  sepals  entire,  very  unequal, 
<mall,  at  length  partly  enfolded  by  the  accrescent  rhombic- obov ate 
•ute  fifth:  corolla  only  a  line  broad,  light  blue:  stamens  not  exserted. 
Found  by  the  side  of  a  street  in  the  western  part  of  Oakland,  in  1887, 
v  Arthur  Simonds;  the  plant  now  extinct  in  that  locality. 

11.  P.  ciliata,  Benth.    Erect  and  simple,  or  with  several  ascending 
ranches,  1 — 1%  **•   high;  stems  scabrous;  other  parts  pubescent  or 
>aringly  hirsute :  leaves  pinnately  parted  or  cleft,  the  divisions  or  lobes 
jlong,  piniiately  incised:    spikes  short,   at  length  rather  loose,   the 
edicels  short  or  none;  sepals  lanceolate  to  ovate,  accrescent,  in  age  some- 
htil  chartaceous,  reticulate,  4 — 5  lines  long  and  sparsely  bristly-ciliate: 
jrolla  smallish,  bluish;  capsule  ovate,  mucronate:   seeds  oval,  favose. 
-Common,  especially  east  of  the  Mt.  Diablo  Range,  on  the  plains;  but 
Iso  to  the  southward  of  San  Francisco.    May. 

12.  P.  suaveolens,  Greene.    Annual,  stoutish,  freely  branching  from 
he  base,  the  branches  ascending,  1 — 2  ft.  long:  herbage  very  sweet-scented, 
oft  pubescent  and  glandular-viscid  throughout:  cauline  leaves  oval, 
Coarsely-toothed,  1  in.  long,  on  slender  petioles  of  nearly  equal  length; 
he  lower  with  some  lyrate  lobes  at  or  below  the  base  of  the  main  blade : 
•acemes  solitary  or  in  pairs,  elongated,  dense:  sepals  spatulate,  entire, 
'4  inch  long,  exceeding  the  4-seeded  capsules:    corolla  bright    blue, 
narrowly  funnelform,  %  in.  long,  the  limb  one  half  as  broad:  seeds  oval, 
black,  deeply  favose-pitted.— At  the  Petrified  Forest,  Sonoma  Co. 

*  *  Seeds  6—12  or  more  on  each  placenta;  testa  not  rugose, 
but  areolate-reticulate. 

13.  P.  circinatiformis,  Gray.    Erect,  sparingly  branching  from  the 
base,  6 — 10  in.  high,  puberulent  and  very  hispid:  leaves  ovate  to  oblong- 
lanceolate,  parallel-veinsd:  racemes  dense:  sepals  linear  or  linear-spat- 
ulate, enlarging  in  age,  greatly  exceeding  the  capsule :  corolla  dull- white, 
very    small,  scarcely  wider  than   funnelform- tubular,  2—3  lines  long; 
calyx  when  mature  5  lines  or  more :  capsule  ovate,  acute  or  mucronate, 
6— 16-seeded:    seed  scrobiculate.— Plentiful  near    the  summit  of   Mt. 
Diablo;  also  reported  from  Mt.  Hamilton,  but  a  rare  plant.    June. 

14.  P.  divaricata  (Benth.),  Gray.    Diffusely    branching^ from    the 
base,  the  branches  6 — 18  in.  long,  more  or  less  pubescent  and  hirsute: 


256  HYDROPHYLLACE^. 

haves  ovate  or  oblong,  commonly  entire,  exceeding  the  petiole,  the  veins 
curving  upwards :  racemes  loose;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  calyx :  corolla 
rotate-campanulate,  %  in.  broad,  blue :  seeds  very  many. — Common  on 
dry  hills  about  the  Bay,  preferring  stony  and  poor  soil.  April— June. 

15.  P.  Douglasii  (Benth.),  Torr.  Diffusely  branching,  pubescent 
and  hirsute:  leaves  oblong-linear,  pinnatiftd  into  many  pairs  of  lobes  or 
segments;  the  terminal  lobe  not  larger,  nor  parallel- veined:  racemes  long 
and  lax:  sepals  spatulate:  blue  corolla  open-campanulate,  % — %  in.  wide; 
its  appendages  semioblanceolate :  capsule  ovate,  mucronate,  many- 
seeded:  seeds  roundish-oval,  scrobiculate. — Near  Lake  Merced,  thence 
southward.  May. 

4.  EMMENANTHE,  Benth.    Herb  (the  genus  in  our  view  monotypical) 
with  more  the  habit  of  Eucrypta  than  Phacelia,  erect,   the  straight 
ascending    racemes    panicled    at  summit  of  the  stem.    Calyx  deeply 
5-parted,  the  divisions  not  widening  upwards.     Corolla  campanulate, 
light  yellow,  persistent.    Capsule  as  in  Phacelia,  and  seeds  pitted. 

1.  E.  penduliflora,  Benth.  Villous-pubescent,  slightly  viscid,  1  ft. 
high  more  or  less :  lobes  of  the  pinnatifid  leaves  very  many,  short,  some- 
what toothed  or  incised:  corollas  nearly  %  in.  long,  in  age  pendulous  on 
filiform  pedicels  of  their  own  length:  filaments  nearly  free  from  the 
corolla:  seeds  several,  1  line  long. — Summits  of  the  higher  Coast  and 
Mt.  Diablo  ranges.  June — Aug. 

5.  .KOMA.NZOFFIA,  Chamisso.     Delicate   and  pale    herbs,  of  Sax- 
ifrageous    aspect.     Leaves    mostly    radical,    alternate,    round-cordate, 
crenately  lobed,  long-petioled.    Stems  loosely  racemose;    the  flowers 
white.    Calyx  deeply  5-parted.     Corolla  funnelform,  without  appendages, 
deciduous.    Stamens  on  the  base  of  the  corolla- tube,  unequal.     Filiform 
style  and  small  stigma  both  entire.    Capsule  retuse,  nearly  or  quite 
2-celled.    Pitted-reticulate  seeds  small,  numerous,  on  linear  placentae. 

1.  R.  Sitchensis,  Bong.  Filiform  rootstocks  tuberif erous :  stems 
slender,  erect,  4—8  in.  high;  pedicels  spreading,  longer  than  the  flowers: 
calyx-lobes  oblong-linear  or  lanceolate,  not  equalling  the  corolla,  little 
shorter  than  the  capsule :  style  long,  slender.— Shady  wet  rocky  places 
among  the  higher  coast  mountains.  April— June. 

6.  EBIODICTYON,  Benlh.    Shrubs,  with  coriaceous  leaves  balsamic 
and  fragrant,  white-woolly  beneath.    Inflorescence  a  terminal  panicle  of 
scorpioid  cymes.    Calyx  deeply  5-parted,  the  segments  not  widening 
upwards.    Corolla  funnelform  approaching  the  salverform.     Styles  2, 
distinct  to  the  base;    stigmas  clavate-capitate.    Capsule   crustaceous, 
small,  globose,  ovate,  acute,  2-celled,  4-valved.    Seeds  few. 

1.  E.  Califoriiicum  (H.  &  A.),  Greene.  Shrub  3-5  ft.  high:  lanceo- 
late irregularly  serrate  leaves  3 — 8  in.  long,  resinous-glutinous  above, 


ASPERIFOLIJ2.  257 

beneath  very  closely  white-woolly  between  the  reticulate  veins :  panicle 
of  cymes  naked:  corolla  pale  blue,  tubular-funnelform,  thrice  the  length 
of  the  sparsely  hairy  calyx. — Dry  hills  in  the  sparsely  wooded  mountain 
districts.  May— July. 

OEDER   LXXII.     ASPERIFOLI/E. 

Plants  intimately  connected  with  HydrophyUaceaz,  the  herbage  in 
general  still  more  pronouncedly  rough-hairy  or  hispid,  but  less  succu- 
lent. Inflorescence  equally  unilateral  and  scorpioid.  Differing  in  that 
the  single  style  is  surrounded  at  base  by  a  4-lobed  ovary,  which  ripens 
into  4  (or  by  abortion  2)  usually  distinct  and  very  seed-like  nutlets.  The 
5-cleft  or  -parted  calyx  mostly  persistent;  corolla  deciduous,  in  ours 
mostly  short-salverform  and  the  throat  closed  by  folds. 

*  Corolla  imbricate  or  quincuncial  in  estivation. 

Nutlets  depressed  and  horizontally  extended; 

Nutlets  rounded,  the  whole  surface  rough CYNOGLOSSUM       1 

"      elongated,  the  margins  prickly PECTOCARYA          2 

Nutlets  vertically  elongated,  but  often  incurved; 
Insertion  basal; 

Nutlets  carinate,  transversely  rugose ALLOCARYA  3 

"      not  carinate,  irregularly  roughened LITHOSPEMUM       7 

Insertion  nearly  basal; 

Flowers  white ALLOCARYA  3 

"       yellow AMSINCKIA  6 

Insertion  lateral; 

Scar  rounded,  usually  hollow PLAGIOBOTHRYS    4 

'    linear,  forked  at  base CRYPTANTHE         5 

'*    ovate  or  lanceolate AMSINCKIA  6 

•*  *  Corolla  plicate  in  aestivation. 
Fruit  nearly  4-lobed,  at  length  separating  into  4  nutlets HELIOTROPIUM     8 

1.  CYNOGLOSSUM,  Diosc.  Calyx  5-parted,  persistent,  open  in  fruit. 
Corolla  short-salverform,  with  conspicuous  arching  crests  at  the  throat 
concealing  the  short  stamens  and  pistil.  Nutlets  4,  broad,  depressed, 
the  whole  back  covered  with  short  stout  prickles  having  minutely  barbed 
tips,  oblique  or  horizontal,  separating  at  maturity  from  below  upwards, 
and  for  a  time  suspended  on  a  process  connected  with  the  style. 

1.  C.    grande,  Dougl.    Perennial,  stout,  2  ft.  high,  with  long-pet- 
ioled  ovate-oblong  leaves  often  a  foot  long,  usually  rounded  at  base, 
pubescent  with  soft  slender  hairs :  panicle  of  short  racemes  small,  on  a 
long  naked  peduncle  terminating  the  short  leafy  stem:  corolla  %  in. 
broad,  deep  blue,  with  pinkish  central  folds.— In  shades  along  streams, 
and  on  northward  slopes.    Jan.— April. 

2.  PECTOCARYA,  De Can dolle.    Low  slender  annuals,  with  strigose- 
hirsute  pubescence,  small  narrow  leaves,  and  small  flowers  near  their 


258  ASPERIFOLI^:. 

axils.  Corolla  minute,  white.  Nutlets  flattish  depressed  and  laciuiate- 
bordered,  or  pectinately  setose  around  the  margin,  the  bristles  or  prickles 
uncinate  at  tip. 

1.  P.  penicillata  (H.  &  A.),  A.  DC.    Diffusely  spreading   branches 
only  a  few  inches  long:  nutlets  divergent  in  pairs,  oblong,  surrounded  by 
an  undulate  or  pandurate  wing  which  at  the  apex  of  the  nutlet  is  thickly 
beset  with  uncinate  bristles.— Common  in  the  interior  of  Calif.,  especially 
southward;  rare  in  our  district,  but  found  in  Napa  Valley. 

2.  P.  pusilla  (A.  DC.),   Gray.    Erect,  somewhat  flexuous,  2—4  in. 
high:    nutlets  equably   divergent,  cuneate-obovate,  wingless,  and  with   a 
carinate  midnerve,  the  acute  margin  beset  with  a  row  of  slender  uncinate 
bristles.— Napa  Valley  and  northward. 

3.  ALLOCARYA,  Greene.    Low  herbs,  ours  annual,  with  linear  entire 
leaves,  the  lowest  always  opposite  and  connate-perfoliate :    branches 
numerous    and    commonly    depressed,    racemose    almost    throughout. 
Plants  vernal  in  their  flowering,  confined  to  low  moist  grounds,  herbage 
usually  light  green  and  somewhat  succulent,  more  or  less  hirsute.     Ped- 
icels turbinate-thickened  and  more  or  less  distinctly  5-angled  under  the 
calyx,  persistent,  somewhat  indurated  in  age.    Calyx  5-parted  to  the 
base;  segments  spreading.     Corolla  salverform  with  short  tube,  yellow 
throat  and  white  limb.    Nutlets  ovate  or  lanceolate,  crustaceous,  opaque 
or  vitreous-shining,  smooth  or  variously  tuberculate  and  rugose,  muri- 
culate  or  even  strongly  glochidiate,  often  carinate  on  one  or  both  sides, 
attached  by  an  infra-medial  or  basal,  concave,  but  sometimes  raised  and 
stipitate  scar. 

1.  A.  stipitata,  Greene.    Erect,  simple,   or  with   ascending   branches 
from  the  base,  10—18  in.  high:  herbage  light  green,  apparently  glabrous, 
yetroughish,  slightly,  with  sparse  and  short  setae:  calyx  nearly  sessile; 
segments  spreading,  foliaceous  and  accrescent,  in  fruit  often  %  in.  long: 
corolla  short-funnelform,  ^— /^  in.  broad;  nutlets  ovate-lanceolate,  car- 
inate for  the  whole  length  of  the  ventral  face,  and  a  little  past  the  apex, 
the  back  covered  with  blunt  tuberculations  and  interrupted  transverse 
rugae;  scar  exactly  basal,  roundish  and  separated  from  the  body  of  the 
nutlet  by  a  short  but  distinct  stipe. — Napa  Valley,  and  plains  of  the  lower 

.  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin.     May. 

2.  A.  Californica  (F.  &  M.),  Greene.      Slender,    sparingly    setose, 
diffusely  branching,  the  branches  6—15  in.  long,  weak  and  reclining: 
racemes  with  few  bracts  at  base :  calyx-segments  slender,  not  accrescent, 
spreading  in  fruit:  nutlet  ovate,  %  line  long,  keeled,  rugulose  and  gran- 
ulated as  in  the  last:  scar  roundish,  nearly  basal,  not  stipitate. — Common 
in  low  fields.    April— June. 

3.  A.  stricta,  Greene.    Slender,  strictly  erect  and  somewhat  succulent, 
simple,  or  with  several  scarcely  divergent  spicate  branches  above,  barely 


ASPERlFOLIvE.  259 

5—6  in.  high;  glabrous,  or  nearly  so,  all  except  the  floral  leaves  opposite: 
spikes  dense,  1—2  in:  long:  flowers  very  small,  white,  with  yellow 
centre:  calyx  segments  closed  over  the  immature  fruit:  nutlets  light 
gray,  vitreous-shining,  long-ovate,  about  %  line  long,  with  numerous  close 
transverse  rugosities;  insertion  supra-basal,  the  scar  linear  with  dilated 
base  and  about  one-third  the  length  of  the  nutlet.— Near  the  warm 
springs  at  Calistoga;  plentiful,  and  probably  local.  April,  May. 

4.  A.  diffusa,  Greene.    Pubescence  light,  closely  appressed:  branches 
procumbent,  a  foot  or  less  in  length,  loosely  racemose  from  the  base,  the 
raceme  leafy  to   the  middle  at  least;  lowest  pedicel   ^  in.   long,  the 
others  hardly  a  line:  calyx  widely  spreading,  corolla  small:  nutlets  dark 
brown,  broadly  ovate,  incurved,  %  line  long,  ventrally  carinate  down  to 
the  supra-basal  oblong-lanceolate    scar,   the  back   with  rather  sharp 
granulations  and  rugae,  the  latter  favosely  confluent. — Open  hills,  only 
toward  the  sea.     April,  May. 

5.  A.  humistrata,  Greene.    Stout  and  succulent,  the  branches  mostly 
prostrate,  a  foot  long,  racemose  throughout:  pedicels  short  and  stout, 
commonly  deflexed:  calyx-lobes  linear-spatulate,  in  fruit  greatly  enlarged 
(4: — 6  lines  long)  and  turned  to  one  side,  standing  vertically  in   a   row: 
nutlets  ovate-lanceolate,  %  line  long,  straight,  carinate  ventrally  down 
to  the  nearly  or  quite  basal  rounded  scar,  the  back  with  minute  muri- 
culations  and  sharp-edged  transverse  rugulse  which  are  commonly  tipped 
with  a  tuft  of  minute  penicillate  bristles. — Low  subsaline  plains  of  the 
interior,  on  the  lower  San  Joaquin,  etc.    April,  May. 

6.  A,  trachycarpa  (Gray),  Greene.    Size  and  habit  of  the  last,  but 
more  branching  and  decumbent  rather  than   procumbent,  commonly 
more  slender,  rough  with  a  coarser  and  somewhat  spreading  pubescence: 
racemes  less  open,  leafy  almost  throughout:  segments  of  calyx   linear, 
widely  spreading:  corolla  very  small:  nutlets  ovate,  straight,  carinate  on 
both  sides,  the  dorsal  keel  and  nearly  straight  transverse  rugse  dentate- 
interrupted;  scar  suborbicular,  nearly  basal. — Habitat  of  the  last. 

7.  A.  Greenei  (Gray).    Habit,  pubescence  and  inflorescence  of  the 
last,  but  a  coarser,  larger  plant;  nutlets  a  line  long,  ovate,  straight, 
carinate  ventrally  down  to  the  nearly  basal  ovate  scar,  the  back  covered 
with  coarse  granulations  and  stout  barbed  prickles  % — %  line  high,  these 
distinct  at  base  or  more  or  less  confluent  into  walled  reticulations,  the 
latter  sometimes  strongly  developed  and  the  prickles  themselves  corre- 
spondingly reduced  or  even  nearly  obsolete. — Very  common  on  low 
plains  of  the  interior.     May. 

8.  A.  Chorisiana  (Cham.),  Greene.    Freely  branching,  the  branches 
10 — 18  in.  long,  at  length  reclining:  racemes  elongated,  loose,  leafy 
below;   pedicels  filiform,  4—8   lines   long:  calyx  little    accrescent,   the 
spreading  segments  about  a  line  long:  corolla  3—5  lines  wide:  nutlets 


260  ASPEKIFOLI^I. 

ovate,  little  more  than  %  line  long,  brownish  and  dull,  carinate  ventrally 
only,  the  keel  and  scar  closely  approached,  but  not  covered  by  the  lateral 
angles,  the  obtuse  rugae  of  the  back  running  into  more  or  less  favose 
meshes  among  the  numerous  minute  granulations:  scar  linear,  short. — 
Common  in  wet  grassy  land  among  the  Mission  Hills,  and  in  Marin  Co. 

4.  PLAGIOBOTHRYS,  Fiach.  &  Mey.  Bather  large  but  slender 
annuals  with  most  of  their  leaves  in  a  close  radical  tuft.  Kaceines 
spike-like,  elongated,  loose,  naked  or  leafy-bracted;  pedicels  very  short, 
filiform,  persistent.  Calyx  5-cleft  or  -parted,  closed  or  campanulate, 
more  or  less  accrescent  in  fruit,  and  when  not  too  deeply  cleft  irregularly 
circumscissile  near  the  base.  Nutlets  ovate  or  indistinctly  cruciform  in 
outline,  carinate  on  both  sides  toward  the  apex,  usually  with  well  defined 
lateral  margins,  the  back  very  regularly  transversely  rugose,  smooth  or 
roughened  between  the  rugae;  insertion  almost  medial  on  a  depressed 
gynobase;  areola  or  scar  rounded,  hollow  or  solid. 

*  Stems  branched  from  the  base,  the  branches  prostrate. 

1.  •  P.  caiiescens,  Benth.    Canescent  with  a  pale  soft-villous  pubes- 
cence, the  branches  }£— 1%  ft.  long,  leafy  and  floriferous  throughout: 
calyx  thinnish,  cleft  to  the  middle,  the  tube  slightly  inflated  in  age,  and 
the  segments  closed  over  the  incurved-connivent  nutlets;  these  with  strong 
transverse  ruga3  and  minute  intervening  granulation.— PJains  and  hills 
of  Alameda  and  Santa  Clara  counties,  and  thence  both  northward  and 
southward,  in  the  interior.    April,  May. 

*•  *  Stems  erect  from  the  base,  loosely  branching  above. 

2.  P.  iiothofiilvus,  Gray.    Stem  mostly  solitary  from  the  depressed 
leaf-tuft,   1—1  }£  ft.    high  including  the    widely  spreading    flowering 
branches;  herbage  canescent  with  a  short  and  fine  pubescence:  calyx 
small,  cleft  hardly  to  the  middle,  its  teeth  closed  over  the  fruit,  but  the 
whole  calyx,  except  the  very  base,  at  length  deciduous  by  circumcision, 
exposing  and  releasing  the  ripe  nutlets;  these  cruciform-ovate,  with 
rather  prominent  rugaB,  and  dot-like  white  granulations  intervening. — 
Very  common  on  hills.    March — May. 

3.  P.  teuellus  (Nutt.),  Gray.    Small  and  slender,  seldom  10  in.  high, 
soft-hirsute  and  canescent,  the  calyx   rusty-yellowish,  the  erect  stems 
with  one  or  more  small  leaves:  spikes  rather  few-flowered:  calyx  deeply 
cleft,  not  circumscissile,  loosely  connivent  over  the  shining  somewhat 
cruciform  nutlets;  these  a  line  long,  smooth  and  glassy,  with  very  straight 
transverse  rugse  which  are  either  smooth  or  quite  strongly  muricate. — 
Very  common  in  our  northerly  hilly  districts.     April,  May. 

4.  P.  campestris,  Greene.    Stouter  than  any  of  the  preceding,  1—2^ 
ft.   high,  scarcely  canescent,  but  hirsute,  the  calyx  with  a  brownish 
pubescence,  cleft  nearly  to  the  base,  the  segments  wholly  herbaceous,  per- 


ASPERIFOLI^:.  261 

sialenl:  nutlets  large  (1%  lines  long),  nearly  a  line  wide  in  the  middle, 
abruptly  stout-beaked,  the  body  sharply  carinate  and  laterally  margined, 
with  or  without  sharp  transverse  rugae  and  intervening  muriculations.— 
Plains  of  eastern  Solano  and  Contra  Costa  counties.  May. 

5.  CEYPTANTHE,  Lehmann.  Pilose -hispid  slender  mostly  rather 
rigid  and  erect  annuals,  with  bractless,  spicate  flowers.  Herbage  and 
root  imparting  no  stain.  Leaves  alternate,  narrow  and  entire.  Calyx 
5-parted  to  the  base,  deciduous:  segments  erect,  usually  closely  embracing 
the  fruit,  the  often  attenuate  and  elongated  tips  sometimes  spreading 
above  it,  and  hispid  with  straight  or  hooked  bristles.  Nutlets  4  (some- 
times by  abortion  2  only,  or  1),  smooth,  tuberculate  or  rnuriculate, 
attached  from  the  base  upwards  commonly  to  near  the  apex;  linear 
groove  and  transverse  scar  open  or  closed. 

*  Nutlets  muricate-roughened. 

1.  C.  mnriculata  (A.  DC.),  Greene.     Stoutish,   ^— 1  ft.  high,  very 
hispid:  spikes  rather  short  and  dense,  usually  in  twos  or  threes  at  the  ends 
of  the  branches:  calyx  %  lines  long,  the  segments  merely  acute,  not  long- 
tipped:  nutlets  a  line  long,  of  deltoid-ovate  outline,  light  gray,  scabrous- 
muricate  over  the  fiattish  rather  than  rounded  back :  ventral  groove  and 
its  basal  fork  mostly  closed.— Mt.  Diablo  and  southward,  at  considerable 
elevations.     May,  June. 

2.  C.  Jonesii  (Gray),  Greene.    With  stouter  stem  than  the  last,  but 
more  slender  and  quite  distinctly  panicled  spicate  branches:  calyx  only  a 
line  long,  and  nutlets  little  more  than  %  line. — Mt.  Tamalpais,  thence 
southward  along  the  seaboard  hills. 

3.  C.  micromeres  (Gray),  Greene.    Very  slender,  diffusely  branched, 
6—10  in.  high,  hispid,  but  green,  not  canescent:  spikes  filiform,  very 
numerous  but  single:  calyx  only   %  line  long:   ovate-trigonous  nutlets 
acute,  3  of  them  muriculate- scabrous,  the  other  nearly  or  quite  smooth.— 
Coast  Kange  hills:  an  obscure  but  not  rare  plant. 

4.  C.  ambigna  (Gray),  Greene.    Usually  stout,  low,  with  many  short 
ascending  branches  spicate  almost  throughout:  herbage  canescently- 
hispid:  calyx  %  in.  long  or  more  and,  with  linear-elongated  segments 
twice  the   length  of  the   narrow-ovate  acuminate  papillose-scabrous  gray 
nutlets;  these  with  groove  and  its  basal  bifurcation  nearly  closed. — 
Inner  coast  ranges  northward,  on  dry  hills. 

*  *  Nutlets  smooth  and  shining. 
•f—  All  the  four  ovules  maturing  into  nutlets. 

5.  C.  leiocarpa  (F.  &  M.),  Greene.    Usually  diffusely  branched  from 
the  base,  the  branches  % — 1  ft.  long;  whole  plant  canescent  with  an 
appressed  pubescence  and  some  pilose-hispid  hairs :  inflorescence  short- 


262  ASPERIFOLIJE. 

spicate  or  somewhat  glomerate  and  leafy-bracted:  calyx  a  line  long,  the 
segments  scarcely  attenuate  or  prolonged  above  the  nutlets;  groove  of 
small  ovate  acute  nutlet  not  forked  at  base. — Sandy  lands  along  the  sea- 
board. April — Aug. 

6.  C.  Torreyana    (Gray),    Greene.     Erect,     sparingly     paniculate- 
branched,  1 — l^j  ft.  high,  hirsute-hispid,  the  calyx  with  rigid  stinging 
bristles,  its  sepals  elongated  and  attenuate  upward:  nutlets  ovate,  acute, 
the  groove  forked  at  base.  —Very  common  among  the  hills  and  mountains, 
in  clayey  soil.     May — July. 

•t—  +-  Nutlet  solitary,  three  ovules  being  abortive. 

7.  C.  flaccida   (Dougl.),   Greene.    Rigidly    erect,    slender,    usually 
simple  up  to  the  terminal  set  of  rather  strict  spikes:  minutely  strigose- 
hispid:  fruiting  calyx  erect,  appressed  to  the  rachis,  narrow  and  slender, 
the  filiform-linear  sepals  very  hispid  below  with  deflexed  strong  bristles : 
nutlet  subterete,  ovate-lanceolate,  rostellate-acuminate,  shorter  than  the 
sepals;    groove    enlarged  below,  but    not  furcate. — Very  common  on 
stony  hillsides  almost  everywhere.    May,  June. 

6.  AMSINCKIA.,  Lehmann.  Hispid  annuals,  with  yellow  flowers  in 
elongated  spikes.  Calyx  herbaceous;  sepals  5,  or  4  by  the  union 
of  2  into  one  broader  one.  Corolla  salverform,  the  throat  somewhat 
funnelform,  the  aperture  often  angular  by  folds,  the  lobes  rounded,  rarely 
somewhat  unequal  and  the  corolla  therefore  slightly  bilabiate.  Fila- 
ments short;  anthers  oblong  or  oblong-linear.  Style  filiform;  stigma 
capitate,  2-lobed.  Nutlets  crustaceous,  erect  or  incurved,  smooth  or 
rugose,  commonly  more  or  less  ovate-triquetrous.  Cotyledons  2-parted. 

1.  A.  lycopsoides,  Lehm.     Herbage  of  a  light  yellowish-green,  very 
hispid,  the  bristles  from  a  pustulate  base:  leaves  in  a  rosulate  tuft, 
lanceolate,  slenderly   acuminate:  stem    at    first  erect,   at  length  freely 
branching  and  the  branches  trailing,  1 — 2^  ft.  long:  spikes  more  or  less 
leafy-bracted:  sepals  short:  corolla  pale  yellow,  very  slender:  nutlets  % 
line  long,  brown  or  blackish,  rugulose  and  muriculate. — Sandy  soils 
along  the  seaboard.    March — July. 

2.  A.  intermedia,  Fisch.  &  Mey.    Loosely  branching  above,  1—3  ft. 
high,  less  hispid  than  the  last,  deep  green:  leaves   linear,  or  the   lowest 
oblanceolate :  sepals  twice  the  length  of  the  nutlets  and  half  as  long  as 
the  deep  yellow  narrow  corolla:    anthers  oblong:    nutlets  very   much 
incurved,  carinate  on  the  back,  muricate-scabrous  and  obliquely  rugose. 
— Very  common  in  the  Bay  region,  in  alluvial  soils.    April — June. 

3.  A.  spectabilis,  Fisch.  &  Mey.    Erect,  slender,  less  hispid,  1 — ]J^ 
ft.  high:    leaves  linear:    sepals  narrowly  linear-lanceolate,  elongated, 
ferruginous-hispid:  corolla  orange-yellow,   % — %  in.  long;  lobes   slightly 
unequal:  nutlets  granulate-rugose,  carinate  on  the  back. — Hills  of  the 
Mt.  Diablo  Range.     March — May. 


ASPERIFOLI^E.  263 

4.  A.  campestris.    Stoutisb,  1—2  ft.  high,  the  short  and  rather  dense 
spikes  aggregated  at  summit  of  the  stem:  pubescence  strigose-hirsute 
rather  than  hispid:  leaves  all  linear-oblanceolate :  sepals  short  hardly 
twice  as  long  as  the  nutlets,  ovate-lanceolate,  not  ferruginous :  corolla 
inconspicuous,    its  throat    nearly  closed  by  folds:    nutlets  very  dark 
brown,  irregularly-transverse  rugose  and  more  or  less  echinate-muricate. 
At  Byron  Springs,  and  near  Bethany.     March,  April. 

5.  A.  echinata,  Gray.    Erect,  1—2  ft.  high,  very  hispid  with  white 
spreading  bristles:  leaves  linear-lanceolate:  sepals  very  narrow,  yellow- 
hispid:  corolla  small  and  very  slender :  nutlets   almost  prickly-muricate, 
the  rugte  obsolete. — Antioch  and  southward;  perhaps  here  an  immigrant 
from  the  Mohave  district.     March,  April. 

6.  A.  tessellata,  Gray.     Stout,  rather  loosely  branching,  very  hispid: 
leaves  oblong-lauceolate:  spikes  long  and  loose:  calyx  large  and  folia- 
ceous,  of  3  narrow  sepals  and  1  broad  one,  only  loosely  investing  the 
nutlets  and  far  surpassing  them,  bristly  but  hardly  fulvous-hirsute: 
corolla  small,  orange-yellow,  the  throat  with  folds:  nutlets  broadly  ovate, 
acute,  not  carinate  but  Jlattish  on  the   back,  covered  with  warty  granula- 
tions running  more  or  less  distinctly  into  transverse  ridges  which,  car- 
ried out  to  the  edges,  form  a  dentate  border. — Plains  of  the  lower  San 
Joaquin  and  southward.    March. 

7.  A.  collina.     Near  the  last,  but  of  different  habit,  being   slender 
and  simple  up  to  the  few  short  dense  terminal  spikes:  pubescence  more 
hirsute  and  appressed:  leaves  narrowly  linear-lanceolate,  acute:  calyx 
intensely  fuscous,  the  sepals  longer,  less  foliaceous:  corolla  with  no  folds 
in  the  throat:  nutlets  of  ovate  outline,  flattened  on  the  back,  marked 
with  few   and  sharp  interrupted  transverse  ridges,  and  intervening   low 
tessellale  granulations. — Hills  east  of  the  Livermore  Valley.    March. 

8.  A.  gnuidiflora,  Kleeb.    Stoutish,  simple  up  to  the  short  terminal 
spikes,  hispid:  lower  leaves  oblanceolate,   upper  lanceolate,   all  very 
acute,  or  even  acuminate :  sepals  broad,  often  4,  or  3  only,  very  deeply 
fulvous-hirsute:  corolla  1  in.  long,  deep  yellow;  stamens  nearly  sessile  at 
the  orifice  of  the  very  short  proper  tube,  the  funnelform-ampliate  throat 
Yz  in.  long  beyond  this;  limb  more  than  %  in.  broad:  nutlets  light  gray, 
sharply  triquetrous,  perfectly  smooth  and  shining,  the  back  concave  rather 
than  convex. — At  Antioch,  and  on  hills  east  of  the  Livermore  Valley. 

7.  LITHOSPERMUM,  Diosc.  Herbs  erect,  with  sessile  leaves,  and 
leafy-bracted  flowers.  Corolla  salverform  or  funnelform.  Stamens 
short,  included.  Nutlets  ovoid,  bony,  sessile  by  the  very  base,  the  scar 
flat,  not  excavated. 

1.  L.  AEVENSE,  L.  Annual,  slightly  canescent  with  minute  appressed 
hairs,  1 — 2  ft.  high:  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  with  prominent  midrib: 


264  CONVOLVULACE.E. 

corolla  funnelform,  %  in.  long,  whitish:  the  throat  with  puberulent  lines: 
nutlets  brownish,  dull,  coarsely  wrinkled  and  pitted.— Occasional  at 
San  Francisco;  native  of  Europe. 

8.  HELIOTROPIUM,  Theophr.  Genus  differing  from  all  others  of 
this  order,  in  our  flora,  by  a  corolla  with  plaited  lobes,  anthers  connivent, 
and  nutlets  that  are  not  seed-like  in  appearance,  but  resemble  4  sep 
arated  closed  cells  of  a  capsular  fruit. 

1.  H.  Curassayicum,  L.  A  very  fleshy  glabrous  and  glaucous 
depressed  perennial:  leaves  ob9vate  to  much  narrower,  almost  linear: 
spikes  mostly  in  pairs,  dense-flowered:  corolla  white,  with  yellow  eye. — 
Common  in  low  subsaline  soils,  chiefly  in  the  interior. 

OEDER  LXXIII.     CONVOLVULACExE, 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  milky  juice,  the  stems  usually  twining  or 
trailing.  Leaves  alternate,  petiolate,  exstipulate.  Peduncles  axillary, 
1-flowered,  or  cytnosely  several-flowered.  Flowers  regular,  perfect,  5- 
merous.  Sepals  mostly  distinct,  persistent.  Corolla  mostly  plaited  and 
the  plaits  convolute.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes  and  alternate 
with  them.  Ovary  entire  or  lobed;  usually  maturing  as  a  capsule  with 
few  and  large  seeds. 

Stems  twining  or  trailing;  corolla  plaited CONVOLVULUS     1 

"      creeping;  corolla  not  plaited DICHONDRA         2 

"      erect  or  diffuse;  corolla  not  plaited CBESSA  3 

1.  CONVOLVULUS,  Pliny  (BINDWEED.  MORNING  GLORY).  Corolla 
funnelform,  plaited  and  the  plaits  dextrorsely  convolute.  Stamens  not 
exserted.  Style  1,  cleft  at  apex;  stigmas  2,  linear  to  oblong  or  ovate. 
Capsule  globose,  thin-walled,  2-celled  or  imperfectly  4-celled,  mostly 
2 — 4-valved,  with  few  and  large  seeds. 

*  Species  naturalized  from  Europe. 

1.  C.  PENTAPETALOIDES,  L.    Annual,   slender,  branching   from   the 
base,  6—15  in.  high,  pubescent:  leaves  spatulate-oblanceolate :  peduncles 
1-flowered,  bibracteate  toward  the  summit:  corolla  small,  purplish,  deeply 
5-lobed  the  lobes  ovate.— Common  in  fields  along  the  eastern  base  of  the 
Mt.  Diablo  Eange.     March,  April. 

2.  C.  ARVENSIS,  L.    Perennial,  prostrate,  the  stems  1 — 3  ft.    long: 
leaves  oblong-sagittate  or  hastate,  1—2  in.  long,  the  basal  lobes  short: 
pedicels  1— 3-flowered,  with  a  pair  of  subulate  bracts  near  the  base: 
corolla  white,  with  a  tinge  of  purple  on  the  outside,  neither  lobed  nor 
angled. — Very  prevalent  as  a  weed  in  fields  and  by  waysides.    May — Nov. 

*  *  Native  species;  calyx  embraced  by  a  pair  offoliaceous  bracts. 

3.  C.  Soldanella,  L.     Low,  glabrous,  slightly  succulent;  stems  10 — 15 
in.  long,  prostrate:  leaves  reniform,  deep  green  and  shining,  1 — 2  in.  long, 


CONVOLVULACEJE.  265 

on  stout  petioles:  corolla  1^  in.  broad,  pinkish:  capsule  1-celled.— On 
sandy  beaches  only.    May,  June. 

4.  C.  subacaulis  (Hook.   &  Am.).     Fibrous-rooted    low    perennial; 
stem  1—18  in.  long,  erect,  trailing,  or  in  forms  with  longer  stem  some- 
what  twining:    leaves   thin,   sparingly    pubescent,   oblong  or  ovoid    or 
deltoid:  with  truncate  or  hastate  base:  bracts  smallish,  embracing  but 
not  enclosing  the  calyx:    corolla    campanulate-funnelform,   angularly 
5-lobed,  2  in.  broad,  cream-color,  with  purplish  exterior. — Common  and 
variable  species  of  low  hills  along  the  seaboard. 

5.  C.  villosus  (Kell.),  Gray.    Stouter  than  the  last,  equally  variable 
in  size,  form  of  leaves,  etc.,  but  stems  more  numerous,  stouter,  more 
leafy,  and  the  whole  herb  densely  velvety-lomentose   and  while:    leaves 
rather  sharply  triangular-hastate  as  a  rule,  but  variable:  bracts  narrow, 
but  as  long  as  the  calyx:  corolla  smallish,  funnelform,  cream-color. — 
Mt.  St.  Helena,  Mt.  Diablo,  and  the  higher  inner  range  of  hills  generally. 

6.  C.  sepinin,  L.     Stems  from  a  horizontal  slender  running    root- 
stock,  2—3  ft.  high,  twining  firmly:  petioles,  leaf-margins,  etc.,  some- 
what   pubescent:    leaves    sagittate,  very   acute:    bracts   ovate-cordate, 
acute,  large,  completely  enfolding  the  calyx:  corolla  pinkish,  2  in.  long 
or  more. — Plentiful  in  brackish  marshes  towards  the  mouth  of  Napa 
Kiver  and  about  Suisun  Bay;  its  roots  within  reach  of  tide  water;  its 
stems  twining  upon  rushes  and  sedges.    June  -  Aug. 

*  *  *  Native  species;  peduncles  with  small  subulate  bracts. 

7.  C.  luteolus,  Gray.     Shrubby,  the  herbaceous  growing  and  flower- 
ing branches  twining,  the  whole  ascending  shrubs   and  trees  to  the 
height  of  20  ft.  or  more;  the  whole  plant  glabrous:  leaves  sagittate,  2  in. 
long:  peduncles  several-flowered,  longer  than  the  leaves;  bracts  linear- 
lanceolate,  distant  from  the  calyx  about  their  own  length:  corolla  rather 
open-funnelform,  pale  cream-color,  \\£  in.  long,  the  limb  not  lobed  or 
angular.    Var.  pnrpnratns.    Herbage  distinctly   glaucescent;    corolla 
with  broader  shorter  tube;  color  of  limb  from  light  to  deep  rose-purple. 
— Type  very  common  on  hills  and  along  streams.     The  variety  alone  is 
found  on  islands  in  the  Bay;  occurring  also  on  banks  and  ledges  near 
the  salt  water  on  the  mainland  in  Marin  Co.    May— Oct. 

2.  MCHONDRA,  Forsler.  Prostrate  creeping  herbs,  with  round- 
reniform  foliage,  and  small  axillary  flowers.  Corolla  campanulate, 
deeply  5-lobed.  Ovary  of  2  distinct  carpels,  each  with  a  filiform  style 
and  capitate  stigma,  and  maturing  as  an  utricular  1 -seeded  fruit. 

1.  I),  repens,  Forst.  Slender  stems  partly  subterranean,  rooting 
freely,  when  above  ground  pubescent:  leaves  glabrous,  %— 1  in.  wide, 
on  long  petioles:  flowers  short-peduncled :  sepals  obovate  to  spatulate, 


266  CUSCUTE^. 

obtuse,  1—2  lines  long,  rather  exceeding  the  yellow  corolla,  and  equalling 
the  subglobose  pubescent  carpels. — Open  hills  about  the  Presidio,  San 
Francisco,  and  above  Mountain  Lake. 

3.  CRESSA,  Linn.  Stems  erect,  branching  from  the  base,  leafy 
throughout,  and  bearing  small  white  flowers  in  the  upper  axils.  Calyx 
of  5  subequal  sepals.  Corolla  with  oblong  tube  and  5  oblong-ovate 
spreading  lobes.  Filaments  filiform,  exserted.  Ovary  2-celled;  capsule 
by  abortion  1-seeded. 

1.  C.  cretica,  L.  Slender  stems  and  small  oblong-ovate  leaves 
canescently  silky:  fl.  sessile  or  short- pedicelled  in  the  upper  axils,  some- 
times spicate-crowded  as  if  in  a  leafy-bracted  spike :  white  corolla  2—3 
lines  long,  silky  pubescent  on  the  outside.— In  hard  subsaline  clayey 
soils,  usually  near  maritime  salt  marshes. 

ORDER  LXXIV.    CUSCUTE>€. 

A  single  genus  of  parasitic  herbs  with  twining  filiform  golden  yellow 
leafless  stems;  floral  organs  much  like  those  of  some  Convolvulacex. 

1.  CUSCUTA,  Tragus.  Flowers  small,  white,  usually  densely  clus- 
tered. Calyx  5-cleft  or  -parted.  Corolla  campanulate,  or  subcylindric 
with  spreading  limb.  Stamens  usually  with  a  fringed  appendage  below 
their  insertion  in  the  throat.  Ovary  globose,  2-celled,  4-ovuled.  Styles 
in  all  our  species  2.  Capsule  1 — 4-seeded,  dry  and  circumscissile  or 
baccate.  Embryo  filiform,  spirally  coiled  in  fleshy  albumen,  destitute 
of  cotyledons. 

1.  C.  Californica,  Choisy.     Flowers  1 — 2  lines  long,  pedicelled  in 
loose  cymes:    calyx-lobes  acute:    corolla-lobes    lanceolate- subulate,  as 
long  as  or  longer  than  the  shallow  campanulate  tube:  filaments  nearly 
equalling  the  linear-oblong  anthers;  appendages  none,  or  represented  by 
rudimentary  inverted  arches  near  the  base  of  the  tube:  styles  slender: 
capsule  depressed-globose. — Attributed  to  the  western  part  of  California 
generally,  and  running  into  some  marked  varieties  not  known  to  us. 

2.  C.  salina,  Engelm.    Stems  very  slender,  densely  clothing  stems 
of  Salicomia  and  other  salt-marsh  herbs:  fl.  l^-r2^  lines  long,  pedi- 
celled in  loose  cymes:  calyx-lobes  ovate  lanceolate,  acute,  as  long  as  the 
denticulate    corolla-lobes:    corolla-tube    shallow-campanulate:    filaments 
about  as  long  as  the  oval  anthers;  fringed  scales  shorter  than  the  corolla- 
tube,  sometimes  incomplete :  styles  as  long  as,  or  shorter  than  the  acute 
ovary:  capsule  conical,  surrounded  by  the  withered  corolla,  usually 
1-seeded. — Plentiful  in  salt  marshes  all  around  the  Bay. 

3.  C.  subinclusa,  Dur.  &  Hilg.    Stems  coarse  and  few,  ascending 
small  shrubs  to  the  height  of  a  yard  or  more:  fl.  sessile  or  short-pedi- 
celled,  at  length  in  clusters  %—l  in.  thick,  the  individual  fl.  2*^—3^ 


SOLANACE^U.  267 

lines  long:  calyx  lobes  ovate  lanceolate,  acutish,  overlapping,  much 
shorter  than  the  cylindric  or  urn-shaped  corolla-tube:  corolla-lobes  much 
shorter  than  the  tube,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  minutely  crenulate  or, 
papillose:  anthers  oval,  subsessile:  scales  narrow  fringed,  reaching  to 
the  middle  of  the  tube :  sjender  styles  longer  than  the  pointed  ovary : 
capsule  conical,  capped  by  the  withered  corolla,  usually  1-seeded. — 
Common  in  all  the  hilly  districts,  usually  on  shrubs  or  coarse  herbs. 

ORDER  LXXV.     SOLANACE^E. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  commonly  rank-scented  and  with  colorless  narcotic 
juice.  Leaves  alternate,  exstipulate.  Flowers  regular,  5-merous,  5- 
androus,  their  pedicels  bractless.  Corolla  usually  plaited  in  aestivation. 
Ovary  2-celled,  with  axial  placentae;  style  single.  Fruit  capsular  or 
baccate,  many-seeded.  Seeds  with  curved  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen. 

Corolla  rotate  or  campanulate;  fruit  a  berry SOL.ANUM    1 

Corolla  elongated;  fruit  a  capsule; 

Pericarp  thick,  prickly DATURA       2 

Pericarp  thin  and  smooth; 

Calyx  merely  toothed  or  lobed NICOTIANA  3 

"    5-parted;  segments  f oliaceous PETUNIA     4 

1.  SOL  ATOM,  Pliny.  Calyx  and  corolla  5-parted  or  -cleft,  the  latter 
rotate  or  nearly  so,  and  valvate  in  the  bud.  Filaments  short:  anthers 
distinct  but  connivent;  the  cells  with  a  terminal  opening.  Style  long: 
stigma  entire.  Fruit  a  berry,  containing  many  flattened  seeds. 

1.  S.  VILLOSUM,  Lain.     Annual,  stoutish,  depressed,  the  branches   1 
ft.  long,  somewhat  flexuous,  and  with  one  or  more  slight  angles,  the 
whole  plant  villous-hirsute :  leaves  rhombic-ovate,  1  in.  long  or  more, 
strongly  sinuate-dentate:  corolla  white,  minute:  berries  of  a,  clear  deep 
green  when  ripe,  and  half  invested  by  the  shallow -campanulate  calyx.— In 
fields  and  gardens. 

2.  S.  ALATUM,  Moench.    Similar  to  the  last,  but  with  angular  stem 
and  red  berries. — Said  to  have  been  found  about  San  Francisco  Bay; 
but  we  doubt  the  identification. 

3.  S.  Douglasii,  Dunal.     Somewhat  shrubby,  widely  branching,  and 
even  half  climbing  by  the  rough  angles  of  the  branchlets,  3^-5  ft.  high : 
leaves  ovate  with  cuneate  base,  1—2  in.  long,  nearly  entire :    corolla 
bluish,  3—5  lines  wide:  berries  black. — Plentiful  along  stream  banks  and 
elsewhere  in  half  shady  places;  flowering  and  fruiting  in  many  instances 
almost  throughout  the  year. 

4.  S.  umbelliferum,  Esch.    Stoutish  cinereous  and  tomentose-pubes- 
cent  shrub,  3—4  ft.  high:  leaves  thin,  ovate  or  obovate,  or  oblong,  obtuse 
entire,  acute  or  cuneate  at  base,  1—2  in.  long:  umbels  short-peduncled, 
few-flowered:  corolla  about  %  in.  broad,  deep  blue,  with  greenish  spots  at 


268  SOLANACE^E. 

base:  berry  4 — 5  lines  in  diameter,  yellow  when  ripe. — Common  in  moist 
thickets,  or  on  more  exposed  bushy  hillsides;  flowering  at  all  seasons: 
the  leaves  rarely  somewhat  pinnate. 

2.  DATURA,  Linn.      Coarse    herbs    of  rank  odor    and    narcotic- 
poisonous  properties.    Flowers  large,  solitary.     Calyx  tubular,  decidu- 
ous by  a  transverse  separation  near  the  base.     Corolla  funnelform, 
strongly  5-plaited.    Capsule  thick,  prickly. 

1.  D.  meteloides,  DC.  Perennial;  low  and  spreading  stout  flexuous 
branches  often  a  yard  long  or  more:  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  5 
— 10  in.  long,  usually  entire,  pale  with  a  soft  whitish  pubescence:  calyx 
3,  and  corolla  6—8  in.  long,  the  latter  pale  blue  or  violet,  the  widely 
expanded  limb  with  prominent  slender-subulate  long  points:  capsule 
nodding,  2  in.  thick,  subglobose,  thickly  armed  with  equal  short  weak 
prickles,  bursting  irregularly  when  ripe :  seeds  with  thick  margin. — Low 
sandy  plains  of  the  interior.  July — Nov. 

3.  NICOTIAXA,  Dalechamps  (TOBACCO).     Strong-scented    narcotic- 
poisonous  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  entire  leaves,  and  panicled  narrowly  fun- 
nelform   flowers.    Calyx     oblong,    5-toothed    or    -lobed.    Corolla-limb 
plaited  and  plaits    convolute.    Stamens  not    exserted:  anthers  short, 
opening  lengthwise.     Capsule  many-seeded,  2-valved  from  the  summit, 
the  valves  afterwards  splitting  into  two. 

1.  N.  attenuata,  Torr.    Viscid-pubescent,  erect,  1—  3ft.  high,  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  attenuate  into  a  petiole:  fl.  in  loose  terminal 
racemes:  calyx  %  in>  l°n£f  tubular-campanulate :  teeth  short,  equal,  tri- 
angular, acute:  corolla  white,  1  in.  long  or  more,  narrow-salverform, 
with  short-lobed  border  %  in.  in  diameter:  capsule  ovate,  acute,  exceed- 
ing the  calyx. — Not  known  to  occur  quite  within  our  limits;  but  found 
at  Monterey,  and  at  Stockton. 

2.  BT.  Bigelovii,  Wats.    Size  of  the  last,  and  with  the  same  clammi- 
ness: leaves  sessile:  calyx  with  unequal  linear-lanceolate   lobes:   corolla 
tubular-f unnelform,  with  deeply  lobed  limb  1  in.  broad :  the  lobes  broad- 
ovate,  acute:  capsule  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  calyx. — Of  the  mountains 
chiefly,  and  originally;  but  now  found  at  San  Rafael  and  San  Francisco, 
along  the  railroads  and  other  public  highways. 

3.  N.  GLAUCA,  Graham.    Slender  loosely  branching  soft-woody  tree 
12  -20  ft.  high;  branches  and  foliage  glabrous,  glaucous:  leaves  ovate 
to  oblong-ovate,  subcordate,  entire,  long-petioled,  rather  thick  aud  sub- 
coriaceous:  fl.  in  loose  terminal  panicles;  corolla  2  in.  long,  greenish- 
yellow,  tubular,  with  constricted  throat,  and  erect  5-crenate  limb. — 
Native  of  Buenos  Ayres;  naturalized  from  Napa  Valley  and  plains  of 
the  lower  Sacramento  southward. 


SCROPHULARINE.E.  269 

4.  PETUNIA,  Jussieu.  Viscid-pubescent  herbs,  with  lateral  rather 
than  terminal  flowers.  Calyx  5-parted,  the  divisions  foliaceous.  Capsule 
2-valved;  valves  entire. 

1.  P.  purviflora,  Juss.  Small  rather  fleshy  prostrate  annual,  freely 
branching,  with  narrow-spatulate  ££  in.  long  leaves  nearly  sessile:  fl. 
short- peduncled,  4  lines  long:  corolla  purple,  with  a  yellowish  tube,  its 
short  retuse  lobes  slightly  unequal :  capsule  ovoid. — Low  moist  lands  at 
Alameda,  thence  eastward  and  southward. 

ORDER  LXXVI.     SCROPHULARINE/E. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  a  watery  juice,  not  rarely  a  heavy  narcotic  odor. 
Leaves  prevailingly  opposite,  though  of  ten  alternate  exstipulate.  Flowers 
complete,  mostly  very  irregular;  the  corolla  usually  bilabiate,  imbricate 
in  bud.  Stamens  mostly  2  or  4,  with  a  rudimentary  fifth.  Style  1, 
undivided;  stigma  not  rarely  2-lobed.  Ovary  2-celled,  the  placentae 
firmly  united  in  the  axis  (except  in  Diplacus).  Seeds  oo ,  small,  often 
angular,  occasionally  winged. 

*  Corolla  nearly  rotate;  the  tube  very  short. 

Coarse  tall  herbs  with  yellow  flowers VERBASCUM  1 

Low  herbs  with  bluish  or  white  flowers VERONICA  10 

*  *  Corolla  bilabiate,  personate. 
Capsule  opening  by  pores; 

Corolla  spurred  at  base LlNABlA  2 

"       saccate  at  base ATTTIRRHINUM        3 

*•  *  •*  Corolla  bilabiate,  neither  personate  nor  galeate. 

Corolla  gibbous  or  saccate  at  base  on  the  upper  side,  with  dilated 

tube  and  spreading  lobes COLLINSIA  4 

Corolla-tube  ventricose;  lobes  very  short SCROPHULARIA       5 

Corolla  various;    sterile  filament  representing  the  fifth  stamen 

prominent PENTSTEMON          6 

Calyx  prismatic,  5-angled; 

Shrubs;  mature  placentae  parting DIPLACUS  7 

Annuals;  capsule  thickish,  dehiscent  on  one  side  only EUNANUS  8 

Herbs;  capsule  thin,  dehiscent  by  both  sutures... MIMULUS  9 

Calyx  tubular  or  campanulate,  not  angled; 

5-sulnate;  capsule  dehiscent  at  apex  and  down  one  side MIMETANTHE         10 

'Sepals   distinct,   unequal;    corolla   campanulate,    scarcely 

irregular HERPESTIS  11 

Calyx  5-parted;  perfect  stamens  2; 

Corolla-lobes  of  nearly  equal  length GRATIOLA  12 

Upper  lip  of  corolla  smaller,  erect  and  concave ILYSANTHKS          13 

*  *  *  *  Corolla  scarcely  bilabiate. 

Calyx  and  corolla  both  almost  campanulate PLANTAGINELLA  14 

Corolla  nearly  rotate,  4-lobed; 

Leaves  cauline  and  opposite VERONICA  10 

Leaves  in  a  radical  tuft WULFENIA  16 


270  SCROPHULARINE^. 

*  #  *  *  -x-  Corolla  strongly  bilabiate;  upper  Up  concave  or  galeaie. 

Calyx  and  corolla  laterally  compressed; 

Capsule  not  rostrate CASTILLEIA  17 

Capsule  falcate  or  rostrate PEDICULARIS  21 

Calyx  4-cleft;  lower  lip  of  corolla  3-saccate OBTHOCARPUS  18 

Calyx  spathaceous,  or  diphyllous ADENOSTEGIA  19 

Calyx  campanulate,  4-cleft,  the  segments  toothed BELLARDIA  20 

1.  YERBASCUM,  Pliny  (MULLEIN).  Coarse  biennials,  the  cauline 
leaves  sessile,  often  decurreut;  the  spicate  or  racemose  flowers  ephem- 
eral. Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  nearly  rotate.  Htiimens  5;  anthers  by 
confluence  1-celled;  superior  filaments  woolly-bearded.  Capsule  2-valved, 
oo  -  seeded.  Seeds  rugose. — Our  two  species  naturalized  from  Europe. 

1.  V.  THAPSUS,  L.     Densely  woolly  throughout:  stem  simple,  3—6  ft. 
high,  winged  by  the  decurrent  bases  of  the  oblong  entire  crowded  leaves  : 
fl.  yellow,  in  a  dense  spike  a  foot  long  or  more,  and  1 — 2  in.  thick. — 
Upper  part  of  Napa  Valley,  and  elsewhere  in  mountainous  districts. 

2.  V.  VIRGATUM,  Withering.     Green,  but  somewhat  pubescent  and  gland- 
ular, rather  slender,  3—6  ft.  high:    leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  crenate  or 
sinuate,  not  decurrent:  fl.  yellow,  in  a  long  loose  raceme;  pedicels  often 
in  twos  and  threes  and  not  longer  than  the  calyx-lobes. — Not  rare  in 
fields  and  on  roadsides. 

2.  LIN  ARIA,    Brunfels.    Inflorescence    simple,    racemose.    Corolla 
personate,  spurred  at  base.    Capsule  many-seeded,  opening  by  irregular 
perforations. 

1.  L.  Canadensis  (L.),  Dumont.  Glabrous  annual,  leafy  chiefly  as 
to  the  procumbent  shoots  at  base  of  main  stem,  and  the  leaves  of  these 
opposite  or  whorled,  oblong,  1—2  lines  wide:  stem  6—30  in.  high,  nearly 
naked,  racemose  at  summit:  pedicels  erect,  not  longer  than  the  filiform 
curved  spur  of  the  blue  corolla. — Sandy  soils. 

3.  ANTIRRHINUM,  Diosc.    Ours  either  glabrous,  or  glandular  and 
oily-viscid  herbs,  with  axillary  or  terminal  and  spicate-racemose  flowers, 
their  structure  like  those  of  Linaria,  except  that  the  corolla  has  a 
sac-like  gibbosity  or  protuberance  at  base  instead  of  a  spur. 

*  Stout  perennials,  with  spicate-racemose  flowers. 

1.  A.  virga,  Gray.     Glabrous;  stems  strict  and  simple,  3—5  ft.  high: 
leaves  linear,  diminishing  under  the  long  spike-like  raceme  to  subulate 
or  setaceous  bracts:  purple  flowers  mostly  secund,'%  in.  long:  longer 
filaments  with  tips  dilated  to  more  than  the  width  of  the  anthers. — 
Sonoma  Co.  and  northward,  among  the  higher  hills.    May,  June. 

2.  A.  giandnlosum,  Lindl.     Size  of  the  last,  but  more   branching, 
very  glandular-pubescent  a nd  viscid  throughout :  leaves  lanceolate:  corolla 
%  in.  long,  purplish,  with  yellow  palate:  capsule  tipped  with  long  and 
persistent  style.— Mt.  Hamilton  and  southward.     June,  July. 


SCKOPHULARINE^:.  271 

*  *  Annuals,  more  or  less  slender  and  climbing. 

3.  A.  yagans,  Gray.    Diffusely  branched,  in  age  more  or  less  climbing 
by  prehensile  branchlets;  sparsely  setose-hirsute  and  more  or  less  glandular 
and  viscid:  leaves  tbickish,  oblong-ovate  to  lanceolate,  entire:  oblong 
upper  sepal  equalling  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  the  others  linear  and 
shorter:    corolla  light  purple,   %   in.    long:    seeds  tuberculate.— Very 
common  in  ravines  among  the  hills  and  mountains.    June — Oct. 

4.  A.  strictum  (H.  &  A.),  Gray.     Erect,  very  slender,  nearly  simple, 
2  ft.  high,  glabrous,  climbing  by  the  long  filiform  peduncles:  lowest  leaves 
ovate-lanceolate;  upper  linear,  the  floral  filiform,  much  shorter  than  the 
tortile  peduncles :  corolla  violet,  %  in.  long,  with  hairy  palate  and  gib- 
bous base;  capsule  crustaceous,  tipped  with  a  straight  style  of  its  own 
length.— Mt.  Tamalpais  and  far  southward.    June— Aug. 

4.  COLLINSIA,  Nult.  Annuals  with  opposite  leaves,  the  lowest 
pairs  of  which  are  commonly  ternately  divided,  the  others  merely 
toothed  or  entire.  Flowers  pedicellate,  axillary  and  scattered,  or  in 
whorls  forming  a  raceme.  Calyx  campanulate,  deeply  cleft.  Corolla 
with  very  short  proper  tube,  ventricose  and  gibbous  or  saccate  throat, 
and  bilabiate  usually  somewhat  personate  limb;  the  2  lobes  of  the  upper 
lip  more  or  less  recurved;  middle  lobe  of  the  lower  usually  conduplicate, 
enclosing  the  stamens;  these  4  in  2  pairs  with  long  filaments;  a  gland 
at  the  base  of  the  corolla  on  the  upper  side  answering  to  the  fifth 
stamen.  Capsule  ovate  or  globose;  the  rather  few  seeds  somewhat 
peltate  or  meniscoid. 

*  Corolla  strongly  bilabiate;  the  lowest  lobe  conduplicate. 
•i— Flowers  short-pedicelled,  racemose  at  summit  of  stem. 

1.  C.  tinctoria,  Hartw.    Stoutish,  1  ft.  high  or  less,  viscid-hairy  or 
glabrate:  leaves  more  or  less  toothed,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  the  upper 
sessile  by  a  broad  subcordate  base:  fl.  nearly  sessile;  calyx-lobes  linear 
or  oblong-linear,  obtuse:  corolla  yellowish  or  nearly  white,  marked  with 
many  purple  lines  and  dots,  or  the  purple  prevailing;  throat  so  strongly 
saccale-ventr'icose  that  its  axis  is  at  right  angles  with  tube  and  limb; 
upper  lip  very  short. — Mt.  Diablo  and  northward  through  the  higher 
hills;  herbage  imparting  a  stain.    June. 

2.  C.  bicolor,  Benth.    More  slender,  often  2  ft.  high,  usually  glabrous 
or  nearly  so,  seldom  a  little  viscid  and  hairy:  lowest  leaves  ternately 
compound,  those  seen  at  flowering  all  oblong-lanceolate :  pedicels  shorter 
than  the  acute  calyx-lobes:  lower   lip  of  corolla  purple,  the  upper  little 
shorter,  paler  or  nearly  white;  saccate  throat  oblique  to  the  tube. — Very 
common  on  open  or  shady  hillsides,  or,  in  an  almost  white-flowered 
smaller  form,  on  open  sandy  plains.     April— June. 


272  SCKOPHULARINE^. 

3.  C.  bartsiaefolia,   Benth.    Puberulent  and   somewhat    glandular, 
the  calyx  usually  white-villous;  stems  rather  stout,  simple  or  branched, 
6—10  in.  high:  leaves  rather  broader  and  more  toothed  than  in  the  fore- 
going: flower-whorls  few:  upper   lip   of  corolla  about  the   length   of  the 
curved-gibbous  throat,  the  whole  nearly  white;  gland-like  rudimentary 
stamen   sessile,   elongated,   porrect.— Sandy  soil    along  the    seaboard; 
plentiful  at  San  Francisco.     April,  May. 

4.  C.  Greenei,  Gray.     Glandular-puberulent,  slender,  4— 8  in.  high: 
leaves  oblong-linear,  tapering  to  the  base,  coarsely  and  sparsely  toothed: 
fl.  only  2—6  in  the  whorl,  the  pedicels  as  long  as  the  calyx;  lobes  of 
calyx  acutish:  corolla  rather  slender,  deep  violet-purple;  upper  lip  short, 
crested  near  the  base  within  with  a  pair  of  callous  teeth  on  each  side, 
which  are  connected  by  a  transverse  ridge;  lateral  lobes  of  the  lower  lip 
small :  gland  small,  sessile.— Rocky  ledges  along  streams  in  the  higher 
mountains  of  Sonoma  Co.,  toward  the  Geysers.     May,  June. 

H-H-  Pedicels  longer  and  fewer;  the  flowers  solitary,  or  umbellate- whorled. 

5.  C.  Franciscans,  Bioletti.    Slender  and  with  thinnish  foliage,  %— '2 
ft.  high,  puberulent  above,  otherwise  glabrous:  leaves  ovate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  the  upper  sessile:  pedictls  1—6  in  the  axils  of  the  uppermost 
leaves  or  bracts,  from  slightly  shorter  to  twice  or  thrice  longer  than  the 
calyx:  calyx-lobes  acute:  corolla  %  in.  long,  the  limb   %  in.   broad, 
bluish,  the  upper  lip  pale,  dotted  with  purple;  throat  a  fourth  longer 
than  wide,  closed  at  the  mouth:  gland  subulate,  bearing  the  yellowish 
rudiment  of  an  anther. — San  Francisco  and  San  Mateo  counties,  on 
shady  hillsides.    May,  June. 

6.  C.  arvensis,  Greene.     Erect,  simple  or  with  several  nearly  erect 
branches  from  the  base,  10 — 18  in.  high,  glabrous  except  the  very  sparsely 
setulose-hairy  leaf -margins :  lowest  leaves  oval  or  oblong,  J£  in.  long,  on 
petioles  of  equal  length,  coarsely  toothed  or  somewhat  lobed;  cauline 
lanceolate  to  linear,  sessile,  revolute:  fl.  loosely  racemose  (1,  2  or  rarely  3 
at  each  upper  node),  deep  violet-purple,  %  inch  long:  calyx-teeth  lanceo- 
late-subulate, twice  the  length  of  the  tube;  corolla  with  compressed 
saccate  tube  as  broad  as  long  (^  in.);  tipper  lip  half  the  length  of  the 
lower,  and  paler:  filaments  very  sparsely  hirsute  below. — Hills  and  open 
valleys  of  the  Coast  Range;  plentiful  in  grain  fields.    April,  May. 

7.  C.  sparsiflora,  Fisch.   &   Mey.    Puberulent  throughout,   and   the 
herbage  reddish,  4—8  in.  high,  with  few  ascending  branches:  leaves 
mostly  lanceolate,  entire,  the  very  lowest  small,  rounded,  toothed  and 
petiolate :  pedicels  usually  1  or  2  at  node,  three  or  four  times  the  length 
of  the  calyx,  the  lobes  of  the  latter  lanceolate,  twice  as  long  as  the  tube: 
corolla  very  small,  hardly  exceeding  the  calyx,  pale  or  deep  violet-purple, 
with  dots  of  deeper  color. — Northward  slopes  and  summits  of  the  coast 
hills.    April,  May. 


SCROPHULARINE.E.  273 

*  *  Corolla  bilabiate,  but  all  the  lobes,  even  the  lowest,  spreading. 

8.  C.  tenella,  Benth.  Stems  almost  filiform,  5—10  in.  long:  lowest 
leaves  round-ovate,  toothed;  middle  cauline  3-lobed  or  -divided;  upper- 
most and  floral  linear,  entire:  filiform  pedicels  solitary  or  in  pairs  at  the 
nodes,  longer  than  the  leaves:  corolla  minute,  little  exceeding  the  calyx; 
its  5  lobes  of  nearly  equal  length,  but  the  anterior  one  transversely  oval, 
the  other  4  oblong:  capsule  exceeding  the  calyx :  cells  1-seeded. — Santa 
Clara  and  Sonoma  counties,  and  far  northward.  April. 

5.  SCROPHULA.RIA,    Tourn.    Homely  weed-like   perennials,  with 
opposite  leaves,  and  loose  cymes  of  small  dull-reddish  flowers  in  a 
nairow  terminal  panicle.     Calyx  deeply  5-cleft;  lobes  broad,  rounded. 
Corolla  short;  tube  ventricose;  limb  of  5  unequal  lobes,  4  erect,  the  fifth 
and  lowest  recurved.    Stamens  4,  in  2  pairs;  anthers  transverse  and  by 
confluence  1- celled:  a  scale  like  rudimentary  fifth  stamen  borne  on  the 
upper  side  of  the  throat  of  the  corolla.    Capsule  ovate,  septicidal,  many- 
seeded.     Seeds  tuberculate-rugose. 

1.  S.  Californica,  Cham.  Almost  glabrous,  dark  green,  or  the  stem 
purplish,  2—5  ft.  high :  leaves  oblong-ovate  with  cordate  base,  coarsely 
and  doubly  toothed:  inflorescence  somewhat  glandular-pubescent  and 
viscid:  branchlets  of  the  panicle  rather  few-flowered  and  distinctly 
cymose.  Var.  floribnnda.  More  slender;  the  herbage  light  green; 
leaves  more  sharply  deeply  and  incisely  toothed :  branches  of  the  panicle 
greatly  elongated  and  remarkably  flexuous  as  well  as  very  many-flowered. 
— Type  common  at  the  seaboard;  the  variety  belonging  to  hills  of  the 
interior. 

6.  PEXTSTEMOX,  Mitchell.    Herbaceous  or  shrubby,  with  opposite 
or  verticillate  leaves,  and  racemose-panicled  mostly  showy  flowers;  the 
peduncles  from  the  axils  of  floral  leaves  or  bracts.    Calyx  5-parted. 
Corolla  with  ventricose  usually  elongated  tube;    limb  more  or    less 
bilabiate;   upper  lip  2-lobed;  lower  3-lobed.     Stamens  4,  declined  at 
base,  ascending  above;  anthers  with  cells  mostly  united  or  confluent  at 
summit;  the  fifth  stamen  a  conspicuous  often  more  or  less  dilated  and 
hairy  filament.     Capsule  septicidal,  GO  -seeded.    Seeds  angled. 

*  Anther  cells  divergent,  or  even  divaricate. 

1.  P.  centra nthifolius,  Benth.  Herbaceous,  glaucous,  the  erect  and 
strict  stems,  2 — 4  ft.  high:  cauline  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile  by  a 
broadish  clasping  base;  panicle  narrow,  1  ft.  long  or  more:  corolla  nar- 
row-tubular, 1  in.  long,  obscurely  bilabiate,  bright  vermilion-red;  the 
short-oblong  lobes  alike  save  that  the  two  posterior  are  united  higher: 
anthers  opening  widely;  sterile  filament  slender,  naked.— Near  Vacaville 
and  Niles,  and  southward.  May,  June. 


274  SCKOPHULAEINE^E. 

2.  P.  Sou om ensis,  Greene.    Suffrutescent,  evergreen,  very  leafy,  5— 
10  in.  high,  slightly  puberulent:  leaves  rather  light  green,  coriaceous,  den- 
ticulate, %—%    in.   long    and  nearly    as    broad,    short -petiolate,    the 
uppermost    round-ovate,    acutish;    lower    nearly    orbicular  and    retuse: 
raceme  terminal,  sessile:  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  acuminate:  corolla  1  in. 
long,  deep  red;  segments  nearly  equal,  not  widely  spreading:  anthers 
slightly  exserted:  white- woolly. — Among  rocks  at  the  summit  of  Hood's 
Peak,  Sonoma  Co.,  and  on  Mt.  St.  Helena. 

3.  P.  corymbosus,  Benth.     Suffrutescent,  much  branched,  ascending 
1 — 2  ft.  high,  cinereous-pubescent:  branches  leafy  up  to  the  corymbiform 
cyme:  leaves  oblong  or  oval,  denticulate,  %— 2  in.  long:  sepals  lanceolate: 
corolla  scarlet,  narrow-tubular  1  in.  long  with  abruptly  spreading  limb: 
anthers  glabrous.— Summits  of  Mt.  Hamilton,  Mt.  Diablo,  and  north- 
ward; growing  on  rocks.    July,  Aug. 

4.  P.  Lemmoni,Gray.     Slender  shrub  2—5  ft.  high,  bright  green,  gla- 
brous: leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  1 — 1^  in.  long,  sharply  though  remotely 
serrate-toothed:  panicle  loose,  virgate  and  racemose:  peduncles  longer 
than  the  subtending  floral  leaves,  cymosely  2 — 7-flowered:  corolla  small, 
dull  yellowish  and  red,  with  short  tube  and  small  unequal  segments: 
sterile  filaments  strongly  yellow-bearded  on  one  side  of  the  curved  apex. 
— Mountains  of  Solano  Co. 

*  *  Anthers  horseshoe-shaped  or  reniform,  ciliate. 

5.  P.  heterophyllus,  Lindl.     Tufted  and  bushy  but  only  1—1^  ft. 
high  and  somewhat  woody  at  base :  herbage  glabrous,   glauescent,  the 
stem  commonly  reddish:  leaves  linear-lanceolate  and  linear,  subcoria- 
ceous,  entire:  peduncles  short,  erect,  1— 3-flowered:  sepals  lanceolate, 
acuminate:  corolla  glabrous,  lJ/£  in.  long,  with  ample  ventricose  tube 
and  rather  short  bilabiate  limb,  the  whole  either  red-purple  or  bright 
blue. — On  the  higher  parts  of  both  Coast  and  Mt.  Diablo  ranges. 

7.  DIPLA.CUS,  Nutt.  Evergreen  glutinous  low  shrubs  with  opposite 
mostly  serrate-toothed  leaves  revolute  in  vernation.  Flowers  showy, 
pedicellate,  solitary  in  the  axils.  Calyx  5- angled,  5-toothed,  persistent, 
finally  ruptured  by  the  splitting  of  the  2-valved  subligneous  capsule. 
Corolla  with  funnelform  tube  and  bilabiate  limb,  all  the  segments 
spreading;  the  lower  larger  than  the  upper.  Capsule  linear-oblong, 
with  a  tubercular  enlargement  at  the  pointed  apex  at  base  of  the  style, 
firm-coriaceous,  dehiscent  by  the  upper  suture,  each  valve  bearing  its 
own  placenta  which  is  lamellar  and  conceals  the  many  minute  seeds. 

1.  I),  glutinosus  (Wendl.),  Nutt.  Shrub  3—6  ft.  high;  branches 
puberulent:  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acutish,  denticulate,  in  age  loosely 
revolute,  pubescent  beneath  with  branching  hairs:  corolla  1  in.  long, 
buff  or  salmon  color;  throat  narrow-funnelform;  lobes  emarginate  or 


,SCROPHULARINEjE.  275 

retuse  and  with  other  scarcely  definable  irregularities  of  margin. — Banks 
and  hillsides,  usually  near  streams.    May — Dec. 

8.  EUNANUS,  Benth.  Annuals,  either  dwarf  and  depressed,  or  erect 
and  somewhat  strict.  Herbage  glandular-hairy  and  somewhat  viscid. 
Flowers  axillary  and  solitary.  Calyx  prismatic,  5-angled,  5-toothed. 
Corolla  from  slender  funnelform  and  strongly  bilabiate  to  almost  salver- 
form  and  with  slight  inequality  of  lobes.  Stamens  4,  in  unequal  pairs. 
Style  filiform;  stigma  bilamellar  or  somewhat  peltate-funnelform.  Cap- 
sule from  cartilaginous  to  almost  membranaceous,  but  dehiscent  on  one 
side  only,  or  from  that  to  a  little  below  the  apex  on  the  other  side, 
obtuse  and  shorter  than  the  calyx,  or  acuminate  and  surpassing  it. 
Seeds  many,  often  muriculate. 

#  Subacaulescent  dwarfs,  with  greatly  elongated  corolla-tube:  capsule 
short,  cartilaginous,  nearly  or  quite  indehiscent. 

1.  E.  snlMiuifloriis  (Hook.   &  Arn.).    Stem  %—l%  in-   high,  very 
leafy :  leaves  rhombic-ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  % — 1  in.  long,  entire  or 
crenate-toothed:  corolla  dark  red-purple,  1 — 1^  in.  long,  its  slender  tube 
thrice  the  length  of  the  calyx;  throat  oblong-urceolate;  upper  lip  of  limb 
consisting  of  two  broad  erect  lobes,  the  lower  of  a  single  small  triangular 
tooth  (the  lateral  lobes  obsolete) :  capsule  %  in-  l°ng»  semi-translucent, 
obtuse,  very  gibbous,  the  acutely  carinate  posterior  part  twice  as  long 
as  the  obtuse  anterior  part:  seeds  ovoid,  acute,  granular-muriculate. — 
Damp  hillsides  and  plains.    March,  April 

2.  E.  angustatns,  Greene.    Nearly  or  quite  acaulescent :  leaves  linear 
and  linear-spatulate,  1  in.  long,  entire:  calyx  with  constricted  throat  and 
ample  foliaceous  segments:  corolla  with  filiform  lube  at  least  4  times  the 
length  of  the  funnelform   throat:  upper  lip  exceeding  the   lower:  capsule 
broadly  ovate,  acute,  scarcely  compressed :  seeds  few,  large,  f avose-pitted. 
— Napa  and  Sonoma  counties :  an  early  vernal  species  like  the  last. 

3.  E.  tricolor  (Lindl.),   Greene.    Low,  but  with  short   decumbent 
leafy  branches  1 — Sin.  long:  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  entire, or  remotely 
serrate -toothed,  1 — 2  in.  long:  corolla  2  in.  long,  with  short  narrow  tube, 
ample  throat  and  wide  not  very  irregular  limb,  the  3-lobed  lower  lip  about 
as  long  as  the  2-lobed  upper,  the  whole  corolla  rose-purple,  with  mark- 
ings of  deep  crimson  and  of  yellow  in  the  throat:  capsule  oblong-ovate, 
obtuse,  slightly  gibbous,  compressed,  both  edges  acute:  seeds  obovoid. 
— Plains  of  Solano  and  Contra  Costa  counties  east  of  the  Mt.  Diablo 
Range.    April,  May. 

*  *  Less  diminutive  plants,  and  erect:  capsules  more  elongated, 
thinner,  definitely  dehiscent. 

4.  E.  Douglasii,  Benth.    Eigidly  erect,  6—10  in.  high,  the  internodes 
longer  than  the  leaves;  these  ovate  to  obovate  and  spatulate-lanceolate: 


276  SCROPHULARINE^E. 

corolla  dark  red-purple;  tube  1  in.  long,  widening  into  ashort-funnelform 
throat  and  bilabiate  limb;  lobes  of  the  lower  lip  only  half  as  long  as  the 
upper,  and  more  spreading:  capsule  4 — 5  lines  long,  narrow,  obtuse, 
subterete,  unequal-sided:  seeds  few,  large,  obovate,  minutely  granular. 
Var.  parviflorus.  All  parts  of  the  plant  thrice  smaller;  the  corolla 
scarcely  %  in.  long,  its  tube  little  exserted. — The  type  quite  common  on 
hillsides  near  the  coast;  the  variety  in  the  Vaca  Mountains.  April,  May. 

5.  E.  Bolanderi  (Gray),  Greene.  Glandular-pubescent  and  viscid, 
% — 2  ft.  high,  simple  or  branched:  leaves  ovate  and  oblong  1—2  in. 
long:  calyx-teeth  unequal,  acuminate:  corolla  red-purple,  % — 1  in.  long, 
the  tube  rather  abruptly  widening  to  the  not  very  irregular  spreading  limb: 
capsule  fusiform-subulate,  as  long  as  the  calyx. — Mt.  Hamilton,  Mt. 
Diablo,  etc.  June — Aug. 

9.  MIMULUS,  Linn.  Herbaceous  light  green  and  flaccid  plants, 
glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent,  some  albuminous-viscid,  others  musk- 
scented,  none  resinous-glandular.  Flowers  peduncled,  axillary  and 
solitary,  or  becoming  racemose  by  reduction  of  the  upper  leaves  to 
bracts.  Calyx  5-angled,  commonly  short  and  bilabiate,  the  uppermost 
lobe  largest.  Corolla  in  most  of  ours  yellow,  often  personate,  seldom 
otherwise  than  strongly  bilabiate.  Stamens  4;  stigma  bilamellar.  Cap- 
sule obtuse,  enclosed  within  the  calyx;  the  membranaceous  walls 
(apparently  not  valvate)  tardily  separating  from  the  central  and  con- 
joined placentae. 

1.  M.  cardinalis,    Dougl.    Stout,  viscid-pubescent,    rather    strong- 
scented  when  bruised,  2 — 4  ft.  high:  leaves  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate, 
erose-dentate,  parallel- veined,  sessile,  2  in.  long:  corolla  scarlet,  2   in. 
long,  very  irregular ;  3-lobed  lower  lip  reflexed;  upper  less  deeply  divided, 
the  undivided  part  erect,  the  lobes  reflexed:  stamens  exserted.— Mount- 
ain streams,  and  on  wet  rocky  hillsides.    June— Sept. 

2.  M.  moschatus,    Dougl.     Perennial,    slender,    soft-villous,    slimy, 
mask-scented:  stems  1  ft.  long,  decumbent,  rooting  at  the  joints:  leaves 
oblong-ovate,   1   in.  long,  petiolate;  corolla  light  yellow,  ^  in.  long. 
Var.  sessilifolins,  Gray.    Leaves  2  in.  long,  sessile  by  a  broad  base: 
corolla  1  in.  long,  the  ample  spreading  limb  nearly  regular:  herbage 
only  faintly  or  not  at  all  musk-scented.— Swampy  places  in  the  Coast 
Range;  probably  the  variety  only,  with  us.     May — Sept. 

3.  M.  floribumlus,  Dougl.     Annual,  diffuse,   slender,  villous,    very 
slimy,  6-10  in.  high,  leafy  and  flowering  from  the  axils  throughout: 
lea-ses  ovate,  1  in.  long  or  less,  the  upper  shorter  than  the  pedicels: 
calyx  short-campanulate,  ovate  or  oblong  in  fruit,  and  with  nearly  equal 
short  triangular  teeth:  corolla  % — %  *"•  I°n9i  on^y  twice,  the  length  of  the 
calyx,  light  yellow:  capsule  globose-ovate,  obtuse. — Common    in  the 
mountains  far  north  and  south;  not  known  in  those  about  the  Bay,  but 
found  in  Lake  Co.,  and  to  be  expected  in  Sonoma  and  Marin. 


SCROPHULABINE.E.  277 

4.  M»  guttatus,  DO.     An  Alaskan  species,  whose  type    is    in  the 
Sierra  Nevada,  and  eastward.    We  have  but  some  remarkable  varieties, 
or  subspecies.     Var.  gramlis.     Perennial,  stout  and  fislulous,  2—5  ft. 
high;  stems  terete,  mostly  simple  above  the  decumbent  and  somewhat 
proliferous  base:  leaves  orbicular  to  round-ovate,  1—3  in.   long,  the 
radical  petiolate  and  sometimes  lyrate  by  a  few  pinnae  along  the  petiole; 
floral  reduced  and  connate-clasping:  raceme  pubescent,  often  faintly 
musky,  not  rarely  1%  ft.  long:  peduncles  slender,  1  in.  long  or  more: 
calyx  ventricose-campanulate;  teeth  broadly  triangular,  the  upper  one 
largest:  corolla   1—1%  in.  long,  strongly  bilabiate,  light   yellow,  the 
throat  with  many  small  red  dots.    Var.  insiguis.     Apparently  annual, 
simple  or  branching,  1—2  ft.   high:  calyx  dotted  with  red,  and   large 
corolla  with  very  large  dark  red  spots  on  the  palate  and  limb. — The  first 
variety  a  conspicuous  perennial  of  stream  banks  and  some  boggy  places 
among  the  hills  near  the  Bay.     The  second  is  of  Napa  and  Sonoma 
counties,  and  the  most  beautiful  Mimulus  in  our  flora.     April — July. 

5.  M.  glareosus,   Greene.     Annual,  slender,  diffuse,   the    branches 
10—12  in.  long,  these  and  the  leaves  relrorsely  pubescent  and  slimy: 
leaves  round-ovate,  %  in.  long,  on  slender  petioles,  irregularly  toothed 
and  slightly  lobed,  usually  with  a  band  of  purple  spots  across  the  base : 
pedicels  very  slender,  far  exceeding  the  leaves:  calyx-teeth  very  unequal, 
the  uppermost  one  much  the  largest:  corolla  % — %  in'  l°n^  strongly 
bilabiate,  yellow,  with  many  purple  dots. — Gravelly  margins  of  mountain 
streams  about  Mt.  St.  Helena.     July— Sept. 

6.  M.  arvensis,  Greene.    Annual,  erect,  1—2%  ft.  high,  stem  some- 
what 4-angled,  sparingly  leafy,  loosely  racemose  from  the  middle:  lower 
leaves  long-petioled,  roundish,  coarsely  toothed,  hastate,  and  the  whole 
becoming  lyrate  by  the  accession  of  several  pairs  of  small  leaflets  below 
the  main  blade:  floral  leaves  soft-villous   beneath,  the    plant    otherwise 
glabrous:  calif x  3 — 4  lines  long,  campanula! e,  purple-dotted,  the  orifice 
commonly  almost  truncate  and  toothed  rather  than  lobed  and  unequal, 
in  fr.  twice  as  large:  capsule  2—3  lines  long,  compressed. — Plentiful  in 
low  fields.    April — June. 

7.  M.  nasutus,  Greene.    Annual,  erect,  % — 1%  ft.  high,  puberulent 
or  nearly  glabrous:  stem  quadrangular  and  winged,  flowering  from  the 
base:  leaves  ovate  to  reniform- cordate,  acute,  coarsely  toothed  or  lobed; 
the  upper  floral  reduced  to  bracts;  peduncles  ascending,  short:  calyx 
broad-campanulate,  the  teeth  or  lobes  very  unequal;  the  upper  one  in 
maturity  thrice  the  length  of  the  others;  the  lower  pair  bent  upwards 
and  lying  across  and  enfolding  the  other  three:  corolla  comparatively 
small  (%  in.  long),  little  surpassing  the  calyx,  yellow,  with  a  large  dark-red 
blotch  on  the  lower  lip. — Common  about  springy  places  in  the  hills 
almost  everywhere,  but  especially  in  Marin  Co.     April,  May. 


278  SCBOPHULARINE^:. 

8.  M.  latidens.  Annual,  slender,  usually  much  branched  from  the 
base,  3 — 10  in.  high,  glandular-puberulent:  leaves  ovate  to  ovate-lanceo- 
late, i<£— 1  in.  long,  3— 5-nerved,  entire  or  sparingly  toothed,  short- 
petioled  or  sessile:  pedicels  as  long  as  the  fl.,  in  fr.  much  longer:  calyx 
oval,  3—6  lines  long;  teeth  triangular-ovate:  corolla  3—5  lines  long, 
nearly  regular,  but  limb  very  small,  white;  throat  yellowish  — Rich  low 
plains  of  the  lower  Sacramento  and  southward.  April,  May. 

10.  MIMETANTHE,  Greene.    Villous  and  glandular  ill-scented  herb, 
with  corolla  of  Mimulus',   but  calyx  5-cleft  and  slightly  5-sulcate,  not 
angled.      Style    glabrous;    stigma    bilamellar.     Capsule    oblong-ovate, 
acuminate,  chartaceous,  dehiscent  by  the  upper  suture,  and  to  just  past 
the  apex  on  the  lower,  the  partial  valves  thus  formed  being  reflexed. 
Seeds  many,  minute,  favose-reticulate  and  glandular. 

1.  M.  pilosa(Benth.),  Greene.  Annual,  6— 15  in.  high,  much  branched 
from  the  base,  erect,  leafy,  villous  with  long  viscid  hairs,  and  with  the 
odor  of  narcotic  solanaceous  plants:  leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong-ovate, 
entire,  sessile:  calyx  slender-pedicelled,  oblique,  the  upper  segment 
longest  and  about  equalling  the  tube:  corolla  light  yellow,  3 — 4  lines 
long,  little  exceeding  the  calyx.— Gravelly  banks  and  shores  of  mountain 
streams.  June — Oct. 

11.  HERPESTIS,  Gsertn.f.     Ours  a  large  herb  creeping  in  mud,  or 
a  floating  aquatic.    Leaves  opposite,  entire.    Flowers  axillary.    Calyx 
of  5  distinct  very  unequal  sepals.    Corolla  campanulate.    Stamens  4, 
in  slightly  unequal  pairs;  anther-cells  parallel.    Capsule  thin,  2-valved, 
the  valves  2-parted.     Seeds  many,  elongated. 

1.  H.  Eiseui  (Kell.).  Branches  prostrate,  rooting,  ^—2  ft.  long, 
stoutish  and  succulent:  leaves  oblong-obovate,  1  in.  long,  sessile,  entire, 
several-nerved  from  the  base:  pedicels  1  or  2  in  the  axils,  about  as  long 
as  the  leaves,  pubescent:  3  outer  sepals  broad,  the  others  narrow: 
corolla  white,  campanulate,  4—5  lines  wide  and  as  long,  with  a  barely 
perceptible  irregularity,  the  2  upper  lobes  a  trifle  smaller  and  nearer 
together:  anthers  cordate-ovate,  deep  blue:  seeds  linear-oblong.— Stag- 
nant pools  along  the  lower  San  Joaquin  and  southward;  certainly 
altogether  distinct  from  H.  rolundifolia  to  which  it  has  been  referred. 

12.  GRA.TIOLA,  Dodoens.    Low  branching  annuals,  with  opposite 
sessile  leaves,  and  small  solitary  flowers  on  naked  axillary  peduncles. 
Calyx  5-parted;   the    divisions    subequal.     Small    yellowish    or    white 
corolla  with   upper  lip  entire  or  2-lobed;  lower  3-cleft;  all  the  lobes 
spreading.    Stamens  not  exserted,  only  2  fertile;  their  anthers  with  2 
transverse  cells  on  a  broad  connective;  anterior  pair  either  wanting,  or 
represented  by  sterile  filaments.    Style  usually  bent  at  tip;  stigma  of  2 
flat  lobes.    Capsule  many-seeded,  4-valved,  the  valves  parting  from  the 
thick  axial  placenta. 


SCROPHULARINE^E.  279 

1.  G.  ebracteata,  Benth.  Glabrous,  obscurely  viscid,  erect,  2—5  in. 
high:  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  mostly  entire:  calyx  with  no  bractlets  at 
base,  the  segments  almost  equalling  the  small  yellow-throated  white 
corolla:  capsule  globose. — Low  wet  places  in  fields;  Sonoma  Co.,  Bioletli. 

13.  ILYSANTHES,  Raf.    Slender  glabrous  low  annuals,  with  opposite 
sessile  leaves  and  filiform  naked  peduncles  in  their  axils,  the  upper 
becoming  racemose  by  the  reduction  of  the  subtending  leaves  to  bracts. 
Calyx  5-parted;  the  divisions  subequal.     Upper  lip  of  corolla  short, 
2-lobed,  erect;  lower  larger,  3-cleft,  spreading.     Only  2  stamens  fertile, 
these  included,  their  anthers  2-celled;  sterile  anterior  pair  inserted  high 
in  the  throat  of  the  corolla,  each  of  an  .unequally  2-lobed  filament; 
shorter  lobe  small,  tooth-like,  the  longer  glandular.     Many-seeded  small 
capsule  2-valved;  edges  of  the  valves  separating  from   the  partitions, 
these  being  left  with  the  undivided  placenta. 

1.  I.  gratioloides  (L.),  Benth.  Diffusely  branching,  3—7  in.  high: 
leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  sparingly  toothed  or  entire:  peduncles  surpassing 
the  leaves,  in  fruit  divergent:  corolla  light  purple  or  bluish,  3 — 4  lines 
long. — Muddy  banks  of  the  lower  San  Joaquin.  July — Oct. 

14.  PL  ANT  AGIN  ELL  A,  Ruppius.    Glabrous  dwarf  annual  with  run- 
ning stems  putting  forth  at  their  ends  clusters  of  narrow  entire  fleshy 
leaves;  1-flowered  scapes.     Calyx  and  nearly  regular  corolla  campanu- 
late,  5-toothed  and  -cleft.     Stamens  4,  nearly  equal;  anthers  with  con- 
fluent cells.    Style  short,  clavate;  stigma  thickish.     Capsule    globose, 
many-seeded,  2-valved;   valves  separating    from    the    thin    partitions; 
placentae  remaining  central. 

1.  P.  aquatica  (L.),  Moench.  Leaves  with  petioles  longer  (when 
growing  in  water  much  longer)  than  the  spatulate-oblong  or  oval  blade, 
and  exceeding  the  scapes,  but  the  whole  leaf  usually  only  1 — 3  in.  long: 
corolla  very  small,  white  or  purplish. — Margins  of  fresh  water  ponds 
and  lakes  on  the  San  Francisco  peninsula;  usually  terrestrial  only. 

15.  VERONICA,  Fuchs.   (SPEEDWELL).     Herbs,  with   at    least    the 
lowest  leaves  opposite.     Flowers  small,  white  or  blue,  in  racemes,  or 
solitary  in  the  axils.    Calyx  and  nearly  rotate  corolla  each  4-parted; 
lower  lobe  of  the  latter,  and  sometimes  the  lateral  ones,  narrower  than 
the  upper.    Stamens  2,  one  on  each  side  of  the  uppermost  corolla-lobe? 
exserted;   anther-cells  confluent  at  apex.     Stigma  somewhat  capitate. 
Capsule  compressed,  2-lobed,  or  at  least  emarginate,  few — many- seeded; 
dehiscence  loculicidal. 

1.  V.  Americana,  Schwein.  Perennial,  glabrous,  the  decumbent 
stems  ^—2  ft.  long;  herbage  rather  fleshy:  leaves  oblong,  serrate, 
truncate  or  slightly  cordate  at  base,  short-petioled:  racemes  opposite, 
slender  peduncled,  many-flowered:  pedicels  slender:  corolla  blue,  with 
purple  stripes:  capsule  turgid,  many-seeded. — Shallow  margins  of 
streamlets,  growing  in  sand  or  gravel. 


280  SCROPHULARINE^J. 

2.  V.  peregrina,  L.    Annual,  3—10  in.  high,  erect,  sparingly  branch- 
ing, only  the  lower  leaves  opposite,  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  entire  or 
toothed;  the  upper  gradually  smaller:  fl.   short-pedicelled  in   the   axils: 
corolla  very  xmall,  white:  capsule  round-obcordate,  many-seeded. — Com- 
mon in  wet  fields.    April,  May. 

3.  V.  ARVENSIS,  L.     Annual,  simple  and  erect,  or  with  few  decumbent 
branches,  3—6  in.  high,  pubescent:  leaves  ovate,  crenate-serrate,  the 
lowest  petiolate,  the  bract-like  floral  ones  linear-lanceolate:  spike-like 
raceme   at   length   loose:    corolla  very  small,    deep   blue:    capsule  much 
shorter  than  the  sepals,  obcordate,  the  short  style  not  exceeding  the 
notch. — European  weed,  escaping  from  lawns  and  gardens. 

4.  V.  BUXBAUMII,  Ten.    With  many  weak  assurgent  branches  from 
the  base;  these  6—10  in.  long:  herbage  somewhat  pubescent,  the  hairs 
not  gland-tipped:   leaves  round-ovate,  petiolate  (the  floral  alternate), 
coarsely  serrate  or  crenate-serrate,  %  in  long  or  less:  peduncles  nearly 
1  in.  long:  corolla  bright  blue,  4 — 5  lines  wide:  capsule  of  2  rhomboid-oval 
widely  divergent  lobes  sparingly  beset  with  small  gland-tipped  hairs  and 
reticulate-venulose. — A  pretty  weed  from  Asia,  plentiful  in  gardens   at 
Berkeley,  flowering  from  midwinter  to  early  summer. 

16.  WULFESIA,  Jacguin.    Perennials,  with  flowers  and  capsules  of 
Veronica,  except  that  in  our  species  the  anther-cells  are  not  confluent; 
but  in  habit  quite  different;  all  the  leaves  being  radical  and  long- 
petioled.     Flowers  in  a  simple  raceme  or  spike. 

1.  W.  cordata.  Scarcely  rhizomatous,  the  tuft  of  rather  coarse 
fibrous  roots  attached  to  the  base  of  an  elongated  but  upright  leafy 
crown:  herbage  slightly  rusty-hairy,  especially  the  petioles  and  lower 
face  of  leaves;  the  latter  ovate-  to  deltoid-cordate,  1 — 2j^  in.  long, 
obtuse,  doubly  crenate;  petioles  2—3  in.  long:  scapes  several,  not  equal- 
ling the  leaves,  few-flowered:  fl.  long-pedicellate,  the  pedicels  and  calyx 
with  fairly  abundant  brownish  deflexed  hairs:  corolla  nearly  rotate, 
light  blue:  capsule  not  known. — Northern  slope  of  Mt.  Tamalpais  and  in 
Mendocino  Co.  (Synthyris  reniformis  cordata,  Gray). 

17.  CA.STILLEIA,  Mutis  (PAINTED  CUP).    Herbs  or    suffrutescent 
plants,  with  alternate  sessile  leaves,  the  floral  ones,  or  their  tips,  and  the 
calyx-lobes,  colored  like  petals.     Flowers  in  terminal   spikes.    Calyx 
tubular,   cleft  in  front  or  behind,  or  both;    lobes  2  and  lateral,  or  4. 
Tubular  corolla  laterally  compressed,  especially  the  long  conduplicate 
upper  lip:  lower  lip  short  and  minute,  3-toothed.     Stamens  4;  anthers 
2-celled,  the  cells  unequal.     Capsule  loculicidally  2-valved;  valves  bear- 
ing the  placenta  on  their  middle.    Seeds  oo ,  with  loose  f avose  testa. 

1.  C.  afliuis,  Hook.  &  Arn.  Annual,  strict,  simple  1—3  ft.  high: 
leaves  linear-lanceolate,  entire:  lower  fl.  somewhat  scattered;  upper  spi- 


SCKOPHULAEINE^.  281 

cate-crowded :  calyx  and  upper  bracts  tipped  with  scarlet:  corolla  1  in. 
long  and  more,  surpassing  the  calyx,  yellowish;  lower  lip  short  but 
prominent,  its  callous  oblong  teeth  rather  shorter  than  the  keel  beneath; 
upper  lip  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube. — In  wet  places  among  the  coast 
hills.  April,  May. 

2.  C.  latifolia,  Hook.  &  Arn.     Soft-hirsute  and  viscid  perennial  1—2 
ft.  high,  branched  from  the  base:  leaves  round-obovaie  to  oval,  I  in.  long, 
sometimes  3 — 5-lobed,  especially  the  scarlet -tipped  floral  ones:  the  2 
calyx-lobes  broad,  notched  or  2-lobed  at  the  apex,  surpassing  the  corolla- 
tube:  lower  lip  of  corolla  short,   the  teeth  inflexed;  upper  rather  longer 
than  the  tube. — Moist  slopes  of  hills  near  the  sea. 

3.  C.  Douglasii,  Benth.    Sparsely  and  rather  stiffly  hirsute,  1—2  ft. 
high:    lower  leaves   linear,   obtuse,   entire,   scarcely    narrowed  at  base; 
upper  usually  broader  and  cleft  or  incised;  floral  oblong,  with  an  ovate 
or  oblong  scarlet  spot  at  tip:  spike  at  length  loose   and  interrupted: 
calyx-lobes  obovate,  scarlet  at  the  obtuse  tips,  shortly  and  broadly  2-lobed, 
scarcely  exceeding  the  lower  lip  of  the  corolla. — Northward  slopes  of  the 
Coast  Range;  flowering  almost  all  the  year  round. 

4.  C.  foliolosa,  Hook.  &  Arn.     Suffrutescent,  branching,  1—3  ft.  high, 
hoary  or  nearly  white  with  malted  wool  of  intricately   branched  hairs: 
leaves  short  and  numerous,  many  densely  fascicled  on  short  axillary 
branchlets,  all  linear  and  entire,  or  some  with  a  pair  of  linear  divaricate 
lobes;  upper  floral  cleft,  and  with  yellow  or  scarlet  tipped  segments:  the 
2  calyx-lobes  broad,  retuse  or  merely  notched,  nearly  equalling  the  corolla; 
this  with  the  lower  lip  very  small.— On  exposed  southward  slopes;  almost 
always  in  flower. 

18.  ORTHOCARPUS,  Nutt.  Ours  all  spring  annuals,  with  cleft 
foliage  and  often  the  colored-bracted  spikes  of  Caslilleia;  floral  structure 
much  the  same.  Calyx  4-cleft,  or  cleft  before  and  behind,  and  the 
divisions  2-cleft.  Corolla  with  upper  lip  not  greatly  exceeding  the 
lower  in  length,  but  the  lower  inflated  and  3-plaited  or  3-saccate.  Sta- 
mens in  some  with  but  one  anther-cell. 

*  Lower  lip  only  moderately  inflated,  plaited-3-saccate  for  its  whole 
length:  floral  bracts  more  or  less  colored  at  the  tips. 

1.  0.  attenuatus,  Gray.    Slender,  strict,  1  ft  high  or  less,  usually 
simple,  pubescent:  leaves  linear-attenuate,  entire,  with  few  lobes:  spike 
very  long,  narrow  and  lax;  bracts  with  slender  barely  white-tipped  divisions: 
corolla  very  narrow,  %  in.  long,  whitish,  with  purple  spots  on  the  lower 
lip,  the  narrow  teeth  of  which  nearly  equal  the  upper. — Plains  and  low 
hills  of  the  Napa  and  Sacramento  valleys,  etc. 

2.  0.  (lensiflorus,  Benth.    Erect  and  simple,  or  branched  from  the 
base,  6—10  in.  high,  soft-pubescent:  leaves  with  few  slender  lobes,  or  the 


282  SCROPHULARINE^E. 

lower  entire:  spike  dense,  at  length  cylindric;  bracts  about  equalling  the 
fl.,  the  linear  lobes  with  purplish  and  white  tips:  corolla  1  in.  long  or 
less,  purple  and  white,  the  teeth  of  the  moderately  inflated  lower  lip 
shorter  than  the  upper.— Common  on  hills  or  in  lower  lands. 

3.  O.  castilleioides,  Benth.    More  slender,  with  ampler  foliage,  the 
broader  denser  spikes  soft-hirsute:  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  to  oblong, 
entire  or  laciniately  cut  into  rather  short  obtusish  lobes;  bracts   more 
dilated  and  cuneate  than  the  leaves,  equalling  the  fl.,  herbaceous,  white- 
or  yellowish-tipped:  corolla  2  in.  long,  dull  white,  often  purplish-tipped; 
lower  lip  well  inflated.— Common  along  the  borders  of  salt  marshes. 

4.  0.  purpurascens,  Benth.    Erect,  stoutish,  10—18  in.  high,  usually 
with  several  ascending  branches,  hirsute  with  copious  white  hairs:  leaves 
once  or  twice  pinnately  parted,  above  the  linear  or  lanceolate  base,  into 
narrow-linear  divisions :  spikes  dense,  at  length  cylindric :  bracts  about 
equalling  the  fl.,  their  laciniate-lobed  divisions  and  those  of  the  calyx- 
lobss  tipped  with  crimson-purple:  corolla  1  in.  long;  the  tube  whitish  or 
yellowish;  lower  lip  with  3  sacs  at  its  broad  apex,  these  not  larger  than 
the  short  rounded  recumbent  teeth  or  lobes;  upper  lip  long,  obtuse  and 
hooked  at  the  apex,  densely  red-bearded. — Fields  and  hillsides. 

*  *  Lower  lip  of  corolla  conspicuously  3-saccate,  much  larger  than  the 
slender  upper  one;  floral  bracts  not  petaloid-colored  at  tip. 

5.  0.  pnsillus,  Benth.     Small  very  slender  branching  red-purple  herb 
3— 5  in.  high:  leaves  1— 2-pinnatifid,  the  floral  3— 5-parted  into  filiform 
segments,  exceeding  the  scattered  inconspicuous  dark  red  flowers:  corolla 
glabrous,  2 — 3  lines  long;  upper  lip  longer  than  the  3-lobed  lower  one: 
capsule  globular. — Forming  low  dark  red  patches  in  moist  grassy  lands. 

6.  0.  floribiindus,  Benth.    Glabrous,  4—8  in.  high,  slender,  sonle- 
what  corymbosely  branching  and  erect:  leaves  pinnately  parted  at  apex 
into  many  linear-filiform  divisions:    spikes  rather  dense;    bracts   not 
exceeding  the  calyx:  corolla  very  pale  yellow;  lower  lip  strongly  3-sac- 
cate,  the  teeth  lanceolate,  erect;  stamens  at  length  well  exserted  from  the 
upper  lip. — Hilltops  about  San  Francisco. 

7.  0.  faucibarbatus,  Gray.    Stoutish  and  rather  tall  (1  ft.   high), 
fastigiately  branching,  glabrous,  or  the  inflorescence  with  some  hirsute 
hairs;  herbage  invariably  green  and  slightly  fleshy :  spikes  long  and  dense; 
corolla  slender,  \  in.  long,  even  the  sacs  relatively  small,  the  folds  within 
villous-bearded,  color  either  sulphur-yellow  or  white  with   a  pinkish 
tinge:  stamens  not  exserted. — In  moist  meadows  of  the  Coast  Range; 
the  albino  state  more  common  in  Santa  Cruz  Co. 

8.  0.  eriantlms,  Benth.     Smaller  and  more  slender  than  the   last? 
bat  with  as  many  fastigiate  branches,  soft-pubescent;  herbage,  or  at  least 
the  stem  and  bracts  dark  reddish:  corolla  deep  sulphur  yelloiv,  the  acute 


SCROPHULAKINE.E.  283 

slender  falcate  upper  lip  dark  purple :  tube  very  slender,  but  sacs  large 
and  deep,  their  folds  villous  within.— Very  common,  and  on  higher 
ground  than  the  last. 

9.  0.  yersicolor  (F.  &  M.).    Slender  as  the  last,  and  the  herbage 
slightly  reddish,  seldom  branching,  or  more  than  6  in.  high:  leaves  at 
apex  filiform-cleft  (as  in  all  the  group):  corollas  with  shorter  tube,  and 
the  broadly  obovate  sacs  almost  twice  as  large  as  in  the  last;  color  of  the 
fl.  pure  white,  fading  pinkish;  folds  of  the  throat  densely  bearded.     Var.- 
roseus  (Gray).     Corolla  deep  rose-color  from  the  first  (not  white,  then 
changing,  as  has  been  assumed). — Dry  sandy  hills,  about  San  Francisco, 
and  in  Marin  Co.;  the  flowers  fragrant,  as  in  no  other  species. 

10.  0.  lithospermoides,  Benth.    Stout,  commonly  simple,  or  with  2  or 
3  branches,  1—1^  ft.  high,  pubescent,  very  leafy:  lower  leaves  lanceo- 
late, entire;  upper  with  a  few  slender  lobes;  floral  with  dilated  base, 
and  palm atifid  tips  nearly  equalling  the  densely  spicate  flowers:  calyx- 
lobes  linear:  corolla  1  in.  long  or  more,  strongly  3-saccate,  the  sacs  % 
in.  wide,  the  whole  of  a  deeper  than  sulphur  yellow,  fading  whitish. — 
Moist  plains  and  hillsides;  later  in  flowering  than  the  other  species. 
May,  June. 

19.  ADENOSTEGIA,  Benth.  JEstival  and  autumnal  branching  annuals, 
with  alternate  narrow  leaves  either  entire  or  3 — 5-parted.  Flowers 
bracted,  scattered,  or  spicate-crowded.  Calyx  spathaceous,  of  an  anterior 
and  a  posterior  leaf -like  division,  or  the  anterior  one  wanting.  Corolla 
tubular,  bilabiate;  lips  short  and  nearly  equal;  lower  obtusely  3- toothed; 
upper  compressed,  its  apex  more  or  less  uncinate-incurved.  Stamens, 
with  ciliate  or  bearded  anther-cells.  Capsule  compressed.  Seeds  with 
a  loose  testa,  pointed  at  one  end. 

*  Calyx  2-leaved;  bracts  and  foliage  gland-tipped. 

1.  A.  rigida,  Benth.    Puberulent  and  somewhat  hispid,  1 — 2  ft.  high, 
paniculately  branched:  leaves  linear-filiform;  lower  entire;  upper  3 — 5- 
parted,  the  floral  with  cuneate  base  and  bristly -ciliate  margins;  divisions 
with  dilated  and  retuse  or  notched  gland-bearing  tip:  fl.   crowded  in 
terminal  heads:  corolla  yellowish  and  purplish,  %—%  in.  long. — Mt. 
Hamilton,  and  perhaps  San  Mateo  Co.  and  southward.    July — Sept. 

2.  A.  pilosa  (Gray),  Greene.    Soft-villous  and  somewhat  hoary,  2—4 
ft.  high  and  loosely  paniculate:  leaves  narrowly  linear,  entire;  upper 
and  floral  often  broader  and  3-toothed:  fl.  only  2  or  3  together  at  the  ends 
of  the  branchlets:  corolla  less  than  1  in.  long,  white  and  purplish. — In 
the  mountain  districts  generally.     Aug. — Oct. 

*  *  Calyx  1-leaved;  leaves  and  bracts  not  callous-tipped. 

3.  A.  maritima  (Nutt ),  Greene.    Pale,  glaucous  and  hoary-pubes- 
cent, corymbosely  branched  from  the  base,  1  ft.  high  or  less:  leaves  and 


284  OROBANCHACE^. 

bracts  linear-lanceolate  and  lanceolate,  acute:  fl.  spicate:  corolla  dull 
purplish:  stamens  4,  in  very  unequal  pairs;  anthers  of  the  longer  2-celled, 
of  the  shorter  1-celled,  only  the  base  of  the  cell  ciliolate. — Sandy  salt 
marshes  from  near  San  Francisco  southward.  Aug. — Nov. 

4.  A.  mollis  (Gray),  Greene.  Glaucous  and  villous-hirsute,  1—1^  ft. 
high,  fastigiately  branched:  leaves  oblong-linear;  lower  entire,  obtuse; 
upper,  and  the  bracts  of  the  spike,  with  obtuse  teeth  or  lobes:  corolla 
white  and  dull-purple:  stamens  2;  anthers  unequally  2-celled:  seeds 
subreniform,  with  loose  cellular-reticulate  coat— Brackish  marshes 
about  Vallejo  and  Suisun.  Aug. — Nov. 

20.  HELL  A  HI)  I  A,  Allioni.    Stoutish  rather  rigid  erect  annual,  with 
densely  spicate  terminal  inflorescence.     Calyx  campanulate,  4-lobed,  the 
lobes  toothed.     Corolla  strongly  bilabiate,  the  lower  and  3-lobed  lip 
equalling  or  exceeding  the  galeate  upper.     Stamens  4,  in  unequal  pairs, 
enclosed  in  the  concavity  of  the  galea;  anther-cells  mucronate.     Capsule 
ovate-globose,  turgid;  the  thick  placentae  bifid.     Seeds  minute  and  very 
numerous,  finely  costate  lengthwise. 

1.  B.  TRIXAGO  (L.),  All.  Simple  or  with  a  few  branches,  1—1  J£  ft. 
high:  leaves  lanceolate,  crenate-serrate;  the  lower  somewhat  narrowed 
at  base,  the  upper  broader  below  and  subcordate-clasping:  spike  dense, 
thick,  tetragonal,  several  inches  long:  corolla  % — 1  in.  long,  rose-color 
and  white. — Plentiful  in  an  old  field  near  Martinez,  and  escaping  to  the 
uncultivated  slopes  adjacent.  May. 

21.  PEDICULARIS,    Tourn.    Perennials,  with  alternate  pinnately 
divided  leaves,  and  flowers  in   bracted  spikes.     Calyx  irregular,  2—5- 
toothed.     Corolla  strongly  bilabiate:  upper  lip  compressed  and  arched; 
lower  erect  at  base,  2-crested  above,  3-lobed.     Stamens  4,  enclosed  within 
the  galeate  upper  lip;  anthers  transverse,  equally  2-celled.     Capsule 
ovate    or    lanceolate,  oblique,    compressed,    loculicidal.    Seeds    ovoid. 

1.  P.  densiflora,  Benth.  Herbage  pubescent  and  dark  reddish  when 
young,  green  and  glabrate  in  age :  stem  1  ft.  high  or  less :  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate,  3—6  in.  long,  twice  pinnatifid  or  parted,  the  divisions  irreg- 
ularly and  sharply  toothed:  the  upper  reduced  to  bracts  of  the  long 
dense  spike:  calyx-teeth  5,  lanceolate:  corolla  narrow,  slightly  clavate, 
1  in.  long,  scarlet  or  crimson;  lower  lip  only  a  fourth  as  long  as  the 
upper:  anther-cells  with  tapering  or  acute  base. — Eocky  hills  in  some- 
what shady  places.  April  —June. 

ORDER  LXXVII.     OROBANCHACE/E. 

Plants  without  green  herbage,  and  parasitic  on  roots  of  herbs  and 
shrubs.  Floral  structure  that  of  Scrophularinese,  but  capsules  with 
parietal  placentae.  Seeds  very  small  and  numerous. 


LABIATE.  285 

1.  APHYLLOX,  Mitchell  Ours  low  viscid-pubescent  plants,  usually 
with  peduncled  flowers.  Calyx  regular,  5-cleft  or  -parted.  Corolla 
more  or  less  tubular  and  curved  and  not  very  strongly  bilabiate.  Sta- 
mens not  exserted:  anther-cells  deeply  separated  from  below  upward, 
nmcronate  at  base.  Each  valve  of  the  capsule  bearing  a  pair  of  contig- 
uous placentae. 

*  Scapiform  peduncles  from  a  short  crown  or  stem. 

1.  A.  unifloruin  (L.),  Gray.  var.  occidentale.    Scapes  few,   often  1 
only,  slender,  1 — 5  in.  high,  from  an  almost  subterranean  short  crown: 
lobes  of  the  calyx  subulate,  longer  than  the  tube:  corolla  %—%  in.  long, 
deep  blue-purple. — Wooded  stony  hills.     April. 

2.  A.  fasciculatnm  (Nuti),  Gray.     Scaly  fleshy  stern   rising  several 
inches  above  ground,  bearing  few  or  many  fascicled  peduncles  as  long  as 
the  stem:  calyx-lobes  broader  and  shorter  than  in  the  last:  corolla  more 
than  1  in.  long,  sulphur-yellow,  with  reddish  or  purplish  tints  on  the 
outside. — Sandy  or  gravelly  hills.     May. 

*  *  Inflorescence  racemose  or  thyrsoid. 

3.  A.  comosum  (Hook.),  Gray.     Branching  at  or  near  the  surface  of 
the  ground :  fl.  on  slender  pedicels  in  a  corymb  or  short  raceme :  calyx 
5-parted,  the  lobes  long  and  slender:  corolla  1  in.  long,  rose-color  or 
purplish;  upper  lip  2-lobed  or  notched;  lower  3-parled:  anthers  woolly. — 
Open  hills;  parasitic  on  Artemisia.    June. 

4.  A.  tnberosutn,    Gray.    Low,    stout,    minutely    puberulent,    the 
thickened  base  of  the  stem  with  imbricated  scales:  fl.  in  a  dense  thyrsoid 
cluster:  calyx  unequally  cleft,  little   shorter  than   the   corolla;  this   with 
short  sea  cely  spreading  lobes:  anthers  glabrous. — Mt.  Hamilton.     July. 

ORDEE  LXXVIIL    L  A  B  I  A  T  >€  , 

Herbs  (and  a  few  shrubs)  mostly  keenly  aromatic,  with  quadrangular 
stems,  opposite  simple  exstipulate  leaves  and  axillary  solitary  or  cymose- 
congested  flowers;  but  the  inflorescence  often  more  terminal  and  spicate 
or  racemose.  Calyx  3— 5-toothed  or  cleft,  regular  or  bilabiate.  Corolla 
usually  strongly  bilabiate;  upper  lip  entire  or  2-lobed;  lower  3-cleft  or 
-parted.  Stamens  2  or  4.  Ovary  3-lobed,  each  lobe  becoming  a  seed- 
like  nutlet  in  the  bottom  of  the  persistent  calyx.  Seed  erect  from  the 
base  of  the  nutlet,  usually  exalbuminous. 

*  Calyx  and  corolla  both  nearly  regular. 

Stamens  4,  long-exserted,  curved TRICHOSTEMA          1 

"       4,  short,  nearly  equal MENTHA  2 

"       2  only LYCOPUS  3 


286  LABIATE. 

*  *  Calyx  regular;  corolla  pronouncedly  but  not  strongly  bilabiate. 

Flowers  densely  glomerate  terminally  and  in  the  upper  axils; 

calyx  short-tubular;  corolla  lobes  short KCELLIA  4 

Flowers  in  a  simple  terminal  bracted  flat-topped  head MONARDELLA  5 

Fowers  1  or  2  only  in  each  axil; 

Stems  slender,  prostrate MICROMERIA  6 

"      shrubby,  erect SPHACELE  10 

*  *  *  Calyx  regular;  corolla  strongly  bilabiate. 

CJalyx  with  10  spinescent  teeth,  some  of  them  hooked MARRUBIUM  16 

Calyx  with  5  more  or  less  spinescent  teeth; 

Nutlets  with  truncate'summit LAMIUM  17 

"       with  rounded  summit STACHYS  18 

•*  *•  *  *  Both  calyx  and  corolla  bilabiate,  the  latter  strongly  so. 

Flowers  few  in  each  leaf-axil; 

Calyx  oblong-campanulate,  flattened  on  the  back MELISSA  7 

closed  in  fruit,  and  with  a  casque-like  projection  on 

the  back SCUTELLARIA        14 

Flowers  densely  verticillastrate; 

Verticillasters  forming  a  close  spike  or  thyrse; 

Upper  calyx-lip  truncate,  3-toothed BRUNELLA  15 

Calyx  oblique  at  the  throat;  teeth  subequal NEPETA  13 

"      strongly  ciliate,  deeply  and  unequally  5-clef  t POGOGYNE  8 

Verticillasters  more  remote; 

Subtended  by  prickly-margined  bracts ACANTHOMINTHA    9 

Anthers  with  long  filament-like  connective,  1  cell  at  each 
end,  or  1  end  with  no  cell; 

Upper  lip  of  corolla  manifebt SAL  VIA  11 

"         "       obsolete EAMONA  12 

1.  TRICHOSTEMA,  Gronov.  Herbs,  ours  annual,  with  a  very  keen 
somewhat  acid  smell,  and  blue  flowers  in  axillary  cymes.  Calyx  5-clef  t. 
Corolla  with  narrow  tube  and  more  or  less  oblique  limb;  the  somewhat 
similar  lobes  oblong.  Stamens  with  capillary  filament  very  long 
exserted  and  curved,  didynamous;  anther-cells  divaricate  or  divergent. 

1.  T.  laxum,   Gray.    Diffusely  branching,  1 — 2  ft.  high,  minutely 
pubescent,  sparsely  leafy:  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate but  obtusish,  2—3  in.  long,  nervose-costate,  rather  slender-petioled: 
cymes  pedunculate,  loose:  tube  of  corolla  about  3  and  limb  2  lines  long. — 
From  Sonoma  Co.  northward.    July — Oct. 

2.  T.  lanceolatum,  Gray.    Tall  as  the  last,  rather  strict  and  simple, 
only  a  few  ascending  branches  from  the  base:  herbage  pale  with  a  dense 
pubescence:  leaves  crowded,  costate-nerved,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
tapering  from  near  the  broad  base  to  a  very  acute  tip:  cymes  short-pedun- 
cled,  dense:    calyx  villous:    corolla  somewhat  pubescent. — Livermore 
Valley,  and  northward  and  southward,  towards  the  interior.   June— Oct, 

2.  MENTHA,  Pliny  (MINT).  Fragrant  perennial  herbs,  mostly 
spreading  by  slender  creeping  rootstocks.  Calyx  short,  5-toothed, 


LABIATE.  287 

Corolla  almost  equally  4-lobed,  small,  hardly  irregular,  but  upper  lobe 
often  broadest  and  emarginate.     Stamens  4,  similar,  nearly  equal,  not 

declined. 

*  Old  World  species;  inflorescence  terminal. 

1.  M.  VIRIDIS,  L.     Herbage  green,  nearly  glabrous:  stems  erect,  2 — 4 
ft.  high:  leaves  subsessile,  oblong-lanceolate,  sparsely  and  sharply  serrate, 
somewhat  rugose-veiny  '.flower-clusters  crowded  in  narrow  leafless  terminal 
spikes:  calyx  oblong-campanulate;  teeth  triangular-subulate,  as  long  as 
the  tube:  corolla  very  pale  purplish,  glabrous. — Naturalized  abundantly 
along  streamlets  and  on  moist  banks. 

2.  M.  PIPEBITA,  Huds.    Tall  as  the  preceding,  but  the  herbage  dark 
or  reddish-green,  with  a  very  pungent  flavor :  leaves  ovate-oblong-  or 
oblong-lanceolate,   acute,  distinctly  petiolate;  spikes  narrow  but  inter- 
rupted.— As  common  as  the  last,  or  even  more  so. 

3.  M.  CITRATA,  Ehrh.    Aspect  of  the    preceding,  but  leaves    more 
rounded,  thinner,  with  a  comparatively   delicate  sweet  ordor:  flower- 
clusters  a  subglobose  terminal  head,  with  a  few  verticillasters  beneath 
it. — By  a  streamlet  near  West  Berkeley. 

*  *  Flower-clusters  in  the  leaf-axils;  one  species  native. 

4.  M.  PULEGIUM,  L.     Almost  hoary  with  a  short  white-woolly  pubes- 
cence: stems  1 — 2  ft.  long,  reclining  or  prostrate  and  rooting  at  the 
lower  joints,  the  young  sterile  shoots  above  ground  (not  subterranean 
and  shizomatous):  leaves  elliptic-ovate,  short-petiolate,  ^—1  in.   long, 
remotely  denticulate-serrate;  dense  cymes  globular,  smaller  (and  the 
leaves  smaller)  towards  the  ends  of  the  branches:  calyx  broad-funnel- 
form,  slightly  bilabiate:  teeth  lanceolate-acuminate,  half  as  long  as  the 
tube,  10-ribbed,  the  throat  closed  with  hairs. — Wet  banks  of  streams, 
above  Santa  Rosa,  and  islands  of  the  lower  San  Joaquin. 

5.  M.  Ciinadensis,  L.    From  nearly  glabrous  to  villous-hoary,  1 — 2^ 
ft.  high :  leaves  oblong-ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  sharply  serrate, 
tapering  to  the  short  petiole :  calyx  hairy :  teeth  triangular-subulate,  half 
the  length  of  the  cylindraceous  tube:  corolla  from  white  to  pale  laven- 
der-color. — Frequent  in  marshes  about  the  Bay,  and  along  river  banks. 

3.  LYCOPUS,  Town.  Herbs  with  the  habit  of  the  mints  of  our 
second  or  indigenous  group;  but  herbage  wholly  scentless  and  rather 
intensely  bitter.  Leaves  often  deeply  sinuate-toothed.  Calyx  campan- 
ulate,  4— 5-toothed.  Corolla  with  upper  lip  entire.  Fertile  stamens  2 
only.  Nutlets  somewhat  3-sided,  with  thickened  margins  at  the  summit. 

1.  L.  lucidus,  Turcz.  var.  Americanus,  Gray.  Stoloniferous  at 
base  of  the  stem,  1—3  ft.  high;  stem  sharply  quadrangular  toward  the 
summit:  leaves  2—4  in.  long,  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  sharply  and 
coarsely  serrate,  almost  sessile,  glabrous  or  nearly  so:  calyx-teeth  slen- 


288  LABIATE. 

der-subulate,  equalling  the  white  corolla,  not  exceeding  the    nutlets : 
rudimentary  stamens  slender,  with  thickened  tips. — Suisun  marshes. 

4.  KCELLLV,  Moench.    Erect  perennials,  with  densely  crowded  ver- 
ticillasters  at  the  upper  nodes,  subtended  by  a  pair  of  reduced  leaves. 
Calyx  with  5  short  equal    teeth;  throat    naked  within.    Corolla-tube 
scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx;   the  short  limb  bilabiate,  the  upper  lip 
nearly  flat  and  almost  entire;  lower  spreading  and  of  3  short  obtuse 
lobes.     Stamens  4,  straight,  divergent,  the  interior  pair  slightly  longer : 
anther-cells  parallel. 

1.  K.  Californica  (Torr.),  O.  Ktze.  Herbage  whitish  with  a  very  fine 
and  close  soft  pubescence :  stem  2—3  ft.  high,  simple  or  with  few  ter- 
minal branches,  all  floriferous:  leaves  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile 
by  an  obtuse  or  subcordate  base,  entire  or  denticulate,  1 — 3  in.  long: 
heads  terminal  and  in  the  axils  of  some  of  the  uppermost  leaves,  com- 
pacted with  slender  bracts :  fl.  white. — Contra  Costa  Co.  hills. 

5.  MONARDELLA,  Benth.    Herbaceous  or  suffrutescent.    Flowers 
in  large  involucrate  terminal  heads.    Calyx  tubular,  10 — 13-nerved,  5- 
toothed,  the  teeth  short,  straight,  subequal;  throat  naked  within.    Cor- 
olla with  slender  tube;  the  bilabiate  limb  of  5  long  and  narrow  linear  or 
oblong    lobes.     Stamens  4    exserted;    anther-cells  often  divergent  or 
divaricate. 

*  Perennials,  sujfrulescent  at  the  very  base. 

1.  M.  yillosa,  Benth.     Stems  1  ft.  high,  stoutish,  not  densely  tufted: 
leaves  ovate,  green  and  subglabrous  above,  villous  beneath,  % — 1  iD-  long* 
conspicuously  veiny,  crenate-dentate:  flowers  deep  purple. — Open  grassy 
hills  near  the  sea. 

2.  M.  Sheltonii,  Torr.    More  slender  and  tufted,  as  well  as  more 
shrubby  at  base:  leaves  thinner,  oblong,  entire  or  denticulate,  cinereous- 
puberulent  on  both  faces,  the  upper  ones  subsessile;  flowers  of  a  lighter 
purple  approaching  lavender-color.— Dry  wooded  hills  from  Napa  and 
Sonoma  counties  northward. 

*  *  Annuals,  branching  aboi}6;  leaves  not  toothed. 
•K-  Bracts  of  the  head  transparent  between  the  veins. 

3.  M.  Douglasii,  Benth.    Pubescent:  leaves  lanceolate:  bracts  ovate 
to  ovate-lanceolate,  cuspidate,  somewhat  hirsute,  fenestrate  by  greenish 
veins  running  through  the  hyaline  surface  from  midrib  to  stout  marginal 
nerves:  calyx -teeth  rigid,  subulate;  tube  hirsute. — ML  Diablo. 

4.  M.   Breweri,    Gray.     Puberulent:    leaves     ovate-oblong:    bracts 
broadly  ovate,  abruptly  cuspidate,  less  translucent  than  in  the  last,  the 
veins  more  slender,  destitute  of  strong  marginal  nerves:  calyx-teeth  trian- 
gular-subulate,  acute.— Southern    part    of   Contra    Costa    Co.,   Corral 
Hollow,  etc. 


L  A  B  I A  T  M  .  289 

5.  M.  undulata,  Benth.    Minutely  pubescent  or  glabrous,  8—15  in. 
high:  leaves  oblong-spatulate  to  nearly  linear,  obtuse,  undulate-mar- 
gined, petiolate:  bracts  and  calyx  villous;  the  former  broadly  ovate, 
obtuse  or  acutish,  thin  and  somewhat  scarious,  parallel-veined:  corolla 
rose-purple.— Hills  toward  the  sea;  Point  Eeyes,  etc. 

6.  MICROMERIA,  Benth.  (YEBBA  BUENA).    Very  sweet-scented  trail- 
ing evergreen  undershrub,  leafy,  and  with  mostly  solitary  flowers  in  the 
axils.    Calyx  oblong-tubular,   13-striate,   regularly  5-toothed.     Corolla 
white,  with  erect  emarginate  upper  lip,  and  spreading  3-parted  lower 
one.    Stamens  4;  anthers  2-celled. 

1.  M.  Chamissonis  (Benth.).  Stems  1—4  ft.  long,  often  rooting  at 
the  ends :  leaves  round-ovate,  thin-coriaceous,  of  a  light  yellowish  green, 
1  in.  long,  sparingly  toothed:  fl.  on  a  filiform  bibracteolate  peduncle: 
calyx-teeth  subulate:  corolla  pure  white,  4  lines  long,  twice  the  length 
of  the  calyx. — Wooded  northward  slopes  of  hills  near  the  coast. 

7.  MELISSA,  Tourn.    Sweet-scented  perennial,  with  tufted  stems, 
ovate  rugose  petiolate  leaves,  and  white  flowers  clustered  in  the  axils. 
Calyx  campanulate-tubular,  bilabiate,   13-striate;   upper  lip  flattened, 
3- toothed;  lower  2-toothed,  erect.    Upper  lip  of  corolla  concave,  emar- 
ginate; lower  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  largest.     Stamens  4,  converging 
under  the  upper  lip;  anther-cells  divaricate,  confluent. 

1.  M.  OFFICINALIS,  L.  Herb  1—2  ft.  high:  leaves  1  in.  long,  ovate, 
truncate  at  base,  deeply  crenate-serrate :  fl.  few  in  the  cluster,  subsecund: 
corolla  more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx. — By  waysides,  and  along 
streamlets,  at  Temescal,  Berkeley,  etc. 

8.  POGO€rYNE,I?^/i.     Aromatic  low  annuals,  with  oblong-lanceolate 
leaves  tapering  to  a  petiole.     Flowers  crowded,  the  verticillasters  mostly 
interrupted-spicate.    Bracts  and  calyx  hirsute-ciliate.     Corolla  blue  or 
purple.    Calyx  deeply  and  unequally  5-cleft:  teeth  longer  than  the  about 
15-nerved  tube.     Corolla  straight,  tubular-funnelform,  with  short  lips; 
the  upper  erect,  entire;  lower  3-lobed,  spreading.    Stamens  4,  ascending; 
anthers  2-celled.    Style  bearded. 

*  All  4  stamens  antheriferous. 

1.  P.  Douglasii,  Benth.     Stout,  6—12  in.  high:  leaves  oblong,  spat- 
ulate,  or  oblanceolate :  spikes  dense;  bracts  linear,  acute:  lower  segments 
of  calyx  twice  or  thrice  the  length  of  the  tube,  much  longer  and  narrower 
than  the  others:  corolla  %  in.   long,  bluish-purple.— Common  along 
ditches,  and  low  places  that  become  dry  in  summer.    May — July. 

2.  P.  parviflora,  Benth.    Not  stout,  5 — Sin.  high:  leaves  narrower: 
bracts  obtuse:  calyx-segments  broader,  less  unequal,  the  lower  hardly 
longer,  the  upper  shorter  than  the  tube:  corolla  %  in.  long. — About 
San  Francisco  Bay,  and  northward. 


290  LABIATE. 

*  *  Flowers  very  small;  upper  stamens  sterile. 

3.  P.  serpylloides  (Torr.),  Gray.  Slender,  almost  diffuse,  the  branches 
3—6  in.  long:  leaves  obovate-oval  or  spatulate,  3—4  lines  long,  most  of 
the  lower  distant  with  but  few  flowers  in  the  axils,  the  upper  approx- 
imate and  the  verticillasters  dense  and  spicate-crowded:  calyx  hirsute, 
its  lobes  unequal  but  all  much  longer  than  the  tube,  the  longer  fully 
equalling  the  very  small  blue  corolla:  sterile  filaments  with  capitellate 
rudiments  of  anthers:  style  with  few  and  coarse  hairs.— Plentiful  in 
moist  shades;  Oakland  Hills,  etc. 

9.  ACAXTHOMINTHA,  A.  Gray.    General  aspect  of  the  preceding, 
and  floral  structure  similar,  but  flowers  less  crowded;  each  verticillaster 
subtended  not  only  by  its  leaves,  but  also  by  a  pair  of  almost  stipule-like 
coriaceous  callous-  and  prickly-margined  broad  bracts. 

1.  A.  lauceolata,  Curran.  Stoutish,  ^— 1  ft.  high,  pubescent,  oily 
and  ill-scented:  leaves  oblanceolate  or  oblong,  sparingly  spinulose- 
dentate:  teeth  of  bracts  and  calyx  long-aristate :  middle  tooth  of  upper 
calyx-lip  erect,  the  lateral  bent  forward  in  fruit;  lower  lip  2-parted,  its 
segments  lanceolate  and  awns  short:  upper  lip  of  corolla  somewhat 
falcate-incurved,  cleft  at  apex;  lower  with  oblong  entire  lobes,  the 
middle  one  longer  and  narrower:  style  sparsely  pilose. — Mountains  near 
Niles;  also  on  Mt.  Hamilton  and  southward  to  Monterey  Co.  June— Aug. 

10.  SPHACELE,  Benth.    Strong-scented  shrubs,  with  ample  leaves; 
the  floral  reduced  in  size,  and  the  large  flowers  solitary  in  their  axils. 
Calyx  campanulate,  deeply  and    subequally  5-toothed.    Corolla  with 
broad  tube,  and  4  short  spreading  lobes;  the  5th  and  lowest  one  much 
longer,  laid  in  a  fold  and  erect.   Stamens  4,  distant ;  anther-cells  diverging. 

1.  S.  calycina,  Benth.  Bushy-branching.  2—5  ft.  high,  tomentulose- 
villous  or  glabrate :  branches  with  ample  thinnish  and  soft  rugose  ovate- 
oblong  crenate  leaves  2 — 4  in.  long,  short-petiolate;  the  uppermost  and 
floral  sessile:  calyx-lobes  triangular-lanceolate,  little  surpassed  by  the 
white  or  merely  flesh-tinted  corolla:  anthers  short. — Bather  dry  hills  of 
the  coast  ranges.  June — Aug. 

11.  SAL  VIA,  Linn.    Aromatic  herbs  and  shrubs  of  various  aspect; 
inflorescence  in  ours  densely  verticillastrate  and  interrupted.    Calyx 
bilabiate,  with  upper  lip  3-toothed  or  entire;  lower  2-cleft.     Corolla 
deeply  bilabiate;  upper    lip    erect;  lower  spreading  or  drooping,  its 
middle  lobe  commonly  large,  notched  or  obcordate.    Stamens  2,  in  the 
throat  of  the  corolla;  filaments  short,  the  long  curved  connective  appear- 
ing like  a  fork  to  the  proper  filament,  its  posterior  portion  ascending 
and  bearing  a  single  anther-cell,  its  opposite  arm  bearing  a  smaller  or 
merely  rudimentary  anther-cell,  or  this  arm  of  the  connective  itself 
almost  obsolete. 


LABIATE.  291 

L  S.  spathacea,  Greene.  Very  stout  perennial,  or  the  bases  of  the 
stems  enduring,  1 — 3  ft.  high,  very  villous  and  glandular,  honey-scented, 
or  when  bruised  more  aromatic :  lowest  leaves  hastate-lanceolate,  obtuse, 
3 — 8  in.  long,  on  margined  petioles;  upper  oblong,  sessile,  all  very 
rugose,  sinuate-crenate,  white-tomentose  beneath:  fi.  densely  capitate- 
glomerate;  heads  large,  interruptedly  spicate:  calyx  %  in.  long,  spathe- 
like  and  closed  by  conduplication,  the  orifice  oblique;  2  lower  teeth  very 
short:  corolla  crimson,  l^j  in.  long:  anther-cell  1  only;  rudimentary 
arm  of  the  connective  very  short. — Hills  near  the  coast,  from  San 
Francisco  southward. 

2.  S.  carduaeea,  Benth.    Very  stout  erect  annual,   1 — 2  ft.   high: 
stem  nearly  naked,  but  with  a  cluster  of  ample  sinuate-pinnatifid  spinu- 
lose-toothed  leaves  at  base,  these  and  the  whole  plant,  except  the  flower, 
white-woolly  and  thistle-like :  head-like  verticillasters  1—4,  dense,  1  in. 
broad,  equalled  or  surpassed  by  the  ovate-lanceolate  spinescently  pec- 
tinate-toothed bracts:    calyx  long- woolly,   many-nerved;  its  upper    3- 
toothed,  the  middle  tooth  large,  the  laterals  smaller  and  distant:  corolla 
1  in.  long,  rather  light  blue;  its  tube  exserted;  upper  lip  erose  dentic- 
ulate and  cleft;  lower  with  an  excessively  large  flabelliform  fimbriately 
many-cleft  middle  lobe:  proper  filaments  very  short;  lower  arm  of  the 
long  filiform  connective  bearing  a  polliniferous  anther-cell.— Dry  Hills 
of  Contra  Costa  Co.    March,  April. 

3.  S.  Columbarise,   Benth.     Slender    annual,  branching  and  leafy 
below,  8 — 18  in.   high,  naked  and  peduncle-like    above,  bearing    few 
closely  bracted  rather  large  capitate  clusters  of  small  flowers:  leaves 
rugulose,  once  or  twice  pinnatifid  into  toothed  or  incised  divisions: 
upper  lip  of  calyx  large,  arched,  tipped  with  a  pair  of  partly  connate 
short-awned  teeth,  much  exceeding  the  two  small  teeth  of  the  lower  lip: 
corolla  small,  hardly  longer  than  the  calyx,  deep  blue;  upper  lip  small, 
notched;  lower  with  small  lateral  lobes,  and  large  unguiculate  trans- 
versely oval  2-lobed  middle  one — Throughout  the  coast  ranges,  on  dry 
hills  and  sandy  plains. 

4.  S.  inellifera,  Greene.     Shrubby,  3—8  ft.  high,  with  herbaceous 
flowering  branches,  leafy,  cinereous-tomentose  as  to  the  growing  parts, 
but  glabrate  in  age:  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  petiolate,  rugulose  and 
crenate:  dense  capitate  flower- clusters  small,  several  at  the  end  of  each 
branchlet:  calyx  oblique,  the  teeth  cuspitate  and  several- awned:  corolla 
white  or  pinkish,  small  and  little  exserted.— Contra  Costa  and  San  Mateo 
counties,  on  hillsides. 

12.  RAMONA,  Greene.  Shrubs  or  undershrubs,  with  habit,  foliage, 
inflorescence,  and  even  the  peculiar  spathe-like  oblique  calyx  of  the 
Californian  Salvias;  but  corolla  with  no  proper  upper  lip;  its  throat 
inflated  and  horizontally  split,  the  upper  portion  of  this  either  obsolete, 


292  LABIATE. 

or  vertically  cleft  and  the  segments  divergent,  exposing  fully  the  sta- 
mens from  their  insertion  on  the  bottom  of  the  throat.  Genitals  all 
long-exserted.  Stamens  2,  consisting  of  a  distinct  filament  articulated 
with  the  single  arm  of  the  connective  present,  this  on  the  same  plane 
with  the  proper  filament,  bearing  the  one  anther- cell  at  its  summit. 

1.  R.  hiimilis  (Benth.),  Greene.  Prostrate  very  leafy  woody  stems 
forming  broad  mats:  leaves  oblanceolate  to  spatulate-oblong,  obtuse, 
petiolate,  tomentose-canescent  and  finely  rugulose:  scape-like  peduncles 
erect,  a  foot  high  more  or  less:  verticillasters  few-flowered:  arched 
calyx  with  not  very  unequal  lips,  the  upper  pungently  3-toothed, 
the  lower  deeply  2-cleft:  corolla,  stamens  and  pistil  deep  violet;  short 
tube  of  the  corolla  closed  by  hairs;  sundered  upper  part  of  throat 
cleft  into  2  lanceolate  upturned  and  divergent  segments;  deeply 
concave  and  wide-open  lower  part  showing  stamens  from  their 
insertion,  truncate  at  the  upper  end,  the  ampliate  3-lobed  and  crisped 
lower  lip  joined  to  this  by  a  broad  and  short  ligulate  claw. — Common  on 
the  mountain  sides  near  Mt.  St.  Helena,  Hood's  Peak,  etc.  April — June. 

13.  ffEPETA,  Linn.    Calyx  15-ribbed,  oblique  at  the  constricted 
throat,  unequally  5-toothed,  3  upper  teeth  longer  than  the  2  lower. 
Corolla  with  rather  long  and  slender  tube;  upper  lip  erect,  slightly  con- 
cave, emarginate,  or    2-lobed;    lower  spreading,  3-lobed.     Stamens  4; 
anther-cells  at  length  divaricate  and  confluent. — Both  species  Old  World 
garden  plants,  not  native  here. 

1.  N.  CATABIA,  L.    Perennial,    stoutish,   erect,    1—3    ft.    high,    with 
ascending  branches;  hoary  with  a  dense  short  pubescence:  leaves  triangu- 
lar-ovate, subcordate,  coarsely  serrate,  about  2  in.  long:  verticillasters 
forming  a  dense  terminal  thyrsoid  cluster:  calyx-teeth  lanceolate  subu- 
late: corolla  %  in.  long,  white,  dotted  with  lilac. — Not  rare  in   Marin, 
Sonoma  and  Solano  counties. 

2.  N.  HEDEBACEA  (L.).     Stems  slender,  procumbent,  rooting;  flowering 
branches  short,  ascending:  leaves  round-reniform,  crenate,  glabrous  or 
hispid-puberulent :  flowers  few:  calyx  ^  in.  long;  teeth  triangular-subu- 
late: corolla  %  in.  long  or  more,  blue. — Moist  banks  by  a  roadside  on  Mt. 
St.  Helena. 

14.  SCUTELLARIA,  Cortusi.    Perennial  herbs  not  aromatic,  with 
solitary  flowers  in  the  axils  of  leaves  or  bracts.    Calyx  without  teeth, 
horizontally  cleft  in  to  2  lobes,  the  upper  with  a  crest-like  projection;  the 
orifice  closed  in  fruit,  and  the  casque-like  upper  half  of  the  calyx  at 
length  falling  away  from  the  mature  fruit.     Corolla  with  elongated  and 
ventricose  throat :  upper  lip  erect,  arched  or  galeate,  the  lateral  lobes  of 
the  lower  lip  attached  to  it,  the  middle  and  lowest  lobe  of  the  corolla 
appearing  to  constitute  the  lower  lip. 


LABIATE.  293 

1.  S.  Californica,  Gray.     Slender,  8 — 20  in.  high,  puberulent:  leaves 
oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  short-petiolate,  4  in.  long:  corolla  1  in.  long,  yellow- 
ish-white.— Common  in  the  mountain  districts.     May — July. 

2.  S.  tnberosa,  Benth.     Slender,  sparsely  leafy,  2—4  in.  high,   from 
moniliform-tuberous  rootstocks;  soft-pubescent  or   villous:  leaves  ovate, 
coarsely  and  obtusely  few-toothed,   % — %   in-   long:  corolla  % — M  **«• 
long,   deep  blue:  nutlets  strongly  muricate. — Open  hills,  in    clayey  or 
stony  soil.     March — May. 

15.  BRUNELLA.,  Tourn.    Low,  perennial,  with  blue  flowers  in  a  ter- 
minal cylindraceous  head  or  spike.    Calyx  oblong,  10-nerved,  reticulate  - 
veiny,    bilabiate;    lips    flattened    and  closed  in   fruit;   upper    dilated, 
truncate,  3-toothed.  the  teeth  broad  and  short;  lower  with  2  lanceolate 
teeth.    Upper  lip  of  corolla  arched,  entire;  lower  3-lobed;  its  middle 
lobe  drooping,  rounded,  concave,  denticulate.     Filaments  2-toothed   at 
apex,  the  lower  tooth  bearing  the  anther,  the  cells  divergent. 

1.  A.  Yiilgaris  (L.).  Roughish-pubescent  or  glabrous,  6— 10  in.  high: 
leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  entire  or  toothed,  petiolate:  corolla  violet  or 
darker. — Moist  borders  of  woods,  and  cool  summits  of  hills. 

16.  MARRUBIUM,    Columna.     Bitter-aromatic  whitish-woolly  ru- 
gose-leaved perennial,  with  dense  verticillasters  of  small  white  flowers  in 
all  the  axils.    Calyx  10-nerved,  and  with  as  many  unequal  teeth,  some  or 
all  of  these  spinescent  and  the  tips  recurved.     Corolla  very  short,  white; 
upper  lip  2-lobed;  lower  3-cleft.     Stamens  4,  not  exserted:  anther-cells 
confluent. 

1.  M.  VULGABE,  L.  (HOBEHOUND).  Stem  stout,  tufted,  white-woolly, 
2  ft.  high:  very  rugose  rounded  and  crenate  leaves  only  hoary,  rhombic- 
ovoid,  1—2  in.  long,  petiolate.— Very  common  wayside  weed. 

17.  LA.MIUM,  Pliny.    Decumbent  slightly  fleshy  small  herbs,  with 
rounded  toothed  or  lobed  leaves,  and  pink  or  purple  flowers  in  the  axils. 
Calyx  funnelform,  5- toothed.     Corolla  with  rather  long  tube;  upper  lip 
vaulted,  entire  or  notched;  lower  spreading,  3-lobed,  the  lateral  lobes 
usually  reduced  to  small  teeth,  the  middle  one  emarginate.     Stamens  4; 
anther-cells  divaricate,  confluent.    Nutlets  truncate  at  summit. 

1.  L.  AMPLEXICAULE,  L.  Small  annual,  branching  at  base,  3—6  in. 
high,  sparingly  pubescent:  lower  leaves  deltoid-ovate,  petiolate;  floral 
round-reniform,  sessile  and  amplexicaul;  all  coarsely  toothed:  calyx- 
teeth  triangular-acuminate,  as  long  as  the  tube:  corolla  rose-purple, 
%  in.  long  or  more;  the  fl.  rather  few  in  the  axils.— Fields  of  Sonoma 
Co.,  Bioletti. 

18.  ST  ACHYS,  Diosc.    Ours  all  perennial,  with  upright  rather  sharply 
quadrangular  leafy  stems;  flowers  in  the  upper  axils,  or  separate  from 
the  leafy   part  of  the  stem  and  in  a  terminal  spike.     Calyx  narrow- 


294  LABIATE. 

campanulate  or  turbinate,  5— 10-nerved,  the  5  equal  teeth  often  spiny- 
pointed.  Corolla  white  or  purple;  tube  not  dilated  into  a  throat;  upper 
lip  erect,  concave,  entire  or  emarginate;  lower  spreading,  3-lobed.  Sta- 
mens 4,  under  the  upper  lip;  anthers  2-celled. 

*  Corolla-tube  little  or  not  at  all  exceeding  the  calyx. 
^-  Flowers  whitish;  herbage  soft-hairy. 

1.  S.  ajii£oi(los,  Benth.    Villous  with  white  hairs;  stems  low  and 
decumbent,  % — 1  ft.  high :  leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  crenate-toothed,  1—3  in. 
long,  often  tapering  to  the  petiole;  the  upper  sessile:  fl.  about  3  in  the 
axils  of  the  upper  ordinary  leaves,  but  more  numerous  in  those  of  the 
mere  bracts  above,  and  so  becoming  spicate:  teeth  of  the  short-campan- 
ulate  calyx  mucronate- acuminate. — In  low  moist  fields.    May  -July. 

2.  S.  albens,  Gray.     Softly  whitish-tomentose;  stems  erect  and  rather 
strict,  3 — 5  ft.  high:  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  ovate,  subcordate  at  base, 
obtuse,  crenate,  2—4  in.  long:  virgate  spike  3— 9  in.  long:  teeth  of  the 
turbinate-campanulate  calyx  triangular,  awn-pointed.— In  marshy  places 
only.    June — Sept. 

3.  S.  pycnantha,  Benth.    Green,  but  hirsute  or  villous  with  soft 
spreading  hairs;    stems  1 — 3  ft.    high:    leaves    oblong-ovate,  cordate, 
obtuse,  crenate,  2 — 4  in.  long,  all  except  the  floral  rather  long-petioled : 
fl.  in  a  distinct  bractless  (or  nearly  so)  dense  cylindraceous  terminal  spike, 
or  the  lowest  verticillasters  separated  from  the  spike:  calyx-teeth  trian- 
gular, mucronate.— Only  along  streams,  or  about  springy  places  among 
the  hills.     May — July. 

•i—  -f—  Flowers  purplish;  pubescence  coarser  and  shorter. 

4.  S.  Californica,  Benth.     Stoutish,  2—5  ft.  high,  green  and  rather 
villous,  the  lower  face  of  the   ample  ovate-oblong  subcordate  leaves 
resinous-viscid,  the  surface  not  very  rugose,  the  whole  plant  heavily 
aromatic-scented:  leaves  gradually  reduced  to  bracts  of  the  interrupted- 
spicate  inflorescence;  fl.  6— 10  in  the  whorl:  teeth  of  the  fruiting  calyx 
ovate,  mucronate-acute:    corolla-tube  somewhat  exceeding  the  calyx; 
lateral  lobes  of  the  lower  lip  reflexed.— San  Mateo  Co.  and  southward, 
on  banks  of  streams.    June. 

5.  S.  bnllata,   Benth.     More    slender,  10—18    in.  high,  the    sharp 
angles  of  the  stem  retrorsely  hispid  and  the  whole  pubescence  more 
harsh,  the  herbage  not    resiniferous  or  viscid:    leaves    oblong-ovate, 
coarsely  crenate,  strongly  bullate-rugose :  inflorescence  as  in  the  last, 
but  fl.  fewer  (about  6  to  the  whorl):  calyx-teeth  pungent:  corolla-tube 
not  exserted;  all  the  lobes  of  the  lower  lip  eventually  reflexed. — Very 
common  in  dry  soils.    March — June. 


VERBENACE^S.  295 

*  *  Corolla-tube  far  exceeding  the  calyx. 

6.  S.  Chamissonis,  Benth.  Very  stout.  3 — 10  ft.  high,  mostly  rough- 
hispid  with  retrorse  bristles,  especially  on  the  angles  of  the  stem :  leaves 
3—10  in.  long,  oblong-ovate,  subcordate,  crenate-serrate,  villous  or 
hirsute  above,  villous-tomentose  beneath,  rather  long-petioled :  calyx 
tubular-campanulate,  its  teeth  cuspidate:  corolla  rose-red,  1  in.  long,  the 
tube  exserted  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx. — Along  the  margins  of 
mountain  streams,  in  deep  shades;  of  very  rank  growth  in  Bear  Valley, 
beyond  Olema,  Marin  Co. 

OEDEB  LXXIX.     VERBENACE/E. 

Square-stemmed  opposite-leaved  plants  analogous  to  Labiatx;  but 
the  inflorescence  not  verticillastrate;  5-toothed  calyx  not  always  per- 
sistent; the  corolla  less  irregular.  Ovary  not  deeply  lobed;  when  mature 
splitting  into  2  or  4  nutlets  with  lateral  insertion,  or  covered  with  a 
pulp,  and  thus  drupaceous. 

1.  VEBBEXA.,  Pliny.  Herbs,  with  flowers  in  panicled  spikes  at 
summit  of  leafy  stem  or  branches.  Calyx  prismatic,  5-angled  and 
-toothed,  at  least  in  some  species  deciduous  at  the  maturing  of  the  fruit. 
Corolla  salverform;  limb  unequally  5-lobed.  Stamens  4,  on  the  tube  of 
the  corolla,  not  exserted.  Stigma  of  2  dissimilar  lobes.  Ovary  when 
mature  splitting  into  4  elongated  laterally  inserted  nutlets. 

1.  V.  hastata,  L.     Perennial,  erect,  3 — 6  ft.  high,  minutely  pubescent: 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  coarsely  and  incisely  serrate,  some  of 
the  lower  haslately  3-lobed:  spikes  many,  dense,  2 — 4  in.  long,  in  a  close 
terminal  panicle:  corolla  2  lines  long,  deep  blue;  limb  2  lines  wide. — 
Common  on  the  banks  of  the  lower  Sacramento.     Sept. 

2.  V.  prostrata,  B.  Br.     Stems  rigidly  erect  and  2  ft.  high,  or  more 
slender  and  ascending  or  decumbent,  seldom  or  never  prostrate:  herbage 
more  or  less  hirsute-pubescent:  leaves  extremely  variable,  obovate,  spatulate- 
obovate,  oblong  or  cuneate-oblong,  tapering  into  a  marginal  petiole, 
sharply  serrate,  deeply  incised,   or  pinnately  3— 5-cleft:  spikes  long, 
slender,   solitary  or  several,  or    not    rarely    many,  short    and    dense, 
arranged  in  a    terminal  panicle:   bracts  subulate,  not  exceeding  the 
calyx:  corolla  rather  light  blue,  2  lines  long  and  broad.— Bather  common 
in  moist  places  along  the  Bay,  and  by  streamlets  among  the  hills. 

3.  V.  bracteosa,  Michx.    Perennial,  stoutish,  rather  rough-hirsute, 
much  branched  from  the  base  and  nearly  prostrate:  leaves  cuneate- 
oblong  or  obovate,  pinnately  incised  or  cleft,  or  coarsely  toothed;  the 
lower  narrowed  into  a  short  margined  petiole,  the  uppermost  passing 
into  the  bracts  of  the  long  dense  spikes  which  are  sguarrose  with  the  rigid 
lanceolate  sparsely   hispid  foliaeeous   bracts   that  subtend  the  flowers: 
corolla  very  small  and  slender,  blue. — Lower  San  Joaquin  and  south- 
ward. 


296  URTICACEJE. 

2.  LIPPIA.,  Houston.  Ours  low  riparian  herbs,  bearing  axillary 
peduncled  and  bracted  capitate  spikes  of  small  whitish  flowers  in  char- 
acter much  like  those  of  Verbena.  Ovary  2-celled,  in  fruit  forming  2 
one-seeded  nutlets. 

1.  L.  nodi  flora,  Michx.    Erect,  from  creeping  rootstocks,  herbaceous 
throughout  and  rather  slender:  leaves  oblanceolate  or  cuneate-spatulate, 
serrate  above:   peduncles  exceeding  the  leaves. — Muddy  banks  of  the 
lower  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin. 

2.  L.  cuiieifolia  (Torr.),  Steud.    Woody  at  base  and  diffusely  branch- 
ing, the  branches  often  a  yard  long  or  more,  rather  rigid  and  coarse: 
leaves  rigid,  linear-cuneiform,  incisely  2 — 6- toothed  above  the  middle: 
peduncles  usually  shorter  than  the  leaves;  bracts  rigid,  broadly  cuneate, 
abruptly  acuminate. — River  banks,  and  low  subsaline    plains  of  the 
interior. 

DIVISION  V.     APETAL^  AMENTIFER^E. 

Apetalous;  mostly  shrubs  and  trees  with  unisexual  flowers;  the  stam- 
inate  always  (except  in  the  first  two  orders),  and  often  the  pistillate  also, 
in  aments  or  catkins. 

OEDEB  LXXX.     URTICACE>€, 

Represented  by  very  few  species  of  two  closely  allied  genera  of  herba- 
ceous plants. 

1.  URTICA,  Pliny.  Perennials;  the  quadrangular  stems  and  other 
parts  bearing  stinging  bristly  hairs.  Leaves  opposite,  stipulate,  serrate. 
Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  green,  clustered  in  arnent-like  axillary 
geminate  racemes.  Staminate  fl.  of  4  sepals,  4  stamens,  and  the  cup- 
shaped  rudiment  of  an  ovary;  pistillate  with  4  sepals,  2  outer  spreading, 
2  inner  erect,  the  latter  becoming  membranous  and  enclosing  the  ovate 
flattened  achene.  Stigma  sessile,  capitate,  tufted. 

*  Annual;  inflorescence  of  mingled  fl.  of  both  sexes. 

1.  U.  UEENS,  Ray  (1660).    Slender,  erect  or  ascending,  1—2  ft.  high, 
nearly  glabrous:  leaves  thin,  1 — 2  in.  long,  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  very 
coarsely  and  deeply  toothed;  stipules  small,  free:  flower-clusters  mainly 
pistillate:  fruiting  sepals  ovate,  hispid  on  the  margin,  usually  with  one 
lateral  bristle :  achene  1  line  long. — Very  common  in  sandy  soil  about 
San  Francisco,  flowering  all  the  year  round. 

*  *  Perennials;  inflorescence  unisexual. 

2.  U.  California,  Greene.    Stout  but  not  tall,  (2—3  ft.  high),  very 
hispid:  stipules  large,  narrowly  oblong:  leaves  broadly  or  somewhat 


PLATANACEvE.  297 

deltoidly  ovate,  acute,  cordate  at  base,  3—5  in.  long,  ascending  or  spread- 
ing on  stoutish  petioles  1 — 1^  in.  long:  sepals  broadly  ovate,  little 
exceeding  the  broadly  ovate,  minutely  punctate  achene  which  is  little 
more  than  %  line  long. — Borders  of  thickets  near  streamlets  on  the  sea- 
ward slope  of  the  Coast  Eange  in  San  Mateo  Co.,  and  no  doubt  all  the 
middle  Calif ornian  "  U.  Lyallii  "  is  this.  June,  July. 

3.  U.  holosericea,  Nutt.  Not  only  stinging-bristly,  but  also  densely 
and  finely  hoary-tomentose,  especially  on  the  leaves  beneath:  stems  very 
stout,  5—8  ft.  high:  leaves  oblong-  to  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  2—4 
in.  long,  often  subcordate  at  base;  stipules  oblong,  ^  in-  long:  inner 
sepals  ovate,  densely  hispid,  %  line  long,  about  equalling  the  broad- 
ovate  achene. — Very  common  on  banks  of  streams,  and  in  other  moist 


2.  HESPEROCMDE,  Ton-.  Very  analogous  to  Urtica  Mwia,but  gen- 
erically  separated  on  account  of  the  complete  cohesion  of  the  sepals  of  the 
pistillate  flower  into  a  membranous  compressed  oblong-ovate  sac,  with 
a  minutely  2 — 4-toothed  orifice. 

1.  H.  tenella,  Torr.  Slender,  1—2  ft.  high,  hispid  with  branching 
hairs  and  bristly:  leaves  ovate,  % — 1J£  in.  long,  short-petioled,  thin, 
obtusely  serrate:  flower-clusters  lax,  shorter  than  the  petioles:  perianth 
hispid  with  hooked  hairs,  % — %  line  long  in  fruit:  achene  thin,  minutely 
striate-tuberculate. — Shady  banks  in  Napa  and  Contra  Costa  counties 
and  southward.  April,  May. 

ORDER  LXXXI.     PLATANACE/E, 
Represented  by  one  species,  of  the  only  genus, 

1.  PLAT  ANUS,  Theophr.  Monoecious  trees,  with  exfoliating  bark, 
ample  palmately  lobed  leaves,  sheathing  deciduous  stipules,  and  flowers 
in  dense  globose  naked  heads,  without  perianth,  but  subtended  by 
clavate  truncate  minute  hairy  scales.  Filaments  very  short;  anthers 
clavate,  with  prolonged  peltate  connective.  Style  stigmatic  on  one  side, 
persistent;  ovules  1  or  2,  pendulous.  Fruit  an  obpyramidal  achene. 

1.  P.  racemosa,  Nutt.  Tree  widely  branching, often  60—80  ft.  high: 
leaves  broadly  cordate, 3 — 5-lobed,  densely  rusty- tomentose  when  young; 
lobes  acute  or  acuminate,  sometimes  toothed:  fertile  heads  2 — 7,  in  a 
moniliform  spike;  in  fruit  1  in.  in  diameter. — Along  all  large  streams. 

ORDER  LXXXII.     BETULACE>£. 

Of  Betula,  the  principal  genus  no  species  occurs  within  our  limits; 
though  Alnus,  the  only  other  genus  of  the  order,  is  with  us. 

1.  ALXUS,  Pliny  (ALDER).  Ours  monoecious  deciduous  trees,  inhab- 
iting stream  banks  or  other  wet  places  among  the  hills.  Bark  smooth. 


298  MYRICACE.E. 

Leaves  alternate,  simple,  doubly  toothed.  Aments  unisexual;  staminate 
narrow-cylindric  and  pendulous;  pistillate  oblong  or  ovoid,  erect.  Bracts 
of  staminate  ament  peltate,  including  5  bractlets  and  about  3  flowers; 
perianth  regular,  4-lobed.  Stamens  2  or  4,  opposite  the  lobes;  anther- 
cells  contiguous.  Bracts  of  pistillate  ament  fleshy,  imbricated,  including 
4  bractlets  and  2  flowers,  cuneate,  slightly  4-lobed,  in  fruit  persistent 
and  woody.  Nutlets  seed-like  and  flattened. 

1,  A.  rhombifolia,  Nutt.    Tree  30—50  ft.  high;  bark  of  branches 
dark  brown ;  leaves  ovate  to  ovate-oblong  and  obovate,  slightly  pubes- 
cent beneath,  glabrous  above,  obtuse  or  acute,  irregularly  glandular- 
denticulate:  flowering  in  midwinter,  long   before  the   appearing   of  the 
leaves:  fruiting  aments  oblong,  6—8  lines  long:  nutlets  a  line  long,  very 
broadly  obovate,  with  a  thickened  margin. — Not  common.    Some  good 
trees  formerly  stood  upon  the  site  of  the  Judson  Iron  works  near  Shell 
Mound.    Fl.  Jan. 

2.  A.  ru bra,  Bong.    Bark  of  branches  more  or  less  dotted  with 
white:  leaves  thick,  rusty-pubescent  beneath,  ovate  to  elliptic,  2 — 8  in. 
long,  acute,  coarsely  and  rather  obtusely  toothed,  the  teeth  crenate- 
toothed,  the  margin  narrowly  revolute:  flowers  appearing  in  spring  with 
the   leaves:  fruiting  aments  roundish-ovate  % — 1  in.  long:  nutlets   \% 
lines  long,  orbicular  or  obovoid,  surrounded  by  a  narrow  thin  wing- — 
Very  common.    Fl.  March,  April. 

ORDER  LXXXIII.     MYRICACExE. 

Represented  by  one  species  of  the  genus 

1.  GALE,  Tourn.  Monoecious  or  dioecious  shrubs  or  trees,  with 
alternate  often  dotted  and  fragrant  foliage.  Flowers  in  sessile  ovoid 
aments.  Perianth  none.  Stamens  several,  monadelphous  (in  ours), 
axillary  to  a  bract  of  the  ament.  Ovary  1-celled,  1-ovuled,  with  2  sessile 
filiform  stigmas.  Fruit  globular,  nut-like,  rough  on  the  surface  by  an 
uneven  deposit  of  wax. 

1.  6.  Californica  (Cham.).  Evergreen  tree,  sometimes  30—40  ft. 
high,  and  trunk  1—2  ft.  thick;  the  branches  forming  a  round  bushy  or 
broader  and  somewhat  depressed  head:  leaves  thin-coriaceous,  slightly 
tomentose  below,  oblanceolate,  2—4  in.  long,  acute,  attenuate  to  a  short 
petiole,  serrate  above  the  base:  aments  simple  or  somewhat  compound, 
androgynous,  3—5  lines  long;  the  small  broadly  ovate  obtuse  bracts 
more  or  less  lacerately  ciliate:  fr.  2  lines  in  diameter;  the  waxy  coat 
thin,  granular-roughened,  dull  purplish. — Common  in  moist  places 
among  the  hills. 


SALICACE^:.  299 

ORDER  LXXXIV.     SALICACE/E, 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  simple  stipulate  leaves,  and  dioecious 
flowers  in  terminal  aments,  each  flower  subtended  by  a  membranous 
bract,  with  no  perianth.  Stamens  from  two  to  several,  central,  or  scat- 
tered on  a  glandular  disk.  Ovary  1-celled,  bearing  2  subsessile  stigmas. 
Fruit  a  2-valved  capsule,  with  many  minute  comose  seeds. 

1.  SALIX,  Varro  ( WILLOW).  Branches  terete.  Buds  covered  by  a 
single  calyptriform  scale.  Bracts  of  the  aments  entire.  Stigmas  short. 
Ovary  and  capsule  mostly  slender-conical. 

*  Aments  terminating  leafy  branchlels  late  in  spring;  stamens 
3 — 5;  scales  of  fruiting  ament  deciduous. 

1.  S.  nigra,  Marsh.    Small  tree  with  rounded  head;  trunk  slender, 
with  rough  dark  bark;  branches  brittle  at  base:  leaves  linear-lanceolate, 
slenderly  acuminate  from  near  the  base,  sometimes  falcate,  4 — 6  in.  long, 
closely  serrate,  green  and  glabrous  on  both  sides,  the  midvein  prominent; 
stipules  semicordate  or  0:  fertile  aments  becoming  loose,  scales  slightly 
toothed  or  entire,  villous  with  crisp  hairs:  capsules  glabrous,  ovate-conical, 
brownish;  styles  very  short:  stigma  notched. — The  common  river  bank 
willow  of  the  lower  San  Joaquin. 

2.  S.  Isevigata,   Bebb.    Taller  and  more  shapely  tree,  with  more 
elongated  and  symmetrical  head:  leaves  larger,  broader,  lanceolate  or 
oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  3—7  in.  long,  % — 1%  in.  wide, 
dark  green  glabrous  and  glossy  above,  paler  beneath,  minutely  serrulate; 
petioles  downy-pubescent;  stipules  semicordate  or  0:  aments  rather  dense, 
2—4  in.  long,  somewhat  flexuous;  scales  pallid,  villous,  dentate;  in  the 
staminate  ament  roundish-obovate,  cucullate,  in  the  pistillate  narrower, 
truncate,  with  2—4  teeth  at  apex;  capsule  conical  from  a  thick  base, 
acute,  glabrous;  style  short  or  obsolete;  stigmas  emarginate.— Margins 
of  mountain  streams. 

3.  S.  lasiandra,  Benth.    Shrub,  or  small  tree  with  broad  spreading 
head;  branches  yellow:  leaves  lanceolate,  acute  at  base,  the  apex  very 
slenderly  acuminate,  sharply  and  closely  serrulate;  pale  beneath:  petioles 
glandular  at  the  upper  end;   stipules  broadly  semilunate,   glandular- 
serrate:  scales  of  cylindric  staminate  ament  thin,  yellowish,  more  or  less 
toothed:  stamens  5  or  more:  capsules   lanceolate;  stigmas  bifid. — Low 
valleys  and  plains,  in  moist  places. 

*  *  Stamens  2,  or  1  only. 

4.  S.  longifolia,  Muhl.    River-bank  shrub,  with  slender  stem  and 
branches:  leaves  linear  to  lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  sessile  or  nearly 
so,  usually  2—3  in.  long,  remotely  mucronate-dentate  or  entire,  seldom 
nearly  glabrous,  more  commonly  from  hoary  to  almost  white  with  silky 


300  SALICACEJl. 

tomenlum:  aments  on  lateral  leaf y  branches,  and  some  terminal,  often  sev- 
eral together  on  a  vigorous  shoot,  linear-cylindric;  scales  yellowish- 
villous,  toothed,  deciduous:  stamens  2:  capsules  oblong-conic,  obtuse, 
usually  tomentose. — Common,  but  chiefly  at  some  distance  from  the  Bay. 

5.  S.  lasiolepis,  Benth.      Tree  sometimes  30  or  40  ft.   high,   with 
smooth  grayish  trunk  and  broad  rounded  head:  leaves  oblanceolate  or 
oblong-lanceolate,  3—5  in.  long,  obliquely  acute  or  acuminate,  more  or 
less  strongly  pubescent  when  young;  or  even  in  age,  coriaceous,  une- 
qually serrate,  glaucous  and  somewhat  ferruginous  beneath;  stipules 
mostly  none:   aments  subsessile,  appearing  long  before  the  leaves,  cylin- 
dric,    dense;    scales    rounded,   blackish,    densely  white-silky,  persistent: 
stamens  thrice  as  long  as  the  scale:  filaments  slightly  united  at  base: 
capsules  dark  green,  glabrous,  acute. — The  most  abundant  of  willows,  in 
the  Bay  region;  found  along  all  streams,  and  in  all  springy  places. 

6.  S.  Bigelovii,  Torr.    Only  a  low  tufted  shrub,  seldom  8  or  10  ft. 
high;  branches  very  stout,  pubescent:  leaves  obovate,  or  cuneate-oblong, 
obtuse,  entire,  silky-pubescent  beneath:  aments  on  short  villous  some- 
what   leafy  peduncles,    short  and  dense:    ovary  ovate,   pedicellate. — 
Apparently  confined  to  moist  depressions  among  the  sand  hills  near  San 
Francisco;  early -flowering  like  the  last;  in  our  opinion  distinct  from  it. 

7.  S.  Sitchensis,  Sanson.       Shrub  6—15  ft.  high,  with  straggling 
rather  slender  recurving  branches:  these  pubescent  when  young,  sometimes 
glaucous:  leaves  oblong-obovate  to  oblanceolate,  acute,  or  the  earliest 
obtuse  and  cuspidate-pointed,  the  base  narrowed  to  a  short  petiole,  lus- 
trous-white and  satiny-tomentose  beneath,  margin  entire  or  obsoletely 
crenulate:    aments    erect,  slender,  dense:    scales    yellowish  or  tawny, 
sparsely  villous:  stamen  solitary:  capsule  ovate-conic,  acute,  tomentose. 
— Banks  of  streams  among  the  higher  hills. 

2.  POPULUS,  Pliny  (POPLAR).  Trees  with  branchlets  somewhat 
angular.  Buds  with  several  and  imbricated  scales.  Bracts  of  the  aments 
lacerately  toothed  or  fringed.  Stamens  few  or  many,  inserted  on  an 
obliquely  truncate  disk;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  purple.  Capsule 
ovate-oblong  to  globose,  2 — 4-valved. 

1.  P.  trichocarpa,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Tree  of  somewhat  conical  outline, 
30 — 50  ft.  high:  buds  shining  and  viscid:  leaves  broadly  ovate  to  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  2 — 4  in.  long,  crenate,  finely  puberulent  when 
young,  in  maturity  pale  beneath;  petioles  terete,  1 — 2  in.  long:  staminate 
aments  dense,  2  in.  long;  bracts  slightly  villous :  rachis  pubescent:  disk 
broad,  slightly  pubescent;  filaments  as  long  as  the  anthers:  pistillate 
aments  2  in.  long  (becoming  6  in.);  rachis  pubescent;  bracts  and  dilated 
disk  nearly  glabrous;  ovary  densely  pubescent;  styles  3,  broadly  dilated 
and  lobed:  capsules  almost  sessile,  subglobose,  pubescent,  3-valved,  ^4  in, 
thick:  seed  light-colored. — Along  the  larger  mountain  streams. 


JUGLANDE^.  301 

2.  P.  Fremoiiti,  Wats.  Large  tree  with  broad  rounded  or  depressed 
head,  gray,  cracked  bark,  and  subterete  branchlets:  leaves  deltoid- ovate, 
sinuate-crenate;  petioles  flattened,  and,  with  the  branchlets  and  leaf- 
margins,  often  pubescent  when  young:  bracts  and  rachis  of  aments 
glabrous:  fruiting  aments  3—4  in.  long:  capsules  ovate,  3 — 4  lines  long, 
on  stout  pedicels  1 — 2  lines  long;  disk  %  in.  broad:  valves  of  capsule  3: 
seeds  white. — Valleys  among  the  coast  ranges,  and  also  on  plains  of  the 
interior. 

ORDER  LXXXV.    JUGLANDE/C. 

Represented  by  a  single  species  of  the  genus 

1.  JUGLANS,  Pliny  (WALNUT  TREE).  Trees  with  hard  wood,  and 
alternate  exstipulate  unequally  pinnate  somewhat  resinous-aromatic 
leaves.  Staminate  flowers  in  long  aments,  12 — 40  stamens  to  each  of  the 
3-lobed  green  perianths;  pistillate  solitary,  or  few  and  spicate,  their 
calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary,  4-toothed  and  bearing  4  small  petals.  Pistil 
1;  style  short;  stigmas  2,  linear  or  clavate,  fringed.  Pericarp  large, 
fleshy,  indehiscent,  enclosing  a  rugose  nut.  Seed  without  albumen; 
cotyledons  fleshy,  2-lobed,  rugose. 

1.  J.  Californica,  Wats.  Tree  40—60  ft.  high;  trunk  2— 4  ft.  thick: 
leaflets  5—8  pairs,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  2 — 2%  in.  long:  aments 
loose,  4—8  in.  long:  fruit  globose,  little  compressed,  1  in.  thick:  nut 
shallow-sulcate. — Frequent  along  streams,  chiefly  back  from  the  seaboard. 

OBDEK  LXXXVI.     CUPULIFER/E. 

Monoecious  trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  simple  pinnate-veined 
leaves,  caducous  stipules,  and  staminate  flowers  in  cylindrical  usually 
pendulous  aments.  Individual  staminate  fl.  with  a  lobed  or  cleft 
perianth.  Pistillate  sessile  in  a  cup-like  involucre  ( 1 — 5-flowered)  covered 
with  bract-like  or  spinescent  appendages;  perianth  6-lobed,  adherent  to 
the  2— 6-celled  and  4 — 12-ovuled  ovary,  this  becoming  a  1-celled  1-seeded 
nut  inserted  in  or  enclosed  within  an  involucre.  Seed  without  albumen; 
cotyledons  large,  fleshy. 

1.  QUEBCUS,  Pliny  (OAK).  Staminate  flowers  in  slender  usually 
pendulous  aments;  calyx  4— 8-lobed  or -parted;  stamens  3 — 10;  anthers 
2-celled.  Pistillate  flowers  single  or  in  clusters;  ovary  3-celled,  6-ovuled, 
bearing  3  styles  or  sessile  stigmas,  and  enclosed  by  a  scaly  bud-like 
involucre  which  enlarges  into  a  cup  around  the  base  of  the  rounded  or 
elongated  nut  (acorn),  the  5  undeveloped  ovules  remaining  as  rudiments 
at  base  or  summit  of  the  perfect  seed. 


302  CUPULIFEB^. 

*  Stigmas   nearly   or  quite  sessile;    bark  usually  light-colored;    wood 
nearly  white;  foliage  of  a  dull  or  pale  green. — WHITE  OAKS. 

-)—  Acorns  ripening  the  first  year;  leaves  deciduous. 

1.  Q.  lobata,  Nee.    Stately  tree,  with  slender,  often  long  and  pendu- 
lous branches:  leaves  oblong  or  obovate,  2^—5  in.  long,  deeply  lobed  or 
pinnatifid:  acorns  subsessile;  nut  long-conical,  l%—2%  »»•  long,  usually 
pointed;    cup   deep-hemispherical,   strongly    taberculate. — Plains   of    the 
interior  chiefly,  but  plentiful  and  of  fine  development  in  Napa  Valley  as 
well  as  elsewhere  in  valleys  of  the  Coast  Eange. 

2.  Q.     Garryana,  Dougl.    Not  as  large  as  the  last;  branches  not 
drooping,  but  branchlets  rigid,  tomentose  or  pubescent:  leaves  more 
coarsely  lobed;  lobes  broad,  obtuse;  acorns  sessile  or  short-peduncled; 
nut  oval,  often  ventricose,  1% — ^%.  in.  long;  cup  small  and  shallow,  with 
small  lanceolate  slightly  pubescent  scales. — A  tree  of  the  hilly  districts 
from  Marin  Co.  northward. 

3.  Q.  Donglasii,  Hook.  &  Arn.    Middle-sized  tree,  or  larger,  with 
rounded,  or  in  age  depressed  head;  branches  and  branchlets  numerous; 
bark  of  trunk  very  light-colored:  leaves  small  (2—3  in.   long),  oblong, 
sinuate  or  with  shallow  lobes,   bluish-green  above,  pubescent   beneath: 
acorn  sessile  or  short-peduncled;  nut  elongated-oblong,  % — 1)4  in-  loug* 
mostly  acutish;  cup  hemispherical,  with  ovate-lanceolate  flat  or  some- 
times tubercled  scales — Mostly  inhabiting  the  first  and  rather  dry  foot- 
hills of  the  inner  ranges. 

•f—  -t—  Acorns  ripening  the  first  year;  leaves  persistent. 

4:.  Q.  dumosa,  Nutt.  Shrub  4—8  ft.  high,  the  slender  branches 
tomentose  when  young:  leaves  coriaceous,  1  in.  long  or  more,  oblong, 
obtuse,  often  acutish  at  base,  sinuate  or  sinuate-toothed,  on  young  shoots 
spinose-toothed,  dark  green  above,  pubescent  beneath:  acorns  sessile, 
variable  in  size;  nut  oval,  1  in.  long  more  or  less;  cup  deep-hemispher- 
ical, 5—10  lines  wide,  usually  strongly  tuberculate,  occasionally  with  flat 
scales.  Var.  bnllata,  Engelm.  Leaves  more  rounded,  convex  above, 
usually  hoary-tomentose  on  both  sides. — A  southern  species,  properly, 
but  reaching  our  borders  in  San  Mateo  Co.,  and  even  southern  Alameda; 
also  recurring  as  far  north  as  Lake  Co.,  both  type  and  variety. 

-)—  •*-  H—  Acorns  biennial;  trees  evergreen. 

5.  Q.  chrysolepis,  Liebm.  Varying  from  the  size  of  our  largest 
oaks,  to  mere  shrub  of  a  few  feet  high :  leaves  oblong,  acute  or  cuspidate, 
obtuse  or  subcordate  at  base,  usually  entire  on  old  trees,  sharply 
spinose-dentate  on  more  vigorous  young  trees  or  shoots,  very  pale  and 
glaucous  above,  fulvous-lomentose  beneath  when  young,  in  age  glabrate: 
acorns  extremely  variable  in  size:  nut  oval,  obtuse,  ^ — \%  in.  long; 
cup  hemispherical,  with  scales  almost  hidden  by  fulvous  tomentum,  and 


CUPULIFER^:.  303 

}*j— 1  in.  wide. — Scarcely  other  than  small  trees,  or  mere  shrubs,  of  this 
species  within  our  limits;  but  such  forms  common  on  the  higher 
mountains,  like  Diablo  and  Tamalpais. 

*  *  Stigmas  on  long  styles;    bark  dark-colored',  wood  reddish', 
foliage  bright  green. — BLACK  OAKS. 

6.  Q.  agrifolia,  Nee.    Large  tree,  in  our  district  mostly  of  low  stature 
and  widely  spreading,  the  trunks  or  main  branches  often  several  from 
near  the  ground  and  ascending;  tree  not  properly  evergreen,  but  foliage 
persisting  for  a  year:  leaves  oval  to  oblong  or  obovoid,  2 — 3  in.  long, 
sinuately  spinose-dentate,  somewhat  stellate-pubescent  when  young,  in 
maturity  mostly  convex  above,  pale  and  glabrous  beneath:  acorns  annual 
sessile  or  nearly  so;  nut  rather  narrow  and  tapering,  1 — 1^  in.  long, 
3 — 4  lines  thick;  cup  turbinate,  rather  deep,  with  lanceolate  imbricated 
slightly  pubescent  brown  scales. — Common  along  streams,  and  in  more 
open  ground;  at  San  Francisco  only  a  large  arborescent  shrub. 

7.  Q.  Wislizeni,  A.  DO.    Eesembling  the  last,  but  evergreen;  leaves 
more  coriaceous  and  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  commonly  acute 
and  less  sinuately  spinose-dentate:  acorns  biennial:  cup  turbinate,  very 
deep;  nut  much  as  in  the  last  — Less  frequent  in  our  district;  but  small 
forms  common  on  the  higher  hills  and  mountains. 

8.  Q.  Morehus,  Kell.     Small  tree  (20—40  ft.),  straight  and  symmet- 
rical, or  more  lax  and  straggling:  leaves  subpersistent  and  rather  coria- 
ceous, oblong-lanceolate,  3—4  in.  long,  acutish  at  base  and  long-pe  Holed, 
the  margin  coarsely  sinuate-toothed  and  teeth  subulate  from  a  broad 
base:  acorns  biennial,  solitary,  on  peduncles  %  in.  long;  cup  hemispher- 
ical, with  glabrous  ovate  scales  ciliate  below;  nut  oblong,  obtuse,  two- 
thirds  exserted  from  the  cup. — Marin  and  Contra  Costa  counties,  and 
northward;  nowhere  plentiful;  possibly  a  hybrid  between  the  preceding 
and  the  next. 

9.  ((.  Kelloggii,  Newb.    Middle-sized  tree,  not  very  symmetrical; 
bark  of  trunk  rough,  black:  leaves  ample,  deciduous,  broadly  oval  or 
obovoid,  4—6  in.  long,  pinnately  lobed,  the  lobes  tapering  and  entire,  or 
broad  and  coarsely  toothed,   at  first  tomentose,   at  length  glabrous: 
acorns  biennial  mostly  on    peduncles    %— 1    in.    long,  often    several 
together;  cup  hemispherical,  rather  deep,  with  ovate-lanceolate  obtusish 
scales;  nut  oblong,  obtuse,  1  in.  long  or  more. — In  the  mountains  chiefly, 
or  along  their  bases  in  low  valleys. 

*  *  *  Aments  erect;  flowers  whitish;  cup  echinale. 

10.  (J.  densiflora,  Hook.  &  Arn.    Middle-sized  or  large  symmetrical 
evergreen,  with  smooth  bark  and  tomentose  branchlets:   leaves  oblong, 
acute,  2 — 6  in.  long,  coarsely  and  rather  remotely  spinulose-serrate,  with 
strong  feather-veins   running  from  the  midrib  to   each  tooth,  tomentose 


304  CORYLACE.E. 

beneath,  in  age  glabrate  above:  acorns  solitary  or  in  short-peduncled 
clusters;  cup  shallow,  covered  with  linear  or  linear-subulate  spreading 
scales  and  silky-tonientose  within;  nut  very  hard,  oval  or  oblong,  indis- 
tinctly trigonous  at  summit.— Moist  woods  of  the  Coast  Eange. 

11.  Q.  ecliinoides,  R.  Br.  Campst.  Shrub  bushy  and  low,  3—12  ft. 
high:  leaves  mostly  1 — 3  in.  long,  oblong,  obtuse,  entire  or  crenate  and 
more  or  less  revolute,  the  feather  veins  obsolete  toward  the  margin:  nut 
more  elongated  than  in  the  last;  cup  with  longer  softer  more  or  less 
tortuous  linear  appendages. — Hillsides  of  the  inner  coast  ranges,  mostly 
northward  beyond  our  limits;  but  occurring  at  the  Petrified  Forest, 
Sonoma  Co. 

2.  CASTANEA,  Brunfels.  Differing  from  the  type  of  Quercus  in  that 
the  staminate  aments  are  erect,  and  sometimes  panicled,  and  the  pistil- 
late in  involucres  situate  at  base  of  these.  Nuts  1— several,  enclosed  in 
a  pungently  prickly  at  length  dehiscent  involucre. 

1.  C.  chrysophylla,  Dougl.  Arborescent,  erect,  seldom  30  ft.  high 
with  us  (much  larger  at  the  north),  evergreen :  leaves  coriaceous,  lanceo- 
late, acuminate  or  acute,  1—4  in.  long,  densely  yellowish-scurfy  beneath : 
stout  spines  of  involucre  % — 1  in.  long  subverticillately  branching :  nut 
usually  solitary,  obtusely  trigonous,  %  in.  long. 

OBDEB  LXXXVII.     CORYLACE>E. 

Allied  to  the  preceding  order;  represented  here  by  one  species  of 

1.  CORYLUS,  Vergil.  Monoecious  shrubs,  with  alternate  simple 
leaves.  Staminate  flowers  in  pendulous  aments  appearing  before  the 
leaves.  Stamens  4  to  each  obovate  bract.  Pistillate  flowers  in  a  short 
spike,  2  flowers  to  each  bract,  with  small  bractlets  which  become  an 
involucre  to  the  subglobose  woody-shelled  smooth  nut. 

1.  C.  rostrata,  Ait.  var.  Californica,  A.  DC.  Shrub  seldom  less 
than  8  ft.,  sometimes  20  ft.  high,  slender,  with  ascending  and  at  last 
widely  spreading  branches :  leaves  broadly  ovate  or  oval,  2 — 4  in.  long, 
acute  or  abruptly  acuminate,  cordate  or  rounded  at  base,  pubescent  or 
even  hirsute:  fruiting  involucre  densely  hispid,  the  bracts  unitedly  pro- 
longed above  the  nut  into  a  short  broad  tube;  nut  %  in.  thick.— By 
streams  in  the  foothills  and  lower  mountains,  usually  in  the  shade. 


ORCHIDACEJE.  305 

SUBCLASS  II.    MONOCOTYLEDONOUS  OB  ENDOGENOUS 
PLANTS. 

Embryo  with  but  one  cotyledon.  Leaves  parallel-veined.  Flowers 
having  their  parts  mostly  in  threes. 

DIVISION  I.    CALYCES  PEEIGYN^. 

Perianth  with  tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  the  stamens  consequently 
perigynous,  or  else  (as  in  the  first  order)  gynandrous. 

ORDER  LXXXVIIL     ORCHIDACE,4E. 

Perennial  herbs,  the  roots  mostly  few  and  very  fleshy  fibrous,  or  still 
more  fleshy  and  tuberiform.  Flowers  usually  inverted  by  a  twist  in  the 
long  ovary,  the  sepals  and  2  lateral  petals  similar,  the  third  and  supe- 
rior petal  (apparently  the  lower)  unlike  the  others  and  called  the  lip. 
Stamens  coherent  with  the  style  and  with  it  forming  the  column,  with 
usually  only  the  anther  opposite  the  lower  sepal  perfect,  and  2  rudimen- 
tary lateral  ones;  anthers  2-celled;  pollen  more  or  less  coherent  in  1 — 4 
waxy  masses.  Stigma  oblique,  concave.  Capsule  dehiscing  by  3  placen- 
tiferous  valves.  Seeds  many,  minu.te,  resembling  saw-dust. 

Stem  with  ample  leaves;  flowers  few,  not  small LIMODOKUM  1 

Stem-leaves  few,  small;  fl.  many,  email,  spicate; 

Lip  undulate,  not  spurred  at  base ORCHIASTRUM  2 

"    with  a  long  spur  at  base HABENAIUA  3 

Plants  leafless  and  destitute  of  chlorphyll CORALLORHIZ  A  4 

1.  LIMODORUM,  Clusius.  Caulescent  and  leafy,  erect,  from  creeping 
rootstocks.  Flowers  few,  in  a  terminal  conspicuously  leafy-bracted 
raceme.  Perianth  spreading;  sepals  and  petals  subequal:  lip  free, 
deeply  concave  at  base,  narrowly  constricted  and  somewhat  jointed  in 
the  middle,  the  upper  part  petaloid-dilated.  Anther  1,  sessile  behind 
the  broad  truncate  stigma,  2-celled,  obtuse;  pollen-masses  becoming 
attached  above  to  the  gland  capping  the  small  rounded  beak  of  the 
stigma. 

1.  L.  giganteum  (Dougl.),  O.  Ktze.    Stoutish,  1—4  ft  high,  almost 
glabrous:  leaves  ovate  below,  lanceolate  above,  3—8  in.  long,  acute  or 
acuminate,  somewhat  scabrous  on  the  veins  beneath:  fl.  3 — 10,  greenish 
strongly  veined  with  purple,  on  short  pedicels;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate, 
6—8  lines  long,  the  upper  concave;  petals  a  little  smaller;  lip  as  long, 
the  saccate  base  with  erect  wing-like  margins,  the  dilated  summit  ovate- 
lanceolate,  entire,  somewhat  wavy-crested. — Moist  ground,  Marin  Co. 

2.  ORCHIASTRUM,   Micheli.     Stems    leafy    below,  from   fascicled 
tuberiform  roots.    Flowers  small,  in  a  1 — 3-ranked  spirally  twisted  spike. 
Lateral  sepals  somewhat  decurrent;  the  upper  and  the  petals  coherent: 


306  ORCHIDACE^J. 

lip  oblong,  the  dilated  summit  spreading  and  undulate,  usually  entire. 
Column  short,  oblique,  ending  in  a  stout  terete  stipe  bearing  the  ovate 
stigma  on  the  face. 

1.  0.  Romaiizoftianum  (Cham.).    Stout,  4—18  in.    high,  bracteate 
above:  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to  linear:  spike  dense,  3-ranked,  1 — 4 
in.  long,  conspicuously  bracteate:  perianth  white,  about  4  lines  long; 
sepals  and  petals  all  connivent;  lip  recurved,  ovate-oblong,  contracted 
below  the  wavy-crenulate  summit;  callosities  obscure. — Near  the  Presidio, 
San  Francisco,  Bolander,  and  in  Marin  Co.    Sept. 

2.  0.  porrifolinm  (Lindl.).    Much  like  the  last,  but  with  smaller 
flowers,  and  consequently  a  narrower  spike:  callosities  at  base  of  lip 
sharply  prominent  and  pointing  downward. — Marin  Co.,  Behr. 

3.  HABENARIA,   Willd.    Stems  leafy-bracted  or  leafy,  erect  simple 
and  solitary,  from  perpendicular    fleshy-fibrous    or    tuberiform    roots. 
Flowers  small,  green  or  white,  in  a  terminal  spike  or  raceme.    Sepals 
and  petals  similar,  convergent:  lip  flat,  spreading  entire  (in  ours),  with  a 
slender  long  spur  at  base  on  the  outside. 

1.  H.  elegans  (Lindl.),  Bolander.    Stem  rather  slender,  1—2  ft.  high, 
from  an  ovate  or  oblong  tuberform  root:  leaves  2,  radical,  depressed, 
oblong,  3 — 5  in.  long  and  1% — 2  in.  broad,  appearing  in  early  spring,  but 
dying  and  disappearing  before  the  flowering  period:  fl.  small,  light  green, 
in  a  slender  but  dense  long  spike;  sepals  and  petals  subequal,  2  lines  long, 
obtuse;  lip  similar,  with  filiform  spur  3 — 5  lines  long:  beak  of  stigma 
prominent,  broad  and  rounded.— Wooded  hillsides.    June,  July. 

2.  H.  inaritima,  Greene.    Eobust,  6—16  in.  high;  at  flowering  time 
destitute  of  foliage,  but  the  upper  part  of  the  stem  bearing  many  lanceo- 
late-subulate appressed  and  more  or  less  imbricated  green  bracts  %  in. 
long  or  more:  spike  1% — 3  in.   long,  1  in.   thick,  the  flowers  closely 
crowded,  white,  heavily  honey-scented:  sepals  oblong,  obtuse,  1%  lines 
long,  white,  with  a  narrow  and  delicate  deep  green  midvein;  petals  not 
quite  equalling  the  sepals,  oblong-lanceolate,  the  upper  2  plane,  deep 
green  at  base  and  well  up  the  middle,  otherwise  white;  the  lip  pure  white  even 
to  the  prominently  elevated  and  broad  midvein:  spur  slender,  longer  than 
the  ovary. — On  dry  hills  near  the  sea  at  Point  Lobos;  leaves  probably 
appearing  in  early  spring  and  soon  dying.    Fl.  Aug. — Oct. 

3.  H.  Michaeli,  Greene.    Very  robust,  8—12  in.  high,  leafless,  but  the 
cyllndric  and  apparently  very  fleshy  stem  bearing  many  triangular  or  tri- 
angular-ovate acuminate  thin  appressed  bracts:  spike  very  dense,  3  in. 
long:  fl.  greenish;  sepals  and  petals  alike,  %  in.  long;  lip  broader,  its 
spur  a  third  longer  than  the  ovary. — Open  hills,  under  oaks,  etc.,  from 
near  Livermore  southward. 

4.  CORALLORHIZA,  Holler.    Plants  without    green  herbage,  the 
solitary  scapes  from  fleshy  short  jointed  often  coralline  roots,  and  bearing 


IRIDACE.E.  307 

a  few  sheathing  bracts  in  place  of  leaves,  and  a  raceme  at  summit.  Lat- 
eral sepals  oblique  at  base,  either  decurreut  into  a  short  spur  adnate  to 
the  side  of  the  ovary,  or  forming  a  projecting  gibbosity  above  it.  Upper 
sepal  and  petals  somewhat  incurved:  lip  dilated,  usually  somewhat 
recurved,  flat  or  concave,  with  a  pair  of  longitudinal  ridges  near  the 
base.  Column  bearing  the  caducous  anther  at  summit.  Pollen  masses 
in  2  distinct  pairs,  sessile  on  a  short  oblong  gland. 

1.  C.  multiftora,  Nutt.    Scape  1 — 2  ft.  high:  sepals  and  petals  4 — 5 
lines,  buff,  with  reddish  or  purplish  markings;  spur  a  line  long  or  more 
but  quite  adnate  to  the  ovary;  lip  broadly  ovate,  subsessile,  3-lobed  by  a 
deep  cleft  on  each  side,  the  middle  lobe  rounded  or  emarginate,  the  lat- 
eral ones  narrow  and  acutish,  ridges  of  the  body  of  the  lip  rather  promi- 
nent: column  stout,  two- thirds  the  length  of  the  petals. — Woods  of  the 
mountain  ranges  near  the  coast. 

2.  C.  Bigelovii,  Wats.     Flowers  fewer  and  smaller,  altogether  red- 
purple  and  pure  white :  lateral  sepals  oblique  and,  with  the  base  of  the 
column,  strongly  gibbous  over  the  ovary:  lip  deeply  concave,  broad  and 
somewhat  auriculate,  elliptical;    spur  none:   column  slender,  broadly 
margined  below. — More  frequent  than  the  last,  and  on  both  sides  of  the 
Bay;  the  flowers  rather  inconspicuous. 

OEDEB  LXXXIX.     I  R  I  D  A  C  E  >£  . 

Stems  in  our  species  from  creeping  stout  rootstocks,  or  a  tuft  of  fibrous 
roots.  Leaves  2-ranked,  ensiform,  sheathing.  Flowers  large,  few  or 
solitary,  spathaceous-bracteate,  regular,  triandrous.  Petal-like  divisions 
of  the  superior  perianth  6,  in  2  series,  convolute  in  bud.  Stamens  on 
the  base  of  the  outer  series,  or  sepals;  their  anthers  extrorse.  'Ovary 
3-lobed,  becoming  a  3-celled  capsule. 

1.  IRIS,  Theophr.  Stems  from  thick  rootstocks,  stout,  terete. 
Flowers  in  the  axils  of  spathaceous  bracts  along  the  flexuous  upper  part 
of  the  stem.  Perianth-tube  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary;  outer  segments 
obovate  above  the  claw,  spreading  or  recurved;  inner  narrower,  erect, 
at  apex  connivent.  Stamens  with  linear  anthers  lying  close  beneath 
spreading  or  somewhat  recurved  large  petaloid  branches  of  the  style. 
Capsule  elongated,  trigonous.  Seeds  flattened  or  turgid,  horizontal,  in 
2  rows  in  each  cell. 

1.  I.  macrosiphon,  Torr.  Stem  low  and  very  slender,  much  shorter 
than  the  leaves  (these  6—15  in.  long),  somewhat  flattened:  leaves  narrow, 
acuminate:  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  2^— 4  in.  long;  fl. 
1  or  2,  short-pedicellate,  with  filiform  lube  1—3  in.  long,  dark  violet- 
purple:  sepals  1% — 2  in.  long:  capsule  oblong-ovoid,  abruptly  acute  at 
each  end,  1  in.  long:  seeds  flattened  and  angular. — Open  hills  about  San 
Francisco,  and  elsewhere  near  the  sea.  March,  April. 


308  LI 

2.  I.  Douglasiana,  Herbert.    Stouter  and  taller  than  the  last,  yz—\yz 
ft.  high:  bracts  broader,  less  acuminate:  fl.  2  or  3,  larger  and  on  longer 
pedicels:   perianth-lube  only   % — 1  *n-   long:    capsule    oblong,   acutely 
triangular,  1%  in.  long:  seeds  almost  globular.— Habitat  of  the  preceding. 
April,  May. 

3.  I.  longipetala,  Herbert.    Stout,  1—2^  ft.  high;  leaves  about  as 
high:  bracts  large,  acuminate,  3— "4  in.  long:  flowers  3—5,  pale  blue,  on 
stout  pedicels  1—2  in.  long;  tube  funnelform,  %  in.  long;  sepals  2^—3  in. 
long;  petals  somewhat  shorter,  oblanceolate:  capsule  oblong,  narrowed 
at  each  end,  2  in.  long:  seeds  flattened. — Very  plentiful  on  moist  slopes 
of  hills  on  the  southern  outskirts  of  San  Francisco.     May,  June. 

2.  BERMUDIANA,  Tourn.  Stems  and  foliage  from  a  tuft  of  coarse- 
fibrous  perennial  roots.  Leaves  narrow  and  grass-like.  Stems  flat. 
Flowers  clustered  within  a  pair  of  ensiform  bracts,  fugacious.  Perianth 
6-parted;  segments  only  slightly  differing  in  breadth,  but  of  equal 
length,  usually  cuspidate,  spreading.  Stamens  monadelphous;  anthers 
oblong.  Style  short;  stigmas  filiform,  involute.  Capsule  subglobose. 
Seeds  several,  nearly  spherical. 

1.  B.  bella  (Wats.).    Stems  1 — 1J£  ft.  high,  glabrous  or  with  scabrous 
margins,  with  1 — 3  floriferous  nodes  at  the  summit:  peduncles  usually  2 
at  each  node;  spathes  of  2  nearly  equal  bracts,  scabrous  on  the  keel, 4 — 7- 
flowered:  perianth  deep  blue-purple  with  yellow  base,  expanding  %  in.  or 
more:  stamens  monadelphous  to  near  the  summit;   anthers  very  small: 
capsule  round-obovoid,  %  in.  high:  seeds  %  line  thick,  obscurely  pitted. 
—Abundant  on  moist  slopes.     March — June. 

2,  B.  Californica  (Ker).      Scape  broadly  winged,  6—15  in.  high,  sur- 
passing the  broad  glaucescent  leaves:  perianths  3 — 7  to  the  spathe,  clear 
yellow,  %  in.  broad  '.filaments  united  at  base  only]  anthers  linear-sagittate. 
—Boggy  places  on  the   San  Francisco    peninsula.    Herbage  turning 
black  in  drying,  and  staining  paper  dark  purple. 

DIVISION  II.    CALYCE^E  HYPOGYN^E. 

Ovary  superior;  the  stamens  inserted  at  its  base,  either  as  distinct 
from  the  perianth,  or  as  adherent  to  its  tube. 

ORDEB  XC.    L  I  L  I  A  C  E  >£  . 

Ours  all  herbaceous  plants;  the  stems  usually  from  bulbs  or  corms  or 
more  or  less  fleshy  rhizomes.  Perianth  regular,  corolla-like,  of  6  distinct 
or  more  or  less  united  parts.  Stamens  opposite  the  segments,  with 
2-celled  anthers  (or  confluently  1-celled).  Ovary  superior,  3-celled, 
becoming  a  capsular,  or  rarely  a  baccate  fruit. 


LILIACE^.  309 

*  Flowers  more  or  less  distinctly  racemose. 

Stem  leafy  above;  a  scaly  bulb  at  its  base; 

Bulb-scales  flattened;  fl.  with  no  nectaries LILIUM  1 

"         "     thick;  fl.  often  with  nectariferous  glands FRITILLARIA  2 

Stem  leafy  at  base  only;  bulb  tunicated; 

Flowers  blue,  in  a  simple  raceme , CAMASSIA  5 

•'      white,  in  a  panicle  of  racemes CHLOROGALUM  6 

"      white,  with  green  markings;  racemes  mostly  simple . .  ZYQADENUS  9 
Stem  leafy;  no  bulb  or  corm  at  base; 

Leaves  many,  very  narrow,  coriaceous XEROPHYLLUM  10 

"       not  few,  broad,  thin;  raceme  short  simple  or  com- 
pound  VAGNERA  11 

"      1—3  only;  fl.  dimerous. UNIFOLIUM  12 

*  *  Flowers  not  distinctly  either  racemose  or  umbellate,  long- 
peduncled,  or  very  few,  or  solitary. 

Stem  with  2  broad  leaves  at  base  only;  all  from  a  long  bulb-like 

corm ERYTHRONIUM  3 

Stem  cymosely  or  umbellately  branching;  leaves  narrow CALOCHORTUS  4 

Leaves  and  1-flowered  scapes  from  fibrous  root  s SCOLIOPUS  7 

"       3  only,  in  a  whorl  beneath  the  solitary  flower TRILLIUM  8 

Stem  branching  and  leafy,  with  few  nodding  flowers  at  the  ends 

of  the  branches;  roots  fibrous DISPORUM  13 

Stem  few-leaved,  1  -3-floWered,  from  a  scaly-bulb; 

Bulb-scales  flattened LILIUM  1 

"      notflattened FRITILLARIA  2 

*  *  *  Inflorescence  umbellate. 

Leaves  ample;  stem  scapiform;  no  bulb  or  corm CLINTONIA  14 

Leaves  narrow,  and,  with  the  scape,  from  a  bulb  or   corm; 

umbel  spathaceous  bracted; 
Pedicels  jointed  at  base  of  the  perianth; 

Scape  tortuous  or  twining;  perianth-tube  thin,  more  or 

less  inflated DICHELOSTEMMA    15 

Scape  firmly  erect,  straight; 

Perianth  with  short  tube  and  (  perfect  stamens  3 HOOKER  A  16 

spreading  limb  '*        6 CALLIPRORA  17 

Perianth  funnelform TRITELEIA  18 

open-campanulate HESPEROSCORDUM  19 

Pedicels  not  jointed  under  the  perianth; 

Scape  and  leaves  from  a  corm;  plants  not  alliaceous  —  MUILLA  20 

Scape  and  leaves  from  a  coated  bulb;  plants  strongly 

alliaceous ALLIUM  21 

1.  LILIUM,  Pliny.  Stem  simple  from  a  scaly  bulb,  leafy.  Leaves 
narrow,  sessile,  scattered  or  whorled.  Flowers  large,  showy,  in  a  ter- 
minal raceme,  or  solitary,  or  subumbellate;  pedicels  not  jointed.  Peri- 
anth deciduous,  funnelform  or  broader,  with  6  distinct  equal  oblanceolate 
spreading  or  recurved  segments,  whitish  or  red,  often  spotted  with 
brown.  Stamens  5,  hypogynous,  included;  filaments  long;  anthers 
oblong  or  linear,  versatile.  Style  long,  clavate,  deciduous;  stigma 
3-lobed.  Capsule  coriaceous,  6-angled.  Seeds  many,  flat,  horizontal,  in 
2,  rows  in  each  of  the  3  cells. 


310  L  I  L  I  A  C  E  M  . 

1.  L.  rnbesceus,  Wats.     Bulb  slightly  oblique  and  rhizomatous,  2  in. 
thick:  broadly  lanceolate  scales   1  in.  long:  stem  1 — 7  ft.  high:  leaves 
glabrous,  glaucescent,  flat  or  undulate,  lower  scattered,  upper  in  3—7 
whorls,  oblanceolate,  acute  or   acutish,  1—4  in.  long:  pedicels   usually 
several,  1 — 3  in.  long;  fl.  nearly   white  becoming  rose-purple,  somewhat 
dotted  with  brown;  segments  1^—2  in.  long,  the  upper  third  revolute: 
ovary  wing-angled,  alternate  downward,  J£  iQ-  long.— Wooded  slopes 
from  Marin  Co.  northward. 

2.  L.  maritimnm,  Kell.     Bulb   conical,  1—1%  in.  thick,  the  scales 
closely  appressed:  stem  1—3  ft.  high,  slender:  leaves  seldom  at  all 
whorled,  linear  or  narrowly  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  1—5  in.  long:  fi.  1—5, 
long-peduncled,  horizontal,  deep    reddish   orange,   spotted  with  purple; 
segments  lanceolate,  1^  in.  long,  the  upper  third  somewhat  recurved: 
oblong  anthers  2  lines  long. — Moist  meadows  near  the  coast,  from  Marin 
Co.  northward. 

3.  L.  pardalinnm,  Kell.     Stem  (from  a  thick  branching  rhizomatous 
mass  of  oblate  scaly  bulbs)  3—7  ft.  high:  leaves  usually  in  3  or  4  whorls 
of  9 — 15,  with  some  scattered  ones  both  above  and  below  the  whorls, 
narrowly  lanceolate,  sharply  acuminate,  deep  green,  thin,  faintly  3-nerved; 
fl.  usually  very  numerous,  on  long  spreading  pedicels;  perianth-segments 
2—3  in.  long,  %—%  *'«•  wide,  strongly  revolute,  bright  orange-red,  with 
large  purple  spots  on  the  lower  half:  anthers  red,  4—5  lines  long:  capsule 
narrowly  oblong,  1%  in.  long,  angles  acutish — The  most  common  lily 
of  the  Bay  district,  occurring  in  open  marshy  places,  or  in  shady  places 
along  streams.    June,  July. 

2.  FKITILLA.RIA.,  Gesner.  Stem,  as  in  Lilium,  upright  and  leafy, 
from  a  scaly  bulb,  but  this  commonly  depressed-globose,  often  corm-like, 
the  scales  little  flattened;  flowers  usually  more  campanulate,  but  some- 
times funnelform.  Perianth-segments  deciduous,  concave,  mostly  with 
a  nectariferous  pit  near  the  base,  the  coloring  commonly  dull,  but  apt  to 
be  more  or  less  checkered  in  light  and  dark  shades.  Stamens  6,  included; 
anthers  oblong,  versatile.  Styles  slender,  united  to  the  middle  or 
throughout.  Capsule  often  acutely  6-angled,  or  even  winged. 

*  Perianth  checkered  more  or  less  distinctly  in  two  colors. 

1.  F.  coccinea,  Greene.     Stem  stoutish,  8 — 18  in.  high:  leaves  2 — 3 
in.  long,  linear-lanceolate,  mostly  4—12,  in  2  or  3  whorls  near  the  middle 
of  the  stem:  fl.  mostly  few  (1 — 4),  1  in.  long;  segments  not  recurved  at 
tip,  spreading  to  the  degree  of  the  campanulate-funnelfonn,  yellow  and 
scarlet,  not  indistinctly  checkered:  styles  distinct  above;  stigmas  linear: 
capsule  rather  obtusely  angled.— Wooded  mountains  of  Sonoma  and 
Napa  counties.    May. 

2.  F.  mutica,  Lindl.    Bulb  broad  and  flat,  above  thickly  beset  with 
tuber-like  scales:  stem  1^—3  ft.  high,  mostly  6— 12-flowered.  deep  green 


LILIACE.E.  311 

and  glaucescent:  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  in  3 — 7  whorls:  perianth  cam- 
panulate, checkered  with  green  and  dark  brown;  segments  oblong-lanceo- 
late, strongly  arched,  with  large  oblong  nectary  and  more  or  less  strongly 
crisped  or  crenulate-undulate  margin:  styles  distinct  above:  capsule  1 
in.  long,  broadly  winged.  March,  April. 

*  *  Perianth  not  checkered. 

3.  F.  Mflora,  Lindl.    Bulb  of  few  and  thick  fleshy  ovate  scales:  stem 
stout,  6 — 18  in.  high,  1 — 3-flowered:  leaves  2 — 6,  mostly  near  the  base  of 
the  stem,  scattered  or  somewhat  whorled,  oblong-lanceolate  to  linear, 
2 — 4  in.  long:  perianth  campanulate,  of  a  very  dark  lurid  purple:  style 
stout,  parted  into  three  above:  capsule  % — %  in.  long,  6-angled.     Var. 
agrestis.     Taller,  commonly  3— 7-flowered:  perianth  wholly  of  a  light 
yellowish  green. — Type  common  on  stony  hills  near  the  sea.     The  variety 
is  of  rich  fields  in  the  Livermore  Valley  and  eastward.     March. 

4.  F.  pluriflora,  Torr.     Bulb  as  in  the  last;  and  plant  every  way 
like  the  variety  agreslis  except  that  the  perianth  is  narrowed  at  base  so  as 
to  be  funnelform- campanulate,  or  turbinate-campanulate,  and  the  whole 
of  a  reddish  purple;  nectary  obscure:  stigma  shortly  3-lobed:  stamens 
unequal. — Along  the  eastern  bases  of  the  inner  coast  ranges,  in  Solano, 
and  apparently  in  Contra  Costa. 

5.  F.  liliacea,  Lindl.    Bulb  as  in  the  last  two,  or  the  scales  fewer 
and  larger:  stem  low:  leaves  few,  those  nearest  the  base  often  approx- 
imate, or  even  verticillate :    segments  of  the  1 — 3    whitish  perianths 
broadly  oblanceolate,  without  nectary,  the  whole  perianth  tapering  to  the 
base:  anthers  oblong,  mucronate:  capsule  atipitate,  %  in.  long  and  broad, 
truncate  at  both  ends.— Open  grassy  hills  near  the  sea,  or  in  the  Coast 
Range.     April. 

3.  ERYTHROMUM,  Linn.  Stem  low,  simple,  1— several-flowered, 
from  an  elongated  bulb  like  corm.  Leaves  2,  broad,  thin,  radical. 
Perianth  broad-funnelform,  with  segments  mostly  recurved,  deciduous. 
Stamens  6;  filaments  slender;  anthers  basifixed.  Capsule  membrana- 
ceous,  obtusely  triangular,  loculicidally  3-valved.  Seeds  oblong-obovate, 
ascending  in  2  rows  in  each  cell;  brown  rugulose  testa  loose  at  apex. 

1.  E.  gigaiitemii,  Lindl.    Leaves  6  —10  in.  long,  narrowed  to  a  short 
margined  petiole :  scape  10—15  in.  high,  1— G-flowered:  perianth  cream- 
color  tinged  with  pink,  yellow  at  base;  segments  broadly  lanceolate,  1 — 
1%  in.  long,  recurved:  capsule  oblong-obovate,  7 — 9  lines  long,  very 
obtuse  or  retuse  at  summit. — In  woods   on  northward  slopes  of  the 
higher  mountains  of  Sonoma  Co.,  etc. 

2.  E.  Hiirtwegi,  Wats.     Smaller;  leaves  not  rarely  3:  perianths  1 — 3, 
pale    yellow,   with  orange   base,   the  segments   1—2  in.  long,    scarcely 
recurved.- -Near  Healdsburg,  Sonoma  Co.,  and  northward. 


312  LILIACE.E. 

4.  CALOCHORTUS,  Parsh.  Stem  branching,  from  a  membranous- 
coated  corm  (or  this  rarely  fibrous-coated).  Leaves  few,  linear-lanceolate, 
the  radical  1  or  2  much  larger  than  those  of  the  flexuous  stem.  Perianth 
deciduous,  of  6  more  or  less  concave  segments;  the  3  outer  small,  com- 
paratively colorless  and  therefore  true  sepals.  Petals  broadly  cuneate- 
obovate,  usually  with  a  glandular  pit  near  the  base,  this  apt  to  be  hidden 
by  long  hairs.  Stamens  6;  anthers  erect,  basifixed.  Ovary  triquetrous, 
3-celled;  stigmas  sessile,  recurved.  Capsule  membranaceous,  3- angled 
or  -winged.  Seeds  oo ,  in  2  rows  in  each  cell,  flattened;  testa  thin. 

*  Flowers  nodding,  subglobose  with  concave  petals;  capsule  broad, 
obtuse,  nodding. 

1.  C.  albns,  Dougl.     Glaucous,  1 — 2  ft.  high,   almost  paniculately 
branching:  radical  leaves  1 — 2  in.  wide:  petals  pearly-white,  with  a  leaden- 
lavender  tinge  outside,  round-ovate,  1—1^  in.  long,  bearded  above  the 
gland  with  long  white  hairs;  gland  lunate,  shallow  with  4  transverse  im- 
bricated scales  fringed  with  short  hairs:  anthers  linear-oblong,  obtuse, 
mucronate:  capsule  ] — 2  in.  long,  % — 1  in.  wide.— Shady  banks  in  the 
Coast  Ranges  near  the  sea. 

2.  C.  pulchellus,  Dougl.    Half  as  tall  as  the  last,  more  branching 
and  floriferous:    radical  leaf  equalling  or  exceeding  the  stem:  sepals 
greenish -yellow,  8 — 12  lines  long,  nearly  equalling  deep  yellow  oblong- 
ovate  acutish  petals,  these  glandular-ciliate,  and  with  scattered  short 
erect  yellow  hairs;  gland  a  deep  pit,  produced  upward  and  covered   by 
stiff  appressed  yellow  hairs:  anthers  broad,  obtuse  or  acutish:  capsule 
elliptical. — Cool  summits  of  the  more  elevated  Coast  Range  hills  and 
mountains,  in  shade  of  thickets. 

*  *  Flowers  less  concave,  erect:  capsules  broad,  nodding. 

3.  C.  Maweaniis,  Leichtl.    Stem  low  (3— 10  in.  high),  3— 6-flowered: 
glaucous  leaves  surpassing  the  stem:    petals  white  to  purplish-blue, 
exceeding  the  purplish*  sepals,  broadly  obovate,  acute,  somewhat  arched 
and  pitted,  the  broad  naked  claw  with  a  transverse  semicircular  scale,  the 
rest  of  the  surface  within  covered  with  long  white  or  purplish  hairs:  anthers 
lanceolate,  acuminate:  capsule  oblong-elliptic,  acutish.— Open  hills. 

4.  C.  lilacinus,  Kell.    Stem  4— 8  in.  high:  leaves  long  and  broad:/. 
4— 10,  in  1 — 3  close  umbels  or  corymbs   on    long  flexuous  pedicels:   petals 
broad,  pale  lilac,  with  purplish  claw,  somewhat  hairy  below   the  middle; 
gland  very  shallow,  ciliale,  and  with  a  narrow  scale :  anthers  oblong, 
obtuse:  capsule  elliptic,  obtuse  at  each  end. — Open  hills, 

5.  C.  uniflorus,  Hook.  &  Arn.      Scarcely  branching,  % — 1  ft-  high,  1 
— 2-flowered:  sepals  purplish,  6 —8  lines  long;    petals  10— IS   lines,  the 
summit  broad,  denticulate,  lilac,  with  purple  base;  gland  small,  shallow, 
purple,  densely  hairy;   lower  half  of  the  petal  with  scattered  hairs: 
anthers  obtuse.— In  low  moist  lands;  plentiful  at  Calistoga. 


LILIACE^.  313 

#  *  *  Flowers  open  campanulate,  both  these  and  the  capsules  erect. 

6.  C.  luteus,  Dougl.    Leaves  all  very  narrow,  not  conspicuous:  stem 
10—18  in.  nigh,  1— 3-flowered;  sepals  about  equalling  the  petals,  narrowly 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  erect,  greenish  yellow  and  purplish,  with  a  brown 
spot   at  base:    petals   broadly  fan-shaped,   1   in.   long,  greenish  yellow, 
marked  with  brown-purple  and  slightly  hairy  in  the   middle  portion; 
gland  broad,  rounded  or  somewhat  lunate,  densely  covered  with  ascend- 
ing yellow  hairs,  and  with  some  scattered  spreading  ones  surrounding 
it:  anthers  yellow,  linear,  obtuse:  capsule  attenuate  upward,  1 — 1^  in. 
long. — Open  plains  and  hillsides.    May,  June. 

7.  C.  Yenustus,  Benth.     Habit  of  the  preceding;  foliage  the  same: 
campanulate  perianth  twice  as  large,  white  or  pale  cream-color  suffused 
with  lilac  above,  and  with  a  conspicuous  red-purple  spot  near  the  top,  a 
brownish  spot  overarched  with  yellow  in  the  centre,  and  a  brownish  base; 
gland  large,  oblong,  densely  hairy  and  surrounded  with  scattered  hairs. 
— From  Napa  Co.  southward,  in  the  inner  ranges  of  mountains. 

8.  C.  splendens,  Dougl.     Like  the  last  in  habit,  though  more  slender, 
branching,  and  with  more  numerous  flowers:  sepals  strongly  recurved: 
petals  deep  lilac-purple,  with  scattered  white  hairs  below  the  middle,  and 
a  round  densely  hairy  gland:  anthers  purple. — Hills  at  the  western  base 
of  Mt.  Diablo  near  Danville,  and  southward.    June. 

5.  CAMASSIA,    Lindl.    Scape  and    linear  carinate    leaves  from    a 
tunicated  bulb.    Flowers  in  a  simple  scarious-bracted  raceme.    Perianth 
of  6  distinct   and  similar  oblanceolate  3— 7-nerved    segments,  nearly 
rotate-spreading.     Stamens  6  on  the  base  of  the  perianth;  filaments 
filiform-subulate;  anthers  linear-oblong,  versatile.     Style  slender,  trifid. 
Capsule  thick-membranaceous,  3-lobed  and  -angled,  loculicidally  3-valved. 
Seeds  several  in  each  cell,  ovate,  more  or  less  compressed  and  angled, 
with  thin  black  shining  testa: 

1.  C.  (Juamush  (Pursh).  Scape  1—2  ft.  high:  raceme  loosely  10 — 20- 
flowered;  pedicels  % — 1  iQ-  long, shorter  than  the  narrow  bracts:  fl.  dark 
blue  to  very  pale,  7—15  lines  long. — Point  Reyes,  Bigelow. 

6.  CHLOROGALUM,  Kunth.    Tuft  of  radical  linear  carinate  leaves 
and  paniculately  branching  stem  from  a  fibrous-coated  bulb.    Branches 
of  panicle  loosely  racemose.     Perianth  white,  or  with  a  purplish  tinge, 
persistent,  remaining  twisted  over  the  growing  and  mature  ovary.    Peri- 
anth-segments distinct,  ligulate.    Stamens  6,  adnate  to  base  of  segments; 
anthers  versatile.    Ovary  subglobose;  ovules  2  in  each  cell ;  style  filiform 
slightly  3- cleft.     Capsule  broadly  turbinate,  3-lobed,  loculicidal.     Seeds 
obovate,  with  close  thin  somewhat  rugose  testa. 

1.  C.  pomeridiaiium  (Ker),  Kunth.  Bulb  large,  long,  densely  and 
coarsely  fibrous-coated:  stem  and  spreading  panicle  2 — 5  ft.  high:  leaves 


314  LILIACEJE. 

/^~ l/^  ft.  long,  strongly  undulate:  perianth  rotate,  its  segments  8—10 
lines  long,  white,  with  purple  veins. — Common  on  rocky  banks  and  hills; 
flowers  vespertine,  opening  in  the  middle  of  the  afternoon.  June,  July. 

7.  SCOLIOPUS,    Torr.    Nearly  stemless    glabrous    perennials,  the 
fascicle  of  coarse-fibrous  roots  bearing,  on  a  short  subterranean  erect 
stem,  a  pair  of  ample  oblong  leaves  and  the  nearly  obsolete  peduncle  of 
an  umbel,  the  elongated  and  sharply  angled  pedicels  of  which,  resem- 
bling 1-flowered  scapes,  alone  appear  above  ground.    Perianth  of  3 
ovate-lanceolate    spreading  sepals  and  as    many  linear  erect    petals. 
Stamens  3,  opposite  the  sepals;  filaments  short,  cylindric,  with  a  bulbous- 
dilated  base;  anthers  oblong,  extrorse,  attached  above  the  base.    Ovary 
triquetrous;   style    very    deeply    3-parted,  the  branches  linear,   stout, 
widely  spreading  and  with  a  downward  curvature,  stigmatic  only  at  the 
rounded  apex,  this  held  near  the  open  anther  by  the  curve  in  the  style- 
branch.    Capsule  thin,  bursting  irregularly.     Seeds  numerous,  oblong, 
slightly  curved,  sulcate-striate. 

1.  S.  Bigelovii,  Torr.  Leaves  4 — 15  in.  long,  mottled  or  without 
dark  spots,  acute  or  obtusish:  pedicels  3-15,  slender,  3—8  in.  long, 
sharply  3— 4-angled,  in  age  reclining  and  strongly  tortuous  or  somewhat 
coiled:  sepals  spreading  at  base,  bent  downward  abruptly  from  about 
the  middle,  the  ground-color  green,  but  this  obscured  by  many  dark-red 
striae:  petals  as  long,  strongly  revoluteand  nearly  erect. — Mt.  Tamalpais, 
in  low  woods;  flowers  very  fetid.  Jan.— March. 

8.  TRILLIUM,  Miller.    Perennials,  with  short  fleshy  rootstocks  and 
fibrous  roots.    Solitary    erect    stems    scariously  sheathed  at  base,  at 
summit  bearing  a  whorl  of  3  ample  rhombic-ovate  subsessile  netted- 
veined  leaves  and  a  solitary  6-merous    flower.     Sepals   3,  lanceolate, 
green-herbaceous,    persistent.     Petals    3,   white    or    purplish    to  dark 
maroon,  exceeding  the  sepals,  persistent.     Stamens  6,  on  the  base  of  the 
perianth;  filaments  short,  stout;  anthers  long,  basifixed.     Ovary  sessile; 
styles  none;    stigmas    linear    or  subulate,  recurved.    Fruit    an  ovate 
angular  fleshy  capsule  1 — 3-celled.    Seeds  ovate. 

1.  T.  sessile,  L.    Leaves  and  flower  closely  sessile;  petals  erect.    Var. 
gigaiiteum,  Hook.  &  Arn.    Stout,  1—2  ft.  high:  leaves  broadly  rhombic- 
ovate,  3 — 6  in.  long,  usually  broader  than  long,  acutish :  petals  oblanceo- 
late,  2—4  in.  long,  dark-maroon  to  rose-purple  and  white.    Var.  chloro- 
petalnm,  Torr.    Still  larger,  the  obovate-elliptic  obtuse  petals  twice  the 
length  of  the  sepals,  and  uniformly  light  green. — Only  the  varieties 
occur;  the  first  plentiful  in  the  Oakland  and  Berkeley  hills,  the  second 
in  the  redwood  districts  of  Marin  Co.    March,  April. 

2.  T.  ova  In  in,  Pursh.    Slender,  8— 18  in.  high:  leaves  2—6  in.  long, 
acute  or  abruptly  acuminate,  narrowed  at  base,  slightly  petiolate:  pedun- 
cle erect,  1 — 3  in.  long:  petals  spreading,  lanceolate,  acute,  1 — 2  in.  long, 


LILIACE^.  315 

white  changing  to  rose-purple,  little  surpassing  the  sepals:  stigmas 
slender,  sessile:  capsule  ovate,  winged,  % — %  in.  long.— Coast  Kange, 
in  open  woods.  April. 

9.  ZYGADEXUS,   Michx.    Scape-like    racemose    stem    and    narrow 
carinate  leaves  from  a  tuuicated  bulb.     Flowers  greenish  white,  ascending 
or  spreading  on   slender  pedicels.    Perianth  nearly  rotate;  segments 
ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  with  a  more  or  less  pronounced  green  gland- 
ular spot  at  the  mostly  short-unguiculate  base  of  the  segments.    Stamens 
5,  on  the  base  of  the  segments;  filaments  subulate;  anthers  cordate 
before  opening,  peltate  afterwards.    Capsule  of  3  nearly  distinct  and 
follicle-like  cells.    Seeds  brownish,  angled. 

1.  Z.  speciosus,  Dougl.    Bulb  oblong,  1—2  in.  long:  leaves  light 
green,  often  1  in.  wide  toward  the  base:  stem  stout,  1—4  ft.  high,  the 
ample  subpyramidal  raceme  single,  or  with  two  or  more  accessory  ones; 
lower  pedicels  1—3  in.  long:  perianth  free  from  the  ovary,  rotate,  %  in. 
broad;  outer  segments  not  unguiculate;  inner  abruptly  narrowed  to  a 
broad  claw,  all  oblong-ovate,  obtusish,  the  greenish  yellow  gland  toothed 
on  its  upper  margin  by  running  into  the  strong  elevated  nerves  of  the 
segment:  stamens  nearly  free,  shorter  than  the  segments:    capsule   1  in. 
long.    Var.  minor  (H.  &  A.).     Seldom  6  or  8  in.  high,  simple,  few-flow- 
ered: perianth  larger;  segments  more  oblong. — Type  plentiful  on  bushy 
hills;    the  variety  only  in  wet  open  ground,  on  the  San    Francisco 
peninsula.    Feb. — April. 

2.  Z.  veiieiiosus,   Wats.    Bulb  oblong-ovate,  small:    stem  slender, 
1 — 2  ft.  high:  leaves  narrowly  linear,  scabrous  on  the  margin:  raceme 
mostly  simple,  short;  perianth-segments  %  in-  long?  all  contracted  abruptly 
to  a  short  claw;   blade  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base;  gland  ending 
above  in  a  well  defined  irregular  line:  stamens  as  long  as  the  perianth. — 
Moist  banks,  and  borders  of  boggy  places,  in  Marin  Co.    May — July. 

10.  XEROPHYLLUM,   Michx.    Erect  and  simple-stemmed    peren- 
nials, with  thick  lignescent  rootstock  and  numerous  narrow  hard  and 
dry  serrulate  leaves.    Flowers  many,  white,  in  a  dense  raceme.    Peri- 
anth of  6  distinct  spreading  oblong-lanceolate  nerved  persistent  segments. 
Stamens    at    base    of    segments;    filaments    subulate-filiform;    anthers 
rounded,  dehiscent  laterally.     Ovary  ovate,  3-lobed;  styles  3,  distinct, 
stigmatic  on  the  inside,  reflexed  or  recoiled,  persistent.    Capsule  charta- 
ceous.     Seeds  oblong,  with  thin  wrinkled  light-colored  testa. 

1.  X.  tenax  (Pursh),  Nutt.  Radical  leaves  2—3  ft.  long,  2  lines 
wide,  rigid:  stem  2—5  ft.  high,  its  scattered  ascending  gradually  reduced 
leaves  dilated  at  base:  raceme  1 — 2  ft.  long;  lower  bracts  foliaceous  and 
toothed,  upper  scarious:  pedicels  1 — 2  in.  long:  fl.  fragrant;  segments 
5  lines  long,  stamens  somewhat  longer. — Toward  the  summit  of  Mt. 
Tamalpais. 


316  LILIACE.E. 

11«  YAGXERA,  Adanson.  Erect  simple  ample-leaved  perennial, 
with  fleshy  elongated  horizontal  rootstock,  fibrous  roots,  and  a  terminal 
simple  or  compound  raceme  of  small  white  6-merous  flowers.  Perianth 
rotate.  Filaments  subulate;  anthers  rounded  or  oblong,  versatile, 
introrse.  Ovary  ovate;  style  short,  thick,  3-lobed.  Fruit  a  globose  1— 
3-seeded  berry. 

1.  V.  amplexicaulis  (Nutt.).    Eootstock  simple,  stout:  stem  1^—3 
ft.  high,  somewhat  pubescent:  leaves  ovate-oblong  or  elliptical,  3—7  in. 
long,  sessile,  amplexicaul:  panicle  of  short  racemes  dense,  short-pedun- 
cled,  2  in.  long:  perianth  segments  oblong-lanceolate,  less  than  a  line 
long:  broadly  subulate  filaments  both  longer  and  broader  than  the 
perianth-segments :  berry  light  red  and  with  dots  of  dark  red,  usually  1- 
seeded:  seed  whitish,  1^  lines  thick.— Woods  of  the  Coast  Kange. 

2.  V.  sessilifolia  (Nutt.).    Eootstock  slender,  branching,  the  plants 
thus  forming  close  colonies  covering  the  ground  extensively :  stem  1 — 2 
ft.  high,  flexuous:  leaves  bright  green,  glabrous,  2—6  in.  long,  acute  or 
acuminate,  sessile,  clasping,  more  or  less  plicate  and  furrowed  (strongly 
so  when  young):  raceme  loose,  flexuous,  the  spreading  pedicels  2—7  lines 
long:  perianth  segments  2—4  lines  long;  stamens  half  as  long:  berry  glo- 
bose, red,   1— 3-seeded:    seeds    brown.— Plentiful  on  moist  northward 
slopes  in  thickets. 

12.  UNIFOLIUM,  Brunfels.    More  diminutive  herbs,  with  only  1-  3 
cordate  leaves.    Raceme  short,  simple,  but  the  flowers  often  2  or  3 
together  at  a  node.    Perianth  segments  and  stamens  4.     Ovary  2-celled; 
stigma  2-lobed.     Otherwise  like  the  preceding  genus. 

1.  U.  dilatatum  (Nutt,).  Glabrous  ^— 1  ft.  high,  herbage  deep 
green,  not  glaucescent,  the  2  or  3  leaves  2— 5  in.  long,  ovate  to  subreni- 
form-cordate,  with  deep  sinus  and  rounded  lobes,  the  petiole  2  in.  long 
or  more:  perianth  segments  oblong-obovate,  deflexed;  stamens  shorter 
than  these. — Woods  of  Marin  Co.  and  northward. 

13.  DISPORUM,  Salisb.      Eootstocks    short,  erect.    Boots  fibrous. 
Stems    branching.      Leaves     alternate,     sessile,    thin,     many-nerved. 
Flowers  1 — 3  or  more  at  the  ends  of  the  leafy  branches.    Perianth  cam- 
panulate,  of  6  white  or  greenish  distinct  segments.     Stamens  6;  fila- 
ments distinct  filiform;  anthers  oblong,  attached  within  above  the  base. 
Ovary  ablong  or  ovate;  style  slender,  entire  or  with  3  short  spreading 
stigmas.    Fruit  a  red  berry,  3— 6-seeded. 

1.  I).  Menziesii  (Don.),  Britton.  Somewhat  woolly-pubescent:  stems 
1 — 3  ft.  high:  leaves  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  narrowly  acuminate, 
rounded  or  subcordate  at  base,  2—5  in.  long:  fl.  1—5;  perianth  whitish, 
almost  funnelform,  the  segments  being  erect,  nearly  1  in.  long;  style  more 


LILIACE.E.  3J7 

or  less  woolly  above,  slightly  3-cleft:  fruit  oblong-obovate,  attenuate  above 
into  a  short  somewhat  villous  beak,  about  %  in.  long,  bright  salmon- 
color. — Woods  of  Marin  Co.  April,  May. 

2.  D.  Hookeri  (Torr.),  Britton.  Eoughish-pubescent,  1—2  ft.  high: 
leaves  ovate,  deeply  cordate,  1^—3  in.  long,  the  uppermost  oblique: 
perianth  green,  the  segments  spreading  to  the  campanulate:  berry  obovate, 
obtuse,  scarlet. — Wooded  ravines  in  the  Oakland  Hills,  etc.  May,  June. 

14.  CLINTONIA,  Raf.    Apparently  acaulescent,  the  very  short  stem 
(from  fibrous  roots)  bearing  from  beneath  the  ground,  large  oblong  or 
oblanceolate  leaves,  and  a  scape  with  a  solitary,  or  many  and  umbellate 
flowers.     Perianth  campanulate,  of  6  distinct  oblanceolate   deciduous 
segments.     Stamens  6;    filaments  filiform;    anthers  oblong  or    linear, 
versatile,  attached  on  the  inner  side  above  the  base.     Ovary  ovate-oblong; 
style  slender.     Fruit  a  smooth  ovoid  few— many-seeded  berry. 

1.  C.  Andrewsiana,  Torr.  Nearly  glabrous,  only  the  inflorescence 
notably  pubescent:  leaves  J£— 1  ft.  long,  2—4  in.  wide,  oblong  or  oblan- 
ceolate, acute  or  abruptly  acuminate;  scapiform  peduncle  1 — 2  ft.  high, 
often  with  a  foliaceous  bract:  fl.  deep  rose-purple,  many,  in  a  terminal 
umbel  and  one  or  more  lateral  umbellate  fascicles;  pedicels  unequal, 
1  in.  long  or  less:  perianth  gibbous  at  base,  4 — 7  lines  long:  filaments 
pubescent;  anthers  a  line  long:  berry  4—5  lines  long,  the  cells  8—10- 
seeded. — Deep  shades  of  the  Coast  Range  forests. 

15.  DICHELOSTEMMA,   Kunth.    Leaves  (about  2)    fleshy,  linear, 
concave  above;  these  and  the  long  tortuous  or  twining  scape  from  a 
depressed  fibrous-coated  corm.     Scape  with  a  solitary  umbel,  this  sub- 
tended by  3  or  more  thin  spathaceous  bracts.    Perianth-tube  thin,  more 
or  less  inflated  and  angular  or  saccate;  segments  about  equalling  the 
tube.     Stamens  6,  on  the  throat  of  the  perianth;  filaments  disappearing 
from  the  surface  of  the  thin  tube  below,  above  the  insertion  developed 
into  petaloid  appendages,  those  opposite  the  sepaline  segments  with  or 
without  an  anther,  the  others  always  antheriferous;  anthers  basifixed. 

*  Flowers  blue  or  violet. 

1.  D.  coiigestum  (8m.),  Kunth.    Scape  3—5  ft.  high,  flexuous,  but 
apparently  never  twining:  fl.  blue-purple,  in  a  dense  capitate  raceme  (the 
pedicels  united  into  a  central  axis):  perianth  6—8  lines  long;   tube 
slightly  constricted  above,  about  as  long  as  the  rotate-spreading  seg- 
ments: fertile  stamens  3;  staminodia  bifid,  spreading  and  deeply  colored 
like  the  perianth.— In  fields  and  along  borders  of  thickets.     May,  June. 

2.  D.  capitatum  (Benth.),  Wood.    Scape  %— 1%  ft.  high,  very  tor- 
tuous, not  rarely  twining:  bracts  of  the  umbel  of  a  dark  and  lustrous 
purple,  much  darker  than  the  flowers;    pedicels  of  the  umbel  very 


318  LILIACE3). 

unequal:  perianth-tube  fuunelform,  not  constricted,  shorter  than  the 
segments:  stamens  all  antheriferous,  their  appendages  forming  a  corona 
that  is  connivent. — Rocky  hills,  in  the  open  country.  March,  April. 

*  *  Flowers  rose-purple  or  pinkish. 

3.  D.  Californicum  (Torr.),  Wood.    Scape  4—10  ft.  high,  in  smaller 
plants  tortuous,  in  taller  firmly  twining  by  several  abrupt  turns,  perianth 
pink  to  rose-red,  6—8  lines  long;  lube  3—4  lines  long  and  broad,  hexag- 
onal, the  angles  somewhat  saccalely  produced  above  the  middle;  segments 
rotate,  the  very  tips  recurved:  fertile  stamens  3;  anthers  linear-sagittate; 
appendages  of    these  and  the    staminodia    emarginate    and    ciliolate- 
scabrous. — Foothills  of  the  coast  ranges.    May,  June. 

*  *  *  Flowers  scarlet,  but  green-tipped. 

4.  D.  Ida-Maia  (Wood).     Scape  not  twining,  but  distinctly  tortuous; 
perianth-tube  1  in.  long,  scarlet,  broadly  tubular,  somewhat  6-saccate  at 
the  truncate  base;    segments  short,  spreading,  chrome-green:    fertile 
stamens  3;  staminodia  and  appendages  of  perfect  stamens  yellow. — 
Coast  Range  woods  from  Marin  Co.  northward.     May,  June. 

16.  HOOKERA,  Salisb.     Scapes  straight,  firmly  erect.    Umbel  few- 
flowered,  the  pedicels  firm  and  perianth  erect.    Perianth-tube  thick, 
opaque,  turbinate;  segments  equalling  the  tube,  spreading,  or  recurved 
at  tip.    Filaments  6,  stout,  angular,  inserted  at  the  throat  but  prominent 
down  to  the  base  of  the  tube;  3  antheriferous,  the  alternate  3  bearing 
white-petaloid  lamellae.    Anthers  basifixed. 

1.  H.  coronaria,  Salisb.    Scape    stout,  1  ft.  high:    pedicels  3 — 10, 
1—3  in.  long:  perianth  1  in.  long  or  more,  purple:  anthers  4—5  lines 
long,  exceeding  the  oblong-lanceolate  staminodia. — Very  common  and  gen- 
erally distributed.    May,  June. 

2.  H.  minor  (Wats.),  Britten.     Scape  slender,  3—6  in.  high:  pedicels 
2—6,  mostly  1 — 3  in.  long:  perianth  usually  less  than  1  in.  long;  limb 
rotate:  anthers  2  lines  long,  shorter  than  the  retuse  or  emarginate  stamin- 
odia.— Plains  of  the  interior,  if  at  all  within  our  limits. 

3.  H.  terrestris  (Kell.),  Britten.    Scape  usually  altogether  subter- 
ranean, only  the  umbel  above  ground:  pedicels  2 — 30,  slender,  3—4  in. 
long:  perianth  less  than   1  in.;  limb  rotate:    anthers  \%.   lines  long, 
shorter  than  the  yellowish  emarginate  staminodia,  the  margins  of  which 
are  revolute. — Near  the  coast  from  San  Francisco  northward.    June. 

17.  CALLIPRORA,  Lindl    Slender  scape  and  few  broad-linear  thin- 
nish  leaves  from  a  depressed  fibrous-coated  corm.     Flowers  yellow,  with 
dark    brown    lines.    Perianth-tube    short;    segments  rotate-spreading. 
Filaments,  below  their  insertion  (at  throat  of  perianth)  coalescent  with 
the  tube  and  not  obvious,  free  and  broadly  appendaged  above  it,  all  (6) 
antheriferous;  anthers  versatile. 


LILIACE.E.  319 

1.  C.  ixioides  (Ait.  f.).    Scape  a  foot  high:  leaves  2:  filaments  alter- 
nately long  and  short,  all  bifurcate  at  the  winged  summit,  the  oblong 
anther  on  a  cusp  in  the  middle  between  the  forks. — From  below  San 
Francisco  northward,  in  the  Coast  Range.     May. 

2.  C.  lugens  (Greene).      Like    the   preceding  in  size  and  general 
appearance,  but  the  broad  appendages  of  the  filaments  rounded,  not  forked, 
at  summit:  perianth  deep  saffron-color  within;  exteriorly  the  entire  tube, 
'and  midvein  of  the,  segments,   dark  brown    approaching    black.— Yaca 
Mountains;  collected  only  by  the  author.     May. 

18.  TRITELEIA,  Douglas.      Vegetative    organs    as  in    Calliprora. 
Flowers  blue,  or  bluish.     Perianth-tube  funnelform  or  turbinate,  not 
inflated  or  angular  or  saccate  though  thin.    Stamens  8,  all  antherif erous ; 
filaments  coalescent  with  the  upper  portion  of  the  perianth-tube,  reap- 
pearing near  the  base  in  the  form  of  thin  but  prominent  crests;  anthers 
small,  versatile.     Ovary  on  a  slender  stipe. 

1.  T.   laxa,   Benth.    Scape  1—2  ft.  high:    umbel  10— 30- flowered: 
perianth  \%  in.  long,  funnelform,  pale  to  deep  violet,  cleft  nearly  to  the 
middle:  filaments  free  for  a  line's  length  above  the  insertion;  anthers 
ovate-lanceolate,  2-lobed  at  base,  erect,  though  fixed  near  the  middle: 
stipe  of  ovary  ^  in.  long. — Very  common  in  fields  and  on  open  hillsides. 
May,  June. 

2.  T.  peduncular  is,  Lindl.    Scape  1—3  ft.  high:  umbel  15— 30-flow- 
ered;  pedicels  very  long,  often  6—10  in.:  perianth  broad-funnelform,  pale 
rose-purple  to  nearly  white,  1  in.  long,  cleft  below  the  middle;  segments 
widely  spreading;  anthers  oblong-linear,  retuse  at  summit. — Wet  banks 
of  streams  and  in  springy  places.    June,  July. 

19.  HESPEROSCORDUM,  Lindl.     Sufficiently    differentiated,   as  a 
genus,  from  the  preceding,  by  its  rotate-campanulate  perianth  cleft  to 
the  middle,  the  segments  taking  no  angle  of  divergence  of  their  own  (not 
spreading),  and  filaments  deltoid-dilated  and  monadelphous  below;  the 
anthers  basifixed  and  erect. 

1.  H.  lactenm,  Lindl.  Scape  slender,  1—2  ft.  high;  perianth  5 — 8 
lines  long  and  as  broad,  white,  with  green  veins,  or  sometimes  with  a 
tinge  of  lilac:  stamens  all  alike:  capsule  short-stipitate. — Plentiful  in 
rather  low  rich  soils.  May,  June. 

20.  MUILLA,  S.  Wats.    Somewhat  succulent  scape  and  semiterete 
leaves  from  a  coated  corm.    Umbel  with  several  narrow  scarious  bracts. 
Perianth-segments  and  stamens  6  each  and  distinct  or  nearly  so,  white 
or  greenish.     Genus  differing  from  all  the  foregoing  umbellate-flowered 
genera  in  that  the  pedicels  are  not  jointed  under  the  perianth,  and  from 
Alliurn  in  that  the  plants  are  destitute  of  alliaceous  properties. 


320    •  LILIACE.E. 

1.  M.  MI  a  i  Mima  (Benth.),  Wats.  Corm  depressed,  ^ — %  ID.  thick, 
fibrous-coated:  leaves  many,  4 — 8  in.  long,  scabrous-margined:  scape 
hardly  longer  than  the  leaves,  erect,  straight:  pedicels  5—15:  perianth- 
segments  2—23^  lines  long,  the  sepaline  oblong,  slightly  revolute,  the 
petaline  oval,  plane:  capsule  %  in.  long,  abruptly  beaked  by  the  stout 
style:  seeds  black,  oblong,  compressed  and  angular. — Borders  of  salt 
marshes  about  the  Bay,  and  in  subsaline  soils  of  the  interior;  but  also 
on  the  highest  parts  of  the  Mission  Hills,  in  dry  stony  soil.  March,  April. 

21.  ALLIUM,  Pliny.  Scapes  and  leaves  from  a  tunicated  bulb,  or 
rarely  from  a  coated  corm:  the  whole  plant  always  with  alliaceous  odor 
and  flower.  Umbel  with  a  2-valved  (rarely  3— 5-valved)  spathe;  pedicels 
not  jointed.  Perianth  of  6  distinct  or  nearly  distinct,  usually  equal 
segments,  often  gibbous  at  base.  Stamens  6,  on  the  base  of  the  seg- 
ments; filaments  often  dilated  below;  anthers  versatile.  Ovary  sessile, 
deeply  3-lobed,  with  very  short  axis.  Capsule  obtusely  3-lobed,  obovate- 
globose,  often  crested.  Seeds  obovoid,  wrinkled,  black. 

*  Scape  flattened,  %-edged,  and  leaves  2,  from  a  coated  bulb. 

1.  A.  falcifolium,  Hook.  &  Arn.    Leaves  2,  broadly  linear,  flat,  fal- 
cate, 3—4  lines  wide:  bulb-coats  with  no  reticulation:  scape  2 — 3  in. 
high,  1—2  lines  wide :  fl.  rose-colored,  the  segments  lanceolate,  attenuate 
and  spreading  at  the  tips,  glandular-serrulate,  4—6  lines  long;  stamens 
and  style  little  more  than  half  as  long. — Inner  coast  hills,  from  Solano 
and  Sonoma  counties  northward.    April. 

2.  A.  Breweri,  Wats.    Rather  smaller,  but  bulbs  larger  (^ — %  in. 
thick):  scape  1—2  in.  above  ground:  2  leaves  rather  broader:  segments 
of  deep  rose-colored  perianth  nearly  erect,  5—6  lines  long,  only  a  third 
longer  than  the  stamens:  ovary  and  capsule  with  a  thick  crest   on  each 
cell.— Summit  of  Mt.  Diablo. 

*  *  Scape  terete,  leaves  several,  from  a  coated  bulb. 

3.  A.  lacunosum,  Wats.     Bulb-coats  pale,  pilled   by  a  transversely 
oblong  or  somewhat  quadrate  reticulation,  the  outline  of  the  cells  very 
minutely  sinuous:  scape  3—6  in.  high:  fl.  5— 20  on  pedicels  3-5  lines 
long,  the  oblong-lanceolate  acuminate  segments  3—4  lines  long,  little 
exceeding  the  stamens:  filaments  narrowly  deltoid  at  base:  ovary-cells 
with  an  obtuse  ridge  toward  the  summit  on  each  side.— Summits  of  the 
higher  mountains  from  Mt.  Diablo  southward.    June. 

4.  A.  serratum,  Wats.     Bulb-coats  with  a  close   horizontally  serrate 
reticulation:  perianth  deep  rose-purple,  5  lines  long;  sepaline  segments 
oblong,  abruptly  acute,  somewhat  spreading;  petaline  lanceolate- oblong, 
erect,  with  merely  the  tips  spreading,  their  margins  entire:  filaments 
with  narrow-deltoid  base:  crests  of  ovary  central.— Grassy  hills  toward 
the  sea.    June. 


LILIACE.E.  321 

5.  A.  atteuuifolium,  Kell.    Bulb-coats  white,  with  a  delicate  trans- 
versely sinuate  or  serrate  reticulation,  the  vertical  lines  especially  also 
minutely  sinuous:  leaves  several,  very  long  and  slender;  scape  10 — 18  in. 
leafy  below:  bracts  of  the  spathe  2,  short,  abruptly  pointed:  pedicel  6— S 
lines  long:  fl.  white,  the  oblong-lanceolate  acuminate  segments  3 — 4 
lines  long,  exceeding  the  stamens. — Mountains  of  Marin   and  Sonoma 
counties.    June. 

6.  A.  monospermnm,  Jepson,  MSS.    Size  and  habit  of  the    last, 
nearly;  but  scapes  3  or  4  from  the  bulb,  and  this  red:  bracts  of  the  umbel, 
3,  broad,  acuminate;  pedicels  50—80:  perianth  pale-purplish:  filaments 
with  broadly  deltoid  and  connate  bases:  capsule  (by  abortion)  1-celled, 
1-seeded. — Summits  of  Vaca  Mountains,  Solano  Co.,  Jepson.    June. 

*  *  *  Scapes  terete,  lateral,  from  a  coated  corm. 

7.  Bolamleri,  Wats.     Corms  small  clustered,  oblique,  the  coats  with  a 
delicate  undulate-serrate   reticulation:  scape  from  one  end  of  the  corm, 
only  a  few  inches  high,  slender;  pedicels  5—15:  perianth  rose-colored; 
segments  acuminate,  4—5  lines  long;  stamens  only  half  as  long. — Mt. 
Hamilton,  and  again  to  the  northward  of  our  limits,  in  Humboldt  Co. 

8.  A.  nnifolinm,  Kell.     Corm  large  (8 — 12  lines  long),  the  chartaceous 
coat  with  a  close  contorted  reticulation:  scape  stout,  1—2  ft.  high,  with  2  or 
more  long  leaves   at  its  base  and  sheathing  it:  bracts  2,  acuminate: 
pedicels  10  —  30:  rotate-campanulate  perianth  rose-red  or  rose  purplish, 
nearly  1  in.  in  diameter;  segments  acute  or  acuminate,  a  third  longer 
than  the  stamens. — Common  in  rich  rather  moist  lands.     April,  May. 


COKKIGENDA. 


Page  9.    For  P.  enissi folium  read  P.  crassifolinm. 
Heading  of  page  81.    For  POLYGONEJS  read  POLYGALE^E. 
Page  93.    For  L.  Crassifolius  write  L.  crassifolins. 
Page  101.    For  Var.  august  at  urn  read  Var.  angustatnin, 
Page  213.    For  S.  curycephalns  read  S.  eurycephalus. 


INDEX. 


Abronia 

Abutilon 

Acaena 

Acanthomintha 

Acer 

Achillea 

Achyrachaena 

Actsea 

Adenocaulon 

Adenostegia 

Adenostoma 

Agoseris 

Agrimonia 

Agrostemma 

Alchemilla 

Allium 

Allocarya 

Alnus 

Alsinanthemum 

Alsinastrum 

Alsine 

Alsinella 

Alyssum 

AMABANTOIDE^E 

Amarantus 

Ambrosia 


Amelanchier 

Ammannia 

Amorpha 

Amsinckia 

ANACABDIACEJE 

Anagallis 

Ancistrocarphus 

Androsace 

Anemone 


PAGE. 

PAGE. 

50 

Angelica 

154 

67 

ANTHEMIDE2E 

169,  207 

114 

Anthemis 

208 

290 

Antirrhinum 

270 

72 

Apetalse  Amentiferae 

296 

208 

Aphyllon 

285 

198 

Apiastrum 

152 

6 

Apium 

152 

186 

APOGYNACE^E 

240 

283 

Apocynum 

240 

113 

Aquilegia 

6 

225 

Arabis 

14 

114 

A  r  alia 

145 

31 

ABALIACE.E 

145 

114 

Arbutus 

231 

320 

Arctostaphylos 

232 

258 

Arenaria 

34 

297 

Aristolochia 

142 

238 

AEISTOLOCHIACE2E 

142 

62 

Arnica 

212 

33 

Artemisia 

210 

35 

Asarum 

142 

13 

ASCLEPIADACE^E 

241 

51 

Asclepias 

241 

51 

ASPEBIFOLIjE 

257 

187 

Aster 

179 

169,  187 

ASTEBACK^J 

169,  170 

110 

Athysanus 

14 

140 

Atriplex 

55 

88 

Baccharis 

182 

262 

Balsamorrhiza 

189 

73 

Barbarea 

20 

238 

Bellardia 

284 

183 

Bellis 

177 

238 

BEBBEBIDE.E 

7 

2 

Berberis 

7 

INDEX. 


323 


Bergia 

62 

Centromadia 

196 

Bermudiana 

308 

Centrophyllum 

215 

Beta 

54 

Centunculus 

238 

BETULACE.E 

297 

Cephalanthus 

165 

Bidens 

191 

Cerastinm 

32 

Blennosperma 

202 

Cerasus 

109 

Blepharipappus 

199 

CERATOPHYLL^E 

139 

Blepharizonia 

198 

Ceratophyllum 

139 

Boisduvalia 

137 

Cercocarpns 

113 

Bolelia 

228 

Chsenactis 

203 

Bowlesia 

147 

Chserophyllum 

157 

Brassica 

21 

Chenopodium 

53 

Brosssea 

233 

Cliimaphila 

234 

Brunella 

293 

Chlorogalum 

313 

Bursa 

23 

Choripetalae  Hypogynse 

1 

Butneria 

119 

Ohoripetalse  Perigynse 

83 

Cacaliopsis 

211 

Chorizanthe 

48 

Cakile 

26 

Chrysanthemum 

209 

Calandrinia 

59 

Chrysopsis 

173 

Callitriche 

139 

CICHORIACE^: 

219 

Calochortus 

312 

Cichorium 

219 

Calycadenia 

197 

Cicuta 

151 

CALYCANTHE^E 

119 

CISTOIDE.E 

28 

Calyceae  Hypogynse 

308 

Clarkia 

135 

Calyceae  Perigynse 

305 

Claytonia 

59 

Calyptridium 

61 

Clematis 

2 

Camassia 

313 

Clintonia 

317 

Campanula 

229 

Cnicus 

215 

CAMPANULACE.E 

229 

Coleosanthus 

170 

Camelina 

14 

Collinsia 

271 

Capnorchis 

12 

Collomia 

245 

CAPRIFOLIACE./E 

162 

COMPOSITE 

168 

Caprifolium 

164 

Conium 

150 

Cardamindnm 

71 

CoNVOLVULACE^: 

264 

Cardamine 

19 

Convolvulus 

264 

Carduus 

216 

Corallorhiza 

306 

Carum 

153 

Corethrogyne 

178 

CARYOPHTLLE^E 

30 

CORNER 

159 

Castanea 

304 

Cornus 

159 

Castilleia 

280 

Coronopus 

26 

Caucalis 

158 

CORYLACE.E 

304 

Ceanothus 

75 

Cory  1  us 

304 

CELASTRTNEjE 

74 

Cotula 

209 

Centaurea 

214 

Cotyledon 

127 

324 


INDEX. 


CKASSULACE.33 

126 

Eryngium 

147 

Crepis 

225 

Erysimum 

21 

Cressa 

266 

Erythrsea 

243 

Croton 

79 

Erytkronium 

311 

CRUCIFERjE 

13 

Eschscholtzia 

10 

Cryptanthe 

261 

Eucrypta 

253 

Cucurbita 

143 

Eunanus 

275 

CUOURBITACE^E 

143 

Euonymus 

74 

CUPULIFER-E 

301 

EUPATORIACE.&: 

169 

Cynara 

216 

Euphorbia 

79 

Cuscuta 

266 

Euthamia 

175 

CUSCUTILE 

266 

Evax 

184 

CYNAROCEPHAL^E 

109,  214 

FlCOIDE^E 

128 

Cynoglossum 

257 

Filago 

185 

Cytisus 

102 

Floerkea 

71 

DAPHNOIDE.E 

161 

Fceniculum 

153 

Datisca 

28 

Fragaria 

117 

DATISCE.E 

28 

Franca 

38 

Datura 

268 

FRANKENIACE^E 

38 

Daucus 

158 

Fraxinus 

239 

Delphinium 

5 

Fritillaria 

310 

Dendromecon 

10 

FUMARIACE^ 

12 

Dichelostemma 

317 

Gale 

298 

Dichondra 

265 

Galium 

165 

Diplacus 

274 

Garrya 

160 

DIPS  ACE  JE 

167 

GARRYACE^E 

160 

Dipsacus 

168 

Gentian  a 

244 

Dirca 

161 

GENTIANACE^ 

242 

Disporum 

316 

GERANIACE^E 

69 

Distegia 

164 

Geranium 

69 

DRUPACE^E 

108 

Gilia 

248 

Ecliptica 

188 

Githopsis 

230 

ELATINE^: 

62 

Glaux 

239 

Emmenanthe 

256 

Glycyrrhiza 

88 

Endogenous  Plants 

305 

GN  APH  ALI  ACE^E 

169,  182 

EPILOBIACE^E 

129 

Gnaphalium 

185 

Epilobium 

129 

Gnaphalodes 

183 

ERICACE.3E 

231 

Godetia 

133 

Erioameria 

174 

Gratiola 

278 

Erigeron 

180 

Grindelia 

171 

Eriodictyon 

256 

Habenaria 

306 

Eriogonum 

45 

HALORAGE^E 

138 

Eriophyllum 

206 

Hedera 

145 

Erodium 

70 

Heleniastrum 

202 

INDEX. 


325 


HELENIOIDE^ 

169,  202 

Lasthenia 

203 

HELIANTHACEJE 

169,  188 

LAUBINE^E 

8 

Helianthella 

190 

Lavatera 

64 

Helianthemnm 

28 

LEGUMINOS^E 

83 

Helianthus 

189 

Lepidium 

23 

Heliotropium 

264 

Leytosyne 

191 

Hemizouia 

194 

Leptotsenia 

154 

Herniaria 

39 

Lessingia 

177 

Herpestis 

278 

Lewisia 

58 

Hesperocnide 

297 

LILIACE.E 

308 

Hesperoscordum 

319 

Lilium 

309 

Heterocodon 

230 

Limnopeuce 

138 

Heterodraba 

14 

Limodorum 

305 

Heteromeles 

111 

Limonium 

235 

Heterotheca 

173 

Linanthus 

249 

Heuchera 

122 

Linaria 

270 

Hibiscus 

67 

LINENS 

67 

Hieracium 

225 

Linum 

67 

Hippocastanum 

73 

Lippia 

296 

Holodiscus 

113 

Lithospermum 

263 

Holozonia 

199 

LOASE^ 

141 

Hookera 

318 

LOBELIACEJE 

228 

Howellia 

228 

Loefiingia 

38 

Hydrocotyle 

146 

LOBANTHE^E 

161 

HYDBOPHYLLACE^ 

251 

Lotus 

90 

HYPEBICE^ 

62 

Lupinus 

103 

Hypericum 

62 

Lycopus 

287 

Hypochseris 

220 

Lythrum 

140 

ILLECEBBE^E 

39 

Madia 

192 

Ilysanthes 

279 

MADIACE^E 

169,  191 

IBIDACE^E 

307 

Malacothrix 

224 

Iris 

307 

Malus 

111 

Isnardia 

137 

Malva 

64 

Isocoma 

175 

MALVACEAE 

63 

Iva 

187 

Malveopsis 

66 

Jaumea 

207 

Marrubium 

293 

JUGLANDE.E 

301 

Matricaria 

208 

Juglans 

301 

Meadia 

237 

Jussisea 

138 

Medica 

101 

KcEllia 

288 

Melilotus 

101 

LABIATE 

285 

Melissa 

289 

Lactuca 

227 

Mentha 

286 

Lamium 

293 

Mentzelia 

141 

Lagophylla 

199 

Menyanthes 

244 

326 


INDEX. 


Mesembryanthemnm 

128 

Pentsteraon 

273 

Micrampelis 

143 

Pervinca 

240 

Microcala 

243 

Petasites 

211 

Micromeria 

289 

Petunia 

269 

Microseris 

222 

Peucedanum 

155 

Mimetanthe 

278 

Phacelia 

253 

Mimulus 

276 

Phlox 

251 

Monardella 

288 

Phoradendron 

161 

Monocotyledons 

305 

Picris 

224 

Monolopia 

206 

Pimpinella 

153 

Montia 

61 

Plagiobothrys 

260 

Muilla 

319 

Platystemon 

9 

Myosurus 

2 

PLANTAGINACE^E 

235 

MYRICACE^E 

298 

Plantaginella 

279 

Myrrhis 

157 

Plantago 

235 

Myriophyllum 

138 

PLATANACE^: 

297 

Nasturtium 

20 

Platanus 

297 

Navarretia 

245 

Pluchea 

183 

Nemopbila 

251 

PLUMBAGINACILE 

235 

Nemoseris 

220 

Pogogyne 

289 

Nepeta 

292 

POLEMONIACE^E 

244 

Nicotiana 

268 

Polemonium 

245 

NYCTAGINEJE 

50 

Polycarpon 

38 

Nymphaea 

8 

Polygala 

81, 

NYMPH^E/E 

8 

POLYGALE^C 

81 

(En  an  the 

152- 

POLYGONE2E 

40 

(Enothera 

131 

Polygonum 

40 

OLEACE.E: 

239 

POMACES 

110 

Opulaster 

112 

Populus 

300 

Orchiastrum 

305 

Portulaca 

58 

ORCHID  ACEACE^E 

305 

PORTULACE^ 

58 

OROBANCHACEJE 

284 

Potentilla 

115 

Orthocarpus 

281 

PRIM  UL  ACE  M 

237 

Osmaronia 

110 

Prunus 

109 

Oxys 

71 

Pseudacacia 

88 

Oxytheca 

48 

Psilocarphus 

184 

Papaver 

9 

Psoralea 

89 

PAPAVERACE.E 

8 

Ptelea 

72 

Parnassia 

123 

Pterostegia 

50 

Paronychia 

39 

Ptiloria 

220 

Pectocarya 

257 

Pyrola 

234 

Pedicularis 

284 

Pyrrocoma 

173 

Pentacsena 

39 

Quercus 

301 

Pentachseta 

177 

Bamona 

291 

I  N  D  E'X  . 


RANUNCULACES 

2 

Sesuvium 

128 

Ranunculus 

3 

Sherardia 

165 

Raphanus 

26 

Sida 

66 

Razoumofskya 

162 

Sidalcea 

64 

Reseda 

27 

Silene 

31 

RESEDACES 

27 

Siliquastrum 

84 

RHAMNES 

74 

Silybum 

216 

Rhamnus 

75 

Sisymbrium 

22 

Rhododendron 

233 

Sium 

151 

Rhus 

73 

SOL  AN  ACES 

267 

Ribes 

123 

Solanoa 

242 

Rigiopappus 

203 

'  Solanum 

267 

Rouianzoffia 

256 

Solidago 

176 

Roripa 

20 

Soliva 

209 

Rosa 

118 

Sonchus 

227 

ROSACES 

111 

Spartium 

103 

RUBIACES 

165 

Spergula 

35 

Rubus 

117 

Sphacele 

290 

Rumex 

42 

Sphondylium 

156 

ROTACES 

72 

Stachys 

293 

SALICACES 

299 

Statice 

235 

SALICARIS 

140 

Stenotus 

174 

Salicornia 

57 

Streptanthus 

15 

Salix 

299 

Suaeda 

58 

SALSOLACES 

52 

Sympetalse  Hypogynse 

235 

Salvia 

290 

Sympetalse  Perigynse 

161 

Sambucus 

162 

Symphoricarpos 

163 

Samolus 

239 

Tanacetum 

210 

Sanicula 

148 

Taraxacum 

227 

SAPINDACES 

72 

Tellima 

121 

SARMENTOSS 

78 

Tetragonia 

128 

Saxifraga 

120 

Thalictrum 

6 

SAXIFRAGES 

119 

Thelypodium 

18 

Scabiosa 

168 

Thermopsis 

108 

Scandix 

157 

Therofon 

120 

Scoliopus 

314 

Thyeanocarpus 

25 

Scorzonella 

223 

Tiarella 

122 

Scrophularia 

273 

Tillaaa 

126 

SCROPHULARINES 

269 

Tissa 

35 

Scutellaria 

292 

TlTHYMALOIDE.E 

78 

Sedum 

127 

Tragopogon 

220 

Selinum 

154 

Trichocoronis 

169 

Senecio 

212 

Trichostema 

286 

SENECIONIDES 

169,  211 

Trifolium 

94 

328 


INDEX. 


Trillium 

314 

Verbascum 

270 

Triodanis 

230 

Verbena 

295 

Triteleia 

319 

VERBENACE.K 

295 

Tropidocarpum 

27 

Veronica 

279 

Ulex 

102 

Vibo 

44 

UMBELLIFER.E 

145 

Vicia 

84 

Umbellularia 

8 

Viola 

28 

Unifolium 

316 

VlOLARIE^E 

28 

Uropappus 

221 

Vitis 

78 

Urtica 

296 

Whipplea 

123 

Urticacese 

296 

Wulfenia 

280 

Vaccaria 

31 

Wyethia 

189 

Vaccinium 

231 

Xanthium 

188 

Vagnera 

316 

Xanthocephalum 

171 

VALERIANE.K 

167 

Xerophyllum 

315 

Valerianella 

167 

Xylothermia 

108 

Vancouveria 

7 

Zauschneria 

130 

Velsea 

150 

Zygadenus 

315 

GLOSSARY. 


Abnormal.— Deviating  from  the  normal 

or  usual. 
Abort  ion.— The  suppression  or  imperfect 

development  of  any  part. 
Abortive.— Imperfectly  developed. 
Acaulescent. — Stemless  or  apparently  so. 
Acerose.— Needle-shaped,  as  a  pine  leaf. 
Acicular.—  Needle-    or   bristle  -  shaped ; 

more  slender  than  acerose. 
Aculeate.—  Having      sharp     points     or 

prickles. 

Acuminate.—  Tapering  to  a  point. 
Acute.— Sharp  at  the  end,  or  at  the  edge 

or  margin. 
Adnate.— United ;  used   properly  of  the 

surfaces  of   different    organs,   as  of 

calyx  and  ovary. 
^Estivation.—  Arrangement  of  the  parts 

of  the  perianth  in  the  bud. 
Achene. — A   dry,    hard,    indehiscent    1- 

celled  and  1-seeded  seed-like  fruit. 
Albumen.—  The  nutritive  material  of  the 

seed,  within  its  coats  and  exterior  to 

the  embryo. 
Albuminous. — Having  albumen. 

Alliaceous.— With  the  odor  of  onions  or 

garlic. 
Alternate.—  Following    one    another   at 

intervals;  not  opposite,  intermediate. 
Alveolate. — Deeply  and  closely  pitted. 
Ament.—A.  unisexual,  usually  pendulous, 

spike  with  scaly  bracts. 
Amplexicaul. — Clasping  the  stem. 
Andrcecium.— The  aggregate  of  the  pistils 

in  a  flower. 
Androgynous. — Having    both   male   and 

female  flowers. 
Annual,— Of  not  more   than  one  year's 

duration. 
Annular.— Having  the  form  of  a  ring. 


.— Equivalent  to  inferior  or 
lower,  in  the  sense  of  away  from  the 
axis  and  toward  the  bract . 

Anther. — That  part  of  the  stamen  which 

contains  the  pollen. 
Antheriferous.— Bearing  anthers. 
Apetalous.— Having  no  corolla, 
Apex,  —The  top  or  summit  of  a  thing. 
Apical.— At  the  apex. 
A piculate.—  Abruptly  ending  in  a  short 

point  or  tip. 

Appressed.— Lying  close  to  the  surface. 
Aquatic.— Growing  in  water. 
Arachnoid.—  Resembling  cobweb. 

A rborescent.— Becoming  a  tree,  or  tree- 
like. 

Arcuate. — Curved  like  a  bow. 
Areola.—A.  pit-like  scar,  as  that  left  by 
the  corolla  in  Compositse. 

Areolce.— The  spaces  in  any  reticulated 
surface. 

Areolation.— Any  system   of   reticulated 
markings. 

Aril.— An   expanded   appendage   to   the 
hilum,  enveloping  the  seed. 

Arillate. — Having  an  aril. 
AriHiform. — Resembling  an  aril. 
Aristate. — Having  an  awn. 
Aristulate.— -Having  a  very  small  awn. 
Articulated.— Jointed. 

Ascending.— Rising  somewhat  obliquely, 
not  erect. 

Attenuate.—  Narrowing  gradually;  taper- 
ing. 

Auricle.— A  small  ear-like  lobe   at   the 
base  of  a  leaf. 

Auriculdte.— Furnished  with  auriclee. 
Awn.—  A  bristle-like  appendage. 


330 


GLOSSARY. 


Axil.— The  angle   formed   by  a  leaf    or 

branch  with  the  stem. 
Axile  or  Axial. — Situated  in  the  axis  or 

relating  to  it. 

Axillary . — Situated  in  an  axil. 
Axis.— The  central  line  of  a  body  in  the 

direction  of  its  length. 
Baccate.— Berry-like ;  pulpy. 
Banner. — A  name  often  applied  to  the 

uppermost  petal  of  a  papilionaceous 

flower. 

Barb. — A  sharply  reflexed  point  upon  an 

awn,  etc.,  like  the  barb  of  a  fish-hook. 
Barbellate.— Beset  with  very  short  stiff 

hairs. 
Barbellulate.— Sparsely  beset  with  short 

very  fine  hairs. 
Bark .  — The  outer  covering  or  rind  of  a 

stem. 

Basal.— At,  from,  or  relating  to  the  base. 
Basifixed.  —Attached  by  the  lower  end. 
Beak.— A.  prolonged  tip. 

Berry.— A   simple   fruit   of    which   the 

whole  substance,  excepting  the  seeds, 

is  pulpy. 

Bifid-— Two-cleft. 
Bipinnate.— Twice  pinnate. 
Bladdery.— Thin  and  inflated. 
Blade.— The  expanded  portion  of  a  leaf 

or  petal. 
Bract. — A  leaf  or  modification  of  a  leaf 

subtending  a  flower  or  flower-cluster. 

Bracteate. — Having  bracts. 
Bracteolate.— Having  bractlets, 
Bractlet.—A.   secondary  bract  upon  the 

pedicel  of  a  flower. 
Branch, — A  division  of  a  stem. 
Brandhlet. — A     secondary    or    ultimate 

division  of  a  stem. 
Bristle.— A     stiff    hair    or     bristle-like 

appendage. 
Budscales.— The  scales  which   form  the 

outer  coats  of  a  leaf -bud. 
Bulb —A.   subterranean    roundish   body, 

formed  of  fleshy  scales  or  coatings ; 

essentially   a    rudimentary   stem   or 

leaf-bud,  and  at  length  developing  a 

flowering  stem  and  often  leaves. 
Bulbiferous.—  Bulb-bearing. 


Bulbilliferous. —  Bearing1  many  small 
bulblets. 

Bulblet.—A.  small  bulb  formed  in  the 
axil  of  a  leaf  or  bract. 

Bulbous.— Producing  bulbs  ;  bulb-like. 

Caducous.—  Falling  very  early  ;  not  at  all 
persistent. 

Calcarate. — Spurred. 

Ca ly cu late.—  Having  an  involucre  re- 
sembling a  second  external  calyx. 

Calyptra.—ln.  mosses,  the  hood  which  at 
first  covers  the  capsule.  Otherwise, 
the  lid-like  deciduous  calyx  of  some 
flowers. 

Calyx. — The  outer  envelope  of  a  flower. 

Campanulate. — Bell  -  shaped  or  cup- 
shaped,  with  broad  base. 

Canescent.— Hoary  with  a  grayish  pubes- 
cence or  puberulence. 

Capillary.— Very  slender  and  hair-like. 

Capitate — Snbglobose  and  terminal,  like 
a  head  ;  collected  in  a  head. 

Capitellate. — Diminutive  of  capitate. 

Capsular. — Relating  to  or  like  a  capsule. 

Capsule.— A.  dry  dehiscent  fruit  formed 
from  a  compound  pistil. 

Car  inate.— Keeled. 

Carpel. — A  simple  pistil  or  one  of  the 
several  parts  of  a  compound  one. 

Cartilaginous.— Firm  and  tough  like 
cartilage. 

Caruncle. — An  outgrowth  at  the  base  of  a 
seed ;  sometimes  applied  to  an  en- 
largement of  the  rhaphe. 

Catkin. — The  scaly  unisexual  soft-silky 
ament  of  willows. 

Caudate. — Having  a  tail  or  slender  tail- 
like  appendage . 

Caudex. — The  trunk  of  a  palm  or  other 
arborescent  endogen ;  or  the  persist- 
ent base  of  any  herbaceous  perennial. 

Caulescent.— Having  a  manifest  stem. 

Cauline.— Belonging  to  the  stem. 

Centrifugal.— Developing  from  the  cen- 
tre outward,  as  in  the  cyme. 

Centripetal. — Developing  from  the  mar- 
gin toward  the  center,  or  from  below 
upward,  as  in  the  corymb,  raceme, 
etc. 


GLOSSARY. 


331 


Cespitose. — Growing  in  tufts  or  turf-like  ; 
forming  mats. 

Chaff.  —Small  dry  scales,  usually  mem- 
braneous or  scarious. 

Chartaceous. —  Having  the  texture  of 
parchment  or  writing-paper. 

Ciliate. — Having  the  margin,  or  some- 
times the  nerves,  fringed  with  hairs 
like  eye-lashes. 

Cinereous.— Ash-gray,  the  color  of  wood 
ashes. 

Circinate.— Rolled  up  from  the  tip  into 
a  coil. 

Circumscissile. — Dehiscing  by  a  trans- 
verse circular  line  of  division. 

Clavate.— Club-shaped  ;  enlarged  gradu- 
ally toward  the  summit. 

Claw. — The  elongated  narrow  base  of  a 
petal  or  sepal. 

Cleft.— Cut  somewhat  deeply,  usually 
about  half  way  to  the  center  or  mid- 
rib. 

Climbing. — Rising  by  the  aid  of  some 
support. 

Coalescent.— United ;  used  properly  in 
respect  to  similar  parts,  as  the  sta- 
mens in  Malvaceae. 

Cohesion. — The  sticking  together  of 
parts,  or  their  more  intimate  coales- 
cence or  adnation. 

Colored. — Of  other  color  than  green. 

Column.— A.  body  formed  by  the  union  of 
filaments  (stamineal)  or,  in  orchids, 
of  the  stamens  and  pistil. 

Coma. — A  tuft  of  hairs,  especially  upon 


Commissure. — The  surface  by  which  two 

carpels  cohere,  as  in  Umbelliferae. 
Comose. — Having  a  coma. 
Complicate.—  Folded  together. 

Compound.—  The  opposite  of  simple ; 
consisting  of  more  than  one  ;  divided. 

Comp  resse  d . — Flattened  1  aterally . 

Conduplicate.— Doubled  together  length- 
wise, of  leaves. 

Confluent. — Blended  or  running  together. 

Conical. — Shaped  like  a  cone  ;  narrowing 
to  a  point  from  a  circular  base. 

Connate.— United  in  one ;  growing 
together. 


Connective.— The  portion  of  the  filament 
which  connects  (or  separates)  the 
cells  of  the  anther. 

Connivent.— Coming  in  contact;  con- 
verging together. 

Constricted. — Contracted  or  drawn  to- 
gether, as  a  bag  by  its  string. 

Continuous.— Not  interrupted  by  joints 
or  otherwise. 

Contorted.— Twisted ;  in  aestivation,  an 
equal  and  uniform  somewhat  oblique 
overlapping  and  rolling  up  of  the 
parts  of  the  circle. 

Contracted. — Reduced  in  width  or  length. 

Convolute. — Rolled  together  from  one 
edge.  See  contorted. 

Cordate. — Heart-shaped,  i.  e.,  ovate  with 
rounded  lateral  lobes  projecting  be- 
yond the  base  and  forming  a  sinus. 

Coriaceous.— Of  the  stiffness  and  con- 
sistence of  leather. 

Corm.—A.  solid  fleshy  rounded  or  de- 
pressed subterranean  body,  at  the 
base  of  a  stem,  and  bulb-like  in 
appearance. 

Corneous. — Of  the  consistence  of  horn  ; 
horny. 

Corona.— The  inner  perianth,  within  the 
calyx,  consisting  of  the  petals. 

Corymb.— A.  flat-topped  or  convex  open 
inflorescence,  with  short  axis,  flow- 
ering from  the  margin  inward  ;  a  de- 
pressed raceme. 

Corymbose.— In  corymbs,  or  resembling  a 
corymb. 

Costa. — A  rib,  mid-rib,  or  mid-nerve. 

Costate.— Having  one  or  more  longitudi- 
nal ribs  or  nerves. 

Cotyledons. — The  seed-lobes  or  leaves  of 
the  embryo. 

Creeping.—  Running  upon  or  under  the 
ground  and  rooting. 

Crenate. — Scalloped  ;  having  rounded 
teeth  with  shallow  acute  sinuses. 

Crenulate.— Finely  crenate. 

Crested.— Having  an  elevated  ridge  or 
appendage  like  the  crest  of  a  helmet. 

Cruciferous. — Belonging  to  the  Crucif- 
erse,  with  cruciform  or  cross-shaped 
corolla. 


GLOSSARY. 


Crustaceous. — Hard  and  brittle. 

Cucullate.— Shaped  like  a  hood  or  cowl, 
concave  and  somewhat  arched,  or 
like  an  ovate  leaf  with  edges  at  base 
inrolled. 

Culm. — The  hollow  jointed  stem  peculiar 
to  grasses. 

Cuneate  or  Cuneiform. — Wedge-shaped ; 
triangular  with  the  angle  downward . 

Cupule. — A  cup-shaped  involucre,  en- 
closing a  nut,  as  of  an  acorn. 

Cusp.— A  sharp  rigid  point. 
Cuspidate.— -Terminating  in  a  cusp. 
Cyathiform. — Cup-shaped  with  a  some- 
what flaring  mouth. 

Cylindrical. — In  the  form  of  a  cylinder. 

Cyme.— A.  broad  and  flattish  inflores- 
cence, flowering  from  the  center 
outward. 

Cymose. — In  cymes  or  cyme-like. 

Deciduous. — Falling  off  after  a  time  ;  not 
persistent. 

Declinate  or  Declined.— Bent  or  curved 
downward. 

Decompound. — Repeatedly  compound  or 
divided. 

Decumbent.— Reclining  at  base,  the  sum- 
mit ascending. 

Decurrent. — Running  down  the  stem, 
applied  to  a  leaf  with  blade  pro- 
longed below  its  insertion. 

Decussate. — In  pairs  alternating  at  right 
angles,  or  similarly  in  threes. 

Definite. — Of  a  constant  number,  not  ex- 
ceeding twenty;  limited  or  determi- 
nate, as  definite  inflorescence,  in 
which  a  flower  terminates  the  axis. 

Deflexed.— Bent  or  turned  down  abruptly. 

Dehiscence.—  The   regular  opening   of   a 

capsule  or  anther-cell  at  maturity. 

Dehiscent. — Opening  by  valves,  slits,  etc. 

Devoid.— Having  the  shape  of  the  Greek 
letter  delta;  broadly  triangular. 

Dendroid — Tree- shaped  ;  branching  in 
the  form  of  a  tree. 

Dentate. — Toothed  ;  having  symmetrical 

teeth  projecting  straight  outward. 
Denticulate. — Minutely  toothed. 


Depauperate.—  Impoverished  ;  reduced 
in  size  by  unfavorable  surroundings. 

Depressed.  —  Somewhat  flattened  from 
above. 

Dextrorse.—  Toward  the  right  hand  ;  ap- 
plied to  spirals  as  seen  from  without. 
It  is  frequently  used  as  if  the  spiral 
were  seen  from  within,  in  which  case 
it  indicates  just  the  opposite  direc- 
tion. 

Diadelphous. — In  two  sets  or  clusters. 
Diandrous.— Having  two  stamens  only. 

Dichotomous.  —  Forking      regularly     by 

pairs. 
Dicotyledonous. — Having  an  embryo  with 

two  cotyledons. 

Didymous.—  In  pairs  ;  twin. 

Didynamous.— Having  four  stamens  dis- 
posed in  two  unequal  pairs. 

Diff use.—  Widely  spreading;  widely  and 
loosely  branched. 

Digitate.— Fingered ;  applied  to  a  com- 
pound leaf  having  the  leaflets  all 
diverging  from  the  top  of  the  petiole. 

Dimorphous.— Occurring  in  two  forms. 

Dioecious.— Unisexual,  the  flowers  of  dif- 
ferent sexes  borne  by  separate  plants. 

Dicecio  -  polygamous.  —  Dioecious  with 
some  perfect  flowers  intermingled. 

Disciform.—  In  the  shape  of  a  disk,  de- 
pressed and  circular. 

Discoid.— In  Composite,  having  disk- 
flowers  only,  without  ray* . 

Disk.— A.  dilation  or  development  of  the 
receptacle  around  the  base  of  the 
pistil.  In  Compositse  the  inner  spries 
of  tubular  flowers  as  distinct  from 
the  rays. 

Dissected.— Deeply  cut  or  divided  into 
numerous  segments. 

Divaricate.— Widely  divergent,  nearly  at 

right  angles. 
Divergent. — Receding  from  each  other. 

Divided.— Cleft  to  the  base  or  to  the  mid- 
nerve. 

Dorsal. — Upon  or  relating  to  the  dorsum 
or  back. 

Drupaceous. — Resembling  or  of  the  nat- 
ure of  a  drupe. 


GLOSSARY. 


333 


Drupe.— A.  stone-fruit;  a  fleshy  or  pulpy 
fruit  with  the  seed  or  kernel  inclosed 
in  a  hard  or  strong  casing  (putamen). 

Drupelet.— A  diminutive  drupe,  as  each 
of  the  sereral  parts  of  a  blackberry. 

Echinate.— Beset  with  prickles. 

Elliptical.— In  the  form  of  an  ellipse, 
oblong  with  both  ends  uniformly  and 
somewhat  gradually  rounded. 

Emarginate.— Notched  at  the  extremity. 

Embracing.—  Clasping  at  base. 

Endocarp.—  The  inner  layer  of  the  peri- 
carp lying  next  to  the  seed. 

Endogenous. — Growing  from  within,  in- 
stead of  by  superficial  increments, 
the  growth  ordinarily  being  general 
throughout  the  substance  of  the  stem. 

Endogens.—  Plants  with  an  endogenous 
structure. 

Ensiform.— Sword-shaped,  as  the  leaf  of 
an  Iris. 

Entire.— With  the  margin  uninterrupted, 
without  teeth  or  division  of  any  sort. 

Ephemeral. — Lasting  but  a  day,  or  for  a 
very  short  time. 

Epigynous.-A.toT  upon  the  top  of  the 
ovary. 

Equitant.  —  Astride;  of  conduplicate 
leaves  which  fold  over  each  other  in 
two  ranks,  as  in  Iris. 

Erect.— Upright ;  perpendicular  to  the 
surface  of  attachment. 

Evergreen. — Bearing  its  foliage  through 
all  the  seasons. 

Exalbuminous.— Destitute  of  albumen. 

Explanate.— Opened  out  flat. 
^Exserted.—  Projecting    beyond    an    en- 
velope, as  stamens   standing  out  of 
the  corolla. 

Exstipulate.— Without  stipules. 

Extrorse.— Directed  outward. 

Falcate  or  Falciform.—  Sickle-shaped  ; 
manifestly  curved  and  more  or  less 
flattened  or  folded. 

Farinaceous.  —  Mealy;  containing  or 
yielding  flour  or  starch. 

Farinose.— Covered  with  a  white  mealy 
powder. 

Fascicle.— A.  close  bundle  or  cluster. 


Fastigiate.— With  branches  erect,  paral- 
lel and  near  together,  as  in  the  Lom- 
bardy  poplar. 

Faveolate,  Favose. — Pitted  or  honey- 
combed. 

Ferruginous.— Of  the  color  of  iron-rust. 

Fertile.—  Capable  of  producing  fruit,  as 
a  pistillate  flower ;  applied  also  to  a 
pollen-bearing  stamen. 

Filament.  —  That  part  of  the  stamen 
which  supports  the  anther;  any 
thread-like  body. 

Filiform. — Thread-shaped  ;  long,  slender 
and  terete. 

Fimbriate.— Fringed  with  narrow  pro- 
cesses ;  having  the  margin  finely  dis- 
sected. 

Fistular,  Fistulous. — Hollow  and  cylin- 
drical. 

Flabelliform.— Fan-shaped;  dilated  and 

rounded  above,  from  a  cuneate  base. 
Flexuous.— Bent  or  curving  alternately  in 

opposite  directions. 
Fcliaceous.— Leaf  -like  in  structure  and 

appearance ;  leafy. 
Follicle.— A.  pod  formed  from  a  single 

pistil,   dehiscing   along   the  ventral 

suture  only. 

Follicular.— Pertaining  to  a  follicle  or 
like  it  in  structure. 

Foveate.— Pitted ;  marked  by  deep  de- 
pressions. 

Foveolate.— Diminutive  of  the  last. 

Free. — Not  adnate  to  other  organs. 

Fructification.— The  bearing  of  fruit,  or 
the  organs  concerned  in  the  produc- 
tion of  fruit. 

Fruit.—  The  matured  seed-  or  spore- 
vessel,  of  whatever  kind,  with  its 
appendages  and  contents. 

Frutescent.— Shrubby  or  somewhat  so. 

Fugacious.— 'Very  soon  falling ;  of  ex- 
tremely short  continuance. 

Ful vous.— Dull  brownish  or  grayish  yel- 
low. 

Funiculus.— The  stalklet  of  an  ovule  or 
eeed. 

Funnelform.—  Tubular,  but  expanding 
gradually  from  the  narrow  base  to 
the  spreading  border  or  limb. 


334 


GLOSSARY. 


Fusiform.—  Spindle-shaped,  i.  e.,  taper- 
ing toward  each  end  from  a  thick- 
ened middle. 

Galea.—A.  helmet ;  applied  to  the  helmet- 
shaped  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  in 
Labiates,  Aconitom,  etc. ;  also  to  the 
upper  lip  of  some  Scrophularinese. 
though  not  so  shaped. 

Galeate. — Having  a  galea. 

Geminate.— In  pairs  ;  binate  ;  twin. 

Geniculate.— Bent  abruptly  at  an  angle, 
like  the  knee. 

Gibbous. — Protuberant ;  swelling  out  at 
one  side. 

Glabrate.—  Becoming  glabrous. 

Glabrous. — Without  any  kind  of  hairiness. 

Gland. — Any  secreting  structure,  depres- 
sion or  prominence  on  any  part  of  a 
plant,  or  any  structure  having  such 
an  appearance. 

Glandular.— Bearing  glands,  or  gland- 
like. 

Glaucescent.— Somewhat  glaucous  ;  be- 
coming glaucous. 

Glaucous.— Covered  with  a  fine  whitish 
bloom  that  is  easily  rubbed  off  ;  hav- 
ing a  bluish-hoary  appearance. 

Globose,  Globular.— Round  ;  spherical,  or 
nearly  so. 

Glochidiate.—  Barbed,  like  a  fish-hook. 

Glomerate.— Closely  clustered. 

Glomerule. — A  compact  somewhat  capi- 
tate cyme. 

Glutinous.— Viscid ;  sticky;  covered  with 
gummy  secretion. 

Granular. — Composed  of  small  grains  or 
grain-like  bodies  ;  rough  with  grain- 
like  prominences. 

Gymnosperms. —  Plants  having  naked 
seeds,  or  in  which  the  typically  naked 
ovule  is  fertilized  directly  by  the 
pollen  without  the  intervention  of  a 
stigma. 

Gynnndrous—  Having  the  stamens  ad- 
nate  to  the  pistils  and  style,  so  as  to 
be  apparently  borne  at  or  upon  its 
summit,  as  in  Orchids. 

Gynobase. — A  short  thick  prolongation  of 
the  axis  or  receptacle  upon  which 
the  pistil  rests. 


Gynazcium.— The  aggregate  of  the  pistils 

of  a  flower. 
Habit. — The   general   form  or  mode   of 

growth  of  a  plant 
Habitat.— The   locality  or   geographical 

range  of  a  plant. 

Hamate. — Curved  at  the  end  into  a  hook. 
Hastate.  —  Triangular    or   arrow-shaped 

with  basal  angles    or  lobes  directed 

outward. 
Head.— A.  cluster  of   flowers,  which  are 

sessile  or  nearly  so  upon  a  very  short 

axis  or  receptacle  ;  a  shortened  spike . 
Herb.— A.   plant  that  has   no  persistent 

woody  growth  above  the  ground. 
Herbaceous.—  Having  the  character  of  an 

herb  ;  not  woody  or  shrubby. 
Hilum.—  The  scar  or  place  of  attachment 

of  the  seed. 
Hirsute.— Pubescent  with  rather  coarse 

or  stiff  hairs. 
Hirsutulous.  —  Diminutive    of    hirsute, 

i.  e.,  sparingly  and  shortly  hirsute 
Hispid. — Beset  with  rigid  or  bristly  hairs. 
Hispidulous .—  Minutely  hispid. 
Hoary. — Grayish-white  with  a  fine  close 

pubescence. 

Hyaline. — Transparent ;  translucent. 
Hybrid.— A.  cross  between   two  species, 

produced  by  the  fertilization  of  the 

flower  of  one  species  by  the  pollen  of 

another 
Imbricate.—  Overlapping,    like   shingles 

on  a  building. 
Incised.— Irregularly,  sharply  and  deeply 

cut. 
Included.— Enclosed  by  the  surrounding 

organs ;  not  exserted. 
Incurved.— Carved  inward. 
Indigenous.— Native  to  the  country. 
Indument.—  The    hairy,     silky,     woolly 

scurfy  or  other  such  clothing  of  leaf 

or  stem. 

Induplicate.— With   margins  folded   in- 
ward. 
Inferior.— Lower;  that  part  of  a  flower, 

etc.,  which  is  toward  the  bract;  ap- 
plied also  to  a  calyx  that  is  free  from 

the  ovary,   and  to  an  ovary  that  is 

adnate  to  the  calyx. 


GLOSSARY. 


Inflated.  -Bladdery. 

Inflorescence.—  The  flowering  portion  of 
a  plant,  and  especially  the  mode  of 
its  arrangement. 

Inserted.— Attached  to  or  growing  upon. 

Insertion.— The  place  or  mode  of  attach- 
ment of  an  organ. 

Internode. — The  part  of  a  stem  between 
two  joints. 

Introrse.— Turned  inward  toward  the 
axis. 

Involucel. — An  inner  or  secondary  invo- 
lucre; that  which  surrounds  an  um- 
bellet. 

[nvolucrate. — Having  an  involucre. 

Involucre  —A  circle  or  circles  of  scales, 
bracts  or  leaves,  distinct  or  united, 
surrounding  a  flower  or  flower-clus- 
ter; in  Umbelliferae,  the  bracts  sub- 
tending the  umbel. 

Involute. — Boiled  inward. 

Irregular.— With  parts  unlike  in  size  or 
form,  or  both. 

Keel. — A  central  dorsal  ridge,  resembling 
the  keel  of  a  boat.  Also  the  lower 
pair  of  petals,  in  a  papilionaceous 
flower. 

Labiate.— Lipped  ;  applied  to  an  irregu- 
lar corolla  or  calyx  which  is  une- 
qually divided  into  two  parts  or  lips. 

Lacerate.—  Torn ;  irregularly  and  deeply 
cleft. 

Laciniate. — Cut  into  narrow  slender 
teeth  or  lobes. 

Lamella. — A  thin  plate  or  scale. 

Lamellar.— In  form  of  a  plate  or  scale. 

Lamina. — The  blade  or  dilated  portion 
of  a  leaf. 

Lanate. — Covered  with  long  curled  hairs 

like  wool. 
Lanceolate.— Shaped  like  a  lance-head ; 

tapering   upward    from   a   narrowly 

ovate  or  subovate  base. 
Lanuginous.  —  Provided      with     wool ; 

woolly. 

Lateral. — At  the   side ;  attached  to  the 

side. 

Lavender-color. — A  pale  grayish  blue. 
Leaf-blade.—  The   dilated   portion   of   a 

leaf. 


Leaflet. — A  separate  division  of  a  com- 
pound leaf. 

Legume. — A  normally  1-celled  capsule, 
formed  from  a  single  carpel,  but 
dehiscing  by  two  valves,  as  in  the 
Pea,  Bean,  etc. 

Lenticular. — Lens-  or  lentil-shaped;  of 
the  form  of  a  double-convex  lens. 

Ligneous. — Woody. 

Lignescent. — Becoming  woody. 

Ligule.—A.  small  tongue-like  or  strap- 
shaped  body.  Applied  to  the  corolla 
of  ray  flowers  in  Composite. 

Ligulate.  —  Furnished  with  a  ligule ; 
strap-shaped. 

Liliaceous.  -Lily-like. 

Limb.- -The  dilated  and  usually  spreading 
portion  of  a  perianth  or  petal,  as  dis- 
tinct from  the  tubular  part  or  claw. 

Line.— The  twelfth  part  of  an  inch, 
nearly  equivalent  to  two  millimeters. 

Linear. — Narrow  and  elongated,  with 
parallel  margins. 

Lineate. — Marked  with  lines. 

Lip. — Either  of  the  two  divisions  of  a 
bilabiate  corolla  or  calyx  ;  in  Orchids, 
the  upper  petal,  usually  very  differ- 
ent from  the  others. 

Lobate,  Lobed.—  Divided  into  or  bearing 
lobes. 

Lobe. — Any  division  of  a  leaf,  corolla, 
etc.,  especially  if  rounded. 

Loculicidal.— Used  when  the  cells  of  a 
capsule  open  by  dehiscence  through 
the  dorsal  suture. 

Lunate.— Crescent-shaped. 

Lurid. — Of  a  dull  dirty-brown  color. 

Lyrate.—  Pinnatifid  with  the  terminal 
lobe  largest  and  rounded,  the  lower 
lobes  small. 

Marcesent.— Withering  and  persistent. 

Marginate,  Margined. Furnished  with 

a  border  peculiar  in  structure  or  ap- 
pearance. 

Maritime.—  Belonging  to  the  sea-coast. 

Mealy.— Covered  with  a  whitish  mealy 
powder. 

Membranous,  Membranaceous.  —  Thin 
and  rather  soft  and  translucent,  like 
membrane. 


336 


GLOSSARY. 


Mid-rib,  or  M id-nerve.— The  central  and 
principal  nerve  of  a  leaf. 

Monadelphous.—  Having  the  stamens  all 
united  by  their  filaments  into  a  col- 
umn or  tube. 

Monandrous .— Having  a  single  stamen. 

Moniliform. — Resembling  a  chaplet  or 
string  of  beads . 

Monocephalous .—  Bearing  a  single  head 
of  flowers. 

Monocotyledon. — A  plant  whose  embryo 
has  a  single  cotyledon . 

Monoecious. — With  stamens  and  pistils 
in  separate  flowers  upon  the  same 
plant. 

Mucro,  Mucronation.—A  short  and  small 
abrupt  rigid  tip. 

Multicipital .—  Many -headed,  applied  to 
a  much-branched  rootstock. 

Multifid.—  Cleft  into  many  lobes  or  seg- 
ments . 

Muricate  —  Bough,  with  short  hard 
points . 

Muriculate .-- Finely  muricate. 

Nectariferous. — Secreting  nectar. 

Nectary.—  The  manifest  gland  of  a  petal 
within. 

Nerve.—  A  simple  vein ;  a  rib. 

Noddinq.  —  Curving  downward;  some- 
what inclined  from  the  perpendicu- 
lar. 

Node.  —  A  knot  or  swelling  ;  a  place  upon 
a  stem  where  a  leaf,  or  a  pair,  or  a 
whorl  of  leaves,  is  borne. 

Nodose.— Having  knots  or  swelling 
joints. 

Nut.— A.  hard  indehiscent  one-seeded 
fruit,  usually  resulting  from  a  com- 
pound ovary . 

Nutlet.— A.  small  nut ;  also  applied  to  the 
hard  seed-like  divisions  of  the  fruit 
of  the  Labiatae,  Verbena,  etc. 

Obcompressed .  —  Flattened  contrary  to 
the  direction  of  the  sides,  dorsally 
instead  of  laterally. 

Obconical.  —  Resembling  an  inverted 
cone. 

Obcordate.—  Inverted  cordate,  the  lobes 
at  the  upper  end. 


Oblanceolate .—  Inverted  lanceolate,  with 
the  broadest  part  toward  the  apex. 

Oblate .  —Flattened  at  top  and  bottom . 

Oblique. — Turned  to  one  side;  unequally 
sided. 

Oblono. — Considerably  longer  than  broad 
and  with  nearly  parallel  sides. 

Obovate.— Inverted  ovate,  the  broader 
part  toward  the  apex. 

Obovoid.  —  Inverted  egg  -  shaped,  the 
broader  part  above. 

Obtuse .  — Blunt  or  rounded  at  the  end . 

Obversely .—  In  a  reverse  manner. 

Ochroleucous.— Yellowish- white. 

Opaque. — Dull,  not  shining. 

Operculum.—A  lid,  separating  by  a 
transverse  line  of  dehiscence. 

Opposite. — Standing  against  or  facing 
each  other,  as  a  stamen  against  a 
petal,  or  two  leaves  at  the  same  node. 

Orbicular. — Circular  or  nearly  so. 

Order.— A.  principal  group  next  above 
the  genus  in  rank,  and  including  re- 
lated genera  more  or  less  distin- 
guished from  others  by  certain  com- 
mon characters . 

Ordinal.— Relating  to  orders. 

Osseous. — Bony. 

Oval.—  Broadly  elliptical. 

Ovary.— The  dilated  portion  of  the  pistil, 
bearing  and  containing  the  ovules. 

Ovate.— Shaped  like  the  longitudinal  out- 
line of  an  egg,  the  broader  portion 
toward  the  base ;  also  egg-shaped  as 
applied  to  fruits,  etc. 

Ovoid.— Nearly  egg-shaped. 

Ovule. — A  rudimentary  organ  which 
after  impregnation  becomes  a  seed. 

Palate. — A  protrusion  at  or  near  the 
throat  of  a  bilabiate  corolla. 

Palea.—A  chaff  or  chaffy  bract;  in 
grasses,  the  two  inner  bracts  of  the 
flower. 

Paleaceous— Chaffy  or  furnished  with 
chaff. 

Palmate. — Of  leaves,  compound  with  the 
leaflets  radiating  from  the  summit  of 
the  petiole. 

Palmately.—  In  a  palmate  manner. 


GLOSSARY. 


337 


Palmatifid.—  Palmately  cleft  or  divided. 

Panicle.— A  loose  irregularly  branched 
inflorescence. 

Panicled,  Paniculate.—  After  the  man- 
ner of  a  panicle  ;  bearing  a  panicle. 

Papilionaceous.-- Butterfly-like ;  applied 
to  the  peculiar  irregular  flower  com- 
mon in  the  Leguminosae. 

Papillose,  Papillate.—  Bearing  minute 
thick  nipple-shaped  or  somewhat 
elongated  projections. 

Pappus. — In  Compositae,  the  hairs, 
bristles  or  scales  crowning  the  achene 
and  taking  the  place  of  a  calyx. 

Papyraceous.—  Having  the  textnre  of 
paper. 

Parasitic. — Growing  upon  and  deriving 
nourishment  from  another  plant. 

Par ie ta I— Relating  to  or  situate  upon  the 
walls  of  a  cavity. 

Parted.— Cleft  nearly  to  the  base. 

Partition.—  An  inner  wall  or  dissepi- 
ment. 

Pectinate.—  Comb-like:  cleft  into  nar- 
row closely-set  segments. 

Pedate.—  Palmately  divided  or  parted 
with  the  lateral  divisions  again  2- 
cleft. 

Pedicel.—  Th«  footstalk  or  support  of  a 
flower. 

Pedicellate.—  Borne  on  a  pedicel. 

Peduncle. — A  general  or  primary  flower- 
stalk. 

Pedunculate.— Furnished  with  a  pe- 
duncle . 

Peltate.— Shield-  shaped;  flat  and  attached 
to  its  support  by  its  lower  surface. 

Pendulous.  — Hanging  nearly  inverted 
from  its  support ;  of  ovules,  more  or 
less  drooping,  as  distinct  from  sus- 
pended. 

Penicillate. — Resembling  a  brush  of  fine 
hairs. 

Perennial.— Persistent  a  series  of  years. 

Perfect.— Of  a  flower,  having  both  sta- 
mens and  pistil. 

Perfoliate.—Ot  leaves,  connate  about  the 
stem. 


Perianth. — The  calyx  and  corolla,  when 

much   alike   and   seeming   like    one 

floral  circle. 
Pericarp. — The    seed-vessel    or    ripened 

ovary.  • 

Persistent.— Not   falling   off;    of  leaves, 

continuing  through  the  winter. 
Personate.— Used   of   a   labiate    corolla 

with  prominent  palates  closing  the 

throat. 
Petal.  —One  of  the  parts  of  a  choripetalous 

corolla. 
Petaline.— Relating  to  the  inner  segments 

of  a  perianth. 

Petaloid.  —Colored  and  resembling  a 
petal. 

Petiole.—  The  footstalk  of  a  leaf. 

Petioled,  Petiolate.— Having  a  petiole. 

Petiolule.— The  footstalk  of  a  leaflet. 

Pilose. — Hairy,  usually  with  soft  rather 
remote  hairs. 

Pinnate.— Having  its  parts  arranged  in 
pairs  along  a  common  rachis. 

P 'innately. —In  a  pinnate  manner. 

Pinnat ifid.— Pinnately  cleft  into  opposite 
nearly  equal  segments. 

Pinnatisect.— Pinnately  divided  down  to 
the  midrib. 

Pistil.— The  female  organ  of  a  phaner- 
ogam, consisting  of  the  ovary  with  its 
styles  and  stigmas. 

Pistillate.— Having  a  pistil  and  no  sta- 
mens, as  distinct  from  perfect  or 
staminate. 

Pitted.— Marked  with    small  depressions 

or  pits. 
Placenta.—  That   part   of   the   ovary    or 

fruit  which  bears  the  ovules  and  seeds. 
Plane.— Having  a  flat  surface. 
Plicate. — Folded  into  plaits,  like  a  fan. 
Plumose.— Plume-like  ;  having  fine  hairs 

on  each  side  like  a  feather. 

Pollen.— The  powdery  or  sometimes  waxy 
contents  of  the  anther. 

Polliniferous. — Bearing  pollen.  Used  of 
deformed  or  reduced  anthers  which 
nevertheless  yield  pollen. 

Polymorphous.— Of  many  forms ;  variable 
in  form.  r 


338 


GLOSSABY. 


Pome.— A.   fleshy   fruit,    like    the   apple, 

enclosing  several  parchment- like  or 

bony  carpels. 
Posterior.— In  an  axillary  flower,  the  side 

toward  the  axis  and  away  from  the 

bract. 
Prickle.— A.  small  spine,  an  outgrowth  of 

the  bark  or  cuticle. 
Prismatic.— Elongated,  truncate  at  both 

ends,  with  angular  circumscription. 
Process. — Any  projecting  appendage  ;  in 

mosses,  the  inner  teeth  or  cilia  of  the 

peristome. 

Procumbent. — Lying  upon  the  ground. 
Prod uced.— Extended  or  prolonged, 
Proliferous. — Producing  offshoots. 
Prostrate, — Lying  flat  on  the  ground. 
Prui nose.— Covered  with  a  minute  bloom 

or  powder. 

Puberulent.—Very  minutely  pubescent. 
Pubescence. — A  short   soft  hairiness,  or, 

more  generally,  any  kind  of  hairy  or 

woolly  indument. 
Pubescent.— Covered  with    hairs,  usually 

short  and  soft. 
Pulverulent. — Dusty,  as  if  covered  with  a 

minute  powder. 

Punctate.- -Dotted   with  minute  depres- 
sions, or  with   translucent    internal 

glands  or  colored  dots. 
Puncticulate.—Very   minutely   punctate. 
Pungent. — Terminating  in    a  rigid   and 

stout  sharp  point  or  prickle. 
Putamen.— The  bony  or  crustaceous  shell 

inclosing  the  seed  of  a  drupe. 
Pyramidal.— Shaped    like     a    pyramid; 

narrowing  to  an  apex  from  an  angular 
base. 

Pyriform. — Pear-shaped. 
Raceme. — A  form  of  inflorescence  with 
pedicellate   flowers   upon    a   simple 
prolonged  axis,  the  flowers  developing 
from  below  upward. 
Racemose. — Tn  racemes,  or  resembling  a 

raceme. 
Radiate. — Diverging    from    a    common 

center  ;  bearing  ray  flowers. 
Radical.— Belonging   to   or    proceeding 
from  the  root,  or  from  the  base  of  the 
stem. 


Radicle.—  That  part  of  the  embryo  below 
the  cotyledons,  its  stem-portion  and 
the  primal  internode,  developing  the 
root  from  its  lower  extremity. 

Ray. — One  of  the  radiating  branches  of 
an  umbel ;  the  marginal  flowers,  as 
distinct  from  those  of  the  disk,  in 
Compositse,  Umbelliferse,  etc . 

Receptacle. — A  more  or  less  expanded  or 
produced  surface  forming  a  common 
support  for  a  cluster  of  organs  (in  a 
flower)  or  a  cluster  of  flowers  (in  a 
head),  etc. 

Reclinate.— Reclining.  With  an  erect  or 
ascending  base,  the  upper  part 
recurved  and  trailing. 

Rectangular. — Of  an  oblong  right-angled 
figure. 

Recurved.— Curved  backward  or  down- 
ward. 

Regular.— Symmetrical  in  form  ;  uniform 
in  shape  or  structure. 

Reniform. — Kidney-shaped:  deeply  cor- 
date with  the  breadth  exceeding  the 
length. 

Repand.—  With  the  margin  slightly  sin- 
uate or  wavy. 

Reticulated.— With  markings  or  veinings 
resembling  network. 

Retrorse.— Turned  backward  or  down- 
ward. 

Refuse.— With  a  shallow  or  obscure  notch 
at  the  rounded  apex. 

Revolute. — With  the  margins  or  apex 
rolled  backward. 

Rhachis.— The  axis  of  a  spike  or  of  a 
compound  leaf  or  frond. 

Rhizomatous. — Producing  rhizomes  or  of 
the  character  of  a  rhizome. 

Rhizome,  or  Rootstock. — A  somewhat  hor- 
izontal underground  rooting  stem, 
producing  a  stem,  leaves  or  flower- 
stalk  at  its  apex  or  nodes. 

Rhombic. — Obliquely  four-sided. 

Rhomboidal — Somewhat  rhombic  in  out- 
line. 

|   Rib.— A.  principal  and  prominent  nerve 

of  a  leaf. 
!   Ribbed.  —Furnished     with     prominent 


GLOSSARY. 


Rinqent.— Gaping ;  applied  to  a  labiate 
corolla  with  widely  separated  lips  and 
open  throat. . 

Rootstock. — See  Rhizome. 

RosMlate.  —  Diminutive  o  £  rostrate; 
having  a  small  beak. 

Rostrate.— Beaked ;  bearing  a  slender  ter- 
minal process. 

Rosulate. — Collected  in  a  rosette. 

Rotate.— Wheel-shaped ;  of  a  corolla, 
spreading  abruptly  from  near  the  base 
and  nearly  flat. 

Rufous. — Reddish  or  brownish  red. 

Rugose.— Wrinkled ;  ridged. 

Rugulose. — Finely  or  minutely  wrinkled. 

Runcinate.— Deeply  toothed  or  incisely 
lobed,  with  the  segments  directed 
backward. 

Runner.— A  very  slender  prostrate  branch 
(stolon),  rooting  arid  developing  a 
new  plant  at  the  nodes  or  tip,  as  in 
the  strawberry. 

Saccate.— Sac-shaped :  furnished  with  a 
sac  or  pouch-like  cavity. 

Sagittate.— Shaped  like  an   arrow-head ; 

triangular  with  basal  lobes  prolonged 

downward. 
Salverform.—  Narrowly  tubular,  with  limb 

abruptly  or  flatly  expanded. 
Samara. — An  indehiscent  membranously 

winged  one-seeded  fruit,  as  in  the  Ash 

and  Maple. 

Sarcocarp.—  The  succulent  part  of  a  fleshy 
fruit, 

Sarmentose  — Producing  long  runners. 

Scabrous.— Rough  to  the  touch  with 
minute  rigid  points. 

Scales. — Usually  variously  modified  bracts 
or  leaves,  thin  and  scarious,  or  cori- 
aceous, fleshy,  foliaceous,  or  woody, 
often  imbricated. 

Scape.— A.  naked  peduncle  rising  from 
the  ground. 

Scarious.— Thin,  dry  and  membranaceous, 
not  green. 

Scorpioid. — Incurved  like  the  tail  of  a 
scorpion,  applied  to  a  unilateral  cir- 
cinately  coiled  inflorescence,  unroll- 
ing as  the  flowers  expand. 


Scrobiculate. — Marked  by  minute  depres- 
sions. 

Scurf.—  Small  bran-like  scales  on  the 
epidermis. 

Secund. — Turned  in  one  direction,  as  the 
leaves  or  flowers  upon  a  stem. 

Seed.— The  ripened  ovule,  consisting  of 
the  embryo  with  its  proper  envelopes. 

Segment. — One  of  the  parts  of  a  leaf  or 
other  organ  that  is  cut  or  divided ; 
more  general  than  lobe. 

Sepal. — A  leaf  or  division  of  a  calyx. 

Sepaline.— Relating  to  the  outer  segments 
of  a  perianth . 

Septicidal.— Dehiscing  through  the  dis- 
sepiments and  between  the  cells,  or 
through  the  lines  of  junction  of  the 
carpels. 

Septifragal.— Breaking  away  from  the 
partitions  on  dehiscence;  this  and  the 
last  are  terms  applied  to  the  valves  of 
a  loculicidal  capsule. 

Sericeous.— Silky ;  covered  with  soft 
straight  appressed  hairs. 

Serotinous.— Produced  late  in  the  season. 

Serrate.— Having  teeth  directed  forward, 
like  the  teeth  of  a  saw. 

Serratures.— Teeth  like  those  of  a  saw. 

Serrulate.— Finely  serrate. 

Sessile.— Attached  immediately  to  the 
point  of  support  without  footstalk. 

Setaceous.— Bristle-like. 

Setose. — Beset  with  bristles. 

Sheathing.— Enfolding  like  a  sheath. 

Shrub. — A  plant  woody  throughout,  of 
less  size  than  a  tree. 

Shrubby.  —Having  the  character  of  a 
shrub. 

Silicle. — A  short  cruciferous  pod,  not 
many  times  longer  than  wide. 

Silique.— The  usually  elongated  pod  in 
Cruciferae,  having  two  valves  sepa- 
rating from  two  parietal  placentae. 

Silky.— See  Sericeous. 

Simple.— Of  one  piece ;  not  compound. 

Sinistrorse.— Turned  to  the  left,  as  seen 
from  the  outside ;  but  often  used  in 
the  opposite  sense. 

Sinuate.— With  a  strongly  wavy  margin. 


340 


GLOSSARY. 


Sinuous. — Curving  back  and  forth. 

Sinus.— The  open  interval  between  lobes 
or  segments. 

Smooth.—  Not  rough  ;  the  surface  even. 

Spadix.— A  spike  with  usually  a  thickened 
fleshy  rhachis  and  subtended  by  a 
spathe. 

Span.— The  distance  between  the  extrem- 
ities of  the  thumb  and  little  finger 
when  extended  ;  about  nine  inches. 

Spathaceous.—  Bearing  or  resembling  a 
spathe. 

Spathe.— One  or  more  clasping  and  often 
sheathing  bracts  enclosing  a  flower 
cluster  or  inflorescence  and  mostly 
colored. 

Spatulate. — Narrowed  downward  from  an 
abruptly  rounded  summit. 

Species. — A  group  of  things  of  the  same 
kind,  having  essentially  the  same 
characters. 

Specific.—  That  which  relates  to  a  species. 

Spicate. — In  spikes  or  resembling  a  spike. 

Spike. — A  simple  elongated  inflorescence, 
with  the  flowers  sessile  or  very  nearly 
so. 

Spine. — A  sharp  woody  or  rigid  outgrowth 
from  the  stem,  a  modification  of  a 
branch,  leaf  or  stipule. 

Spinescent. — Ending  in  a  spine  or  rigid 
point. 

Spinose,  Spiny.  —  Furnished  with  or 
resembling  spines. 

Spinulose. — Having  diminutive  spines. 

Spur. — A  usually  slender  tubular  process 
from  some  part  of  a  flower,  often 
nectariferous. 

Squarrose. — Roughened  and  jagged  with 
projections  spreading  every  way,  as 
by  the  divaricately  spreading  ends  of 
crowded  leaves  or  bracts. 

'St amen.—  The  pollen-bearing  organ  of 
the  flower,  consisting  of  an  anther 
usually  supported  upon  a  stalk  or 
filament. 

Stamineal.— Relating  to  or  consisting  of 
the  stamens. 

Staminodium.—A.  sterile  stamen  or  some- 
thing taking  the  place  of  a  stamen. 


Stellate.— Star-shaped;  radiating  in  fine 
lines  from  a  centre,  like  the  rays  of  an 
asterisk. 

Stem.— The  main  axis  of  a  plant. 

Stemless. — Without  manifest  stem  above 
ground. 

Sterile. — Barren;  not  capable  of  produc- 
ing seed;  a  sterile  stamen  is  one  not 
producing  pollen. 

Stigma.—  That  portion  of  the  pistil  with- 
out epidermis  through  which  the 
pollen-tubes  effect  entrance  to  the 
ovules,  very  variable  in  shape  and 
position. 

Stiqmatic. — Belonging  or  relating  to  the 
stigma. 

Stipe.— The  footstalk  of  a  pistil  raising  it 
above  the  receptacle:  in  ferns,  the 
naked  stalk  of  the  frond. 

Stipitate.— Borne  upon  a  stipe. 

Stipular. — Belonging  to  the  stipules. 

Stipulate.— Possessing  stipules. 

Stipule.— An  appendage  to  the  base  of  a 
petiole,  very  various  in  form  and 
character. 

Stolon. — A  horizontal  prostrate  offshoot 
from  the  base  of  a  plant. 

Stoloniferous. — Bearing  or  propagating 
by  stolons. 

Stone. — The  hard  endoearp  or  putamen  of 
a  drupe. 

Sir iate.—  Marked  with  fine  longitudinal 
lines. 

Strict. —  Upright  and  very  straight. 

Strigillose.— Minutely  strigose. 

Strifjose.— Beset  with  short  straight  stiff 
and  appressed  sharp-pointed  hairs. 

Strophiole.-A.Ji  appendage  at  the  point 
of  attachment  of  some  seeds. 

Style. — That  portion  of  the  pistil  between 
the  ovary  proper  and  the  stigma, 
usually  attenuated,  often  wanting. 

Stylopodium.—A.  cushion-like  expansion 
at  the  base  of  the  style  in  Umbellif  erae. 

Subtended.  — Supported  or  surrounded, 
as  a  pedicel  by  a  bract,  or  a  flower 
cluster  by  an  involucre  ;  fulcrate. 

Subulate.— Awl-shaped. 
Succulent.— Fleshy  and  juicy. 


GLOSSAKY. 


341 


Sucker.— A.  shoot  from  the  underground 
base  of  a  stem,  or  from  underground 
roots  or  rhizomes. 
Suffrutescent.  —  Somewhat     or     slightly 

shrubby  ;  woody  at  base. 
Suffruticose.—Ijovf  and  shrubby. 
Sulcate.— Grooved  or  furrowed. 
Superior.— Growing   above  ;   a   superior 
ovary  is  one  wholly  above  and  free 
from  the  calyx  ;  in  a  lateral  flower, 
nearest  to  the  axis. 
Surculose.— Producing  suckers. 
Suture. — A  line  of  union  or  of  dehiscence. 
Symmetrical.— Regular  in  shape  if  of  a 
plant  or  tree  as  a  whole  ;  in  the  num- 
ber of  its  parts,  if  spoken  of  a  flower. 
Sympetalous.—  Having  the  petals  united. 
Synsepalous. ^Having  the  sepals  united. 
Teeth.  —  Small    marginal    or    terminal 

lobes  of  any  kind. 

Tendril.— A.  thread-like  production  from 

an  axil,   the  extremity  of  a  leaf  or 

elsewhere,    capable   of    coiling    and 

used  for  climbing. 

Terete.— Cylindrical   or  nearly    so;   not 

angled  nor  channelled. 
Ternate.—In  threes;  in  three  divisions. 
Tessellated.  —Chequered;  like   mosaic  or 

chequerwork. 

Testa.— The  outer  seed-coat. 
Tetradynamous—  With   four    long    and 
two  shorter  stamens;  applied  to  the 
Cruciferae. 

Tetragonal.— Four-angled. 
Tetramerous.—Of   a    flower    having   its 

parts  in  fours. 

Tetrandrous.— With  four  stamens. 
Thorn.— See  Spine. 

Throat.— -The   orifice   of   a   sympetalous 
corolla  or  calyx;  the  portion  of   the 
corolla  immediately  below  the  limb 
or  between  the  limb  and  the  tube. 
Thyrse.  -A  contracted  or  close  panicle. 
Tomentose.  —  Pubescent     with     matted 

wool. 

Tomentum.— Dense  matted  woolly  pubes- 
cence. 

Toothed.— Provided  with  teeth. 
Top-shaped. — Inverted  broad-conical. 
Torose.— Swollen  at  intervals. 


Tortuous,— Bending  about  irregularly. 

Torulose.—  Slightly  torose. 

Torus. — The  receptacle  of  a  flower;  the 
apex  of  the  flower-stalk,  more  or  less 
modified  to  support  the  parts  of  the 
flower. 

Transverse.— Across,  from  side  to  side. 

Tree. — A  woody  branching  plant,  with 
erect  trunk,  ten  feet  high  or  more. 

Triandrous.— With  three  stamens. 

Triangu  lar.  —Three-angled. 

Trichotomous.  —Branching  by  threes. 

Trifid—  Three-cleft. 

Trifo  I  iate  .—Three-leaved. 

Trifoliolate.— Having  three  leaflets. 

Trimerous.— Having  its  parts  in  threes. 

Tripinnate.—  Three  times  pinnate. 

Triquetrous  .—Of  a  stem,  etc.,  triangu- 
lar with  the  sides  somewhat  concave 
or  channelled. 

Triternate.— Three  times  ternate. 

Truncate. — Ending  abruptly  as  if  cut  off 
transversely. 

Trunk. — A  main  stem. 

Tube.— Any  elongated  hollow  body  or 
part  of  an  organ. 

Tuber.— A.  thickened  rhizome,  with  scat- 
tered buds  or  eyes. 

Tubercle. — A  small  projection  or  pimple  : 
a  small  tuber  or  a  tuberous  root, 

Tuberculate.  —  Covered  with  small 
rounded  prominences  or  knobs. 

Tunicated.— Denoting  bulbs  made  up  of 
concentric  seamless  tunic-like  coats, 
as  in  the  onion. 

Turbinate. — Top-shaped. 

Turgid.—  Puffed  out ;  distended. 

Twining.— Ascending  by  winding  about  a 
support. 

Type.— The  ideal  pattern  or  form. 

Typical.— That  which  corresponds  to  or 
represents  the  type.  A  typical  species 
is  one  upon  which  the  generic  char- 
acter was  founded,  or  one  which  con- 
forms most  closely  to  the  general 
characters  of  the  genus,  deviations 
from  which  form  the  basis  for  sub- 
genera,  etc.  So  the  typical  form  of  a 
species  is  that  upon  which  the  specific 


342 


GLOSSARY. 


character  is  based,  as  distinguished 
from  all  varieties,  sports,  etc. 

Umbel.  —  An  umbrella-shaped  inflores- 
cence, the  pedicels  radiating  from  the 
summit  of  the  common  peduncle. 

Umbellate.  —  Bearing  or  growing  in 
umbels. 

Umbelliferous.— Bearing  umbels. 

Umbellulate.— Bearing  umbellets. 

Unarmed. — Without  prickles,  spines,  or 
the  like. 

Vncinate.— Hooked  at  the  extremity. 

Undulate.  —  Wavy,  alternately  raised 
above  and  depressed  below  the  gen- 
eral plane. 

Undershrub.—k  very  low  shrub. 

Unguiculate.—Of  a  petal,  narrowed  below 
into  a  claw  or  petiole-like  base. 

Unifoliolate.  —  A  compound  leaf-type 
reduced  to  a  single  leaflet. 

Unilateral. — One-sided. 

Unilocular .  — One-celled . 

Uniovulate.— Having  a  single  ovule 

Uniserial. — In  one  row  or  series. 

Unisexual.—  Of  one  sex  ;  of  flowers  hav- 
ing stamens  only  or  pistils  only. 

Urceolate. — Cylindrical  or  ovoid,  but 
contracted  at  or  below  the  open  ori- 
fice, like  an  urn  or  pitcher. 

Utricle. — A  small  bladdery  usually  one- 
seeded  pericarp  indehiscent  or  burst- 
ing irregularly  or  circumscissile ;  any 
small  bladder-like  organ,  or  some 
times  applied  to  forms  of  tissue-cell 

Utricular. — Consisting  of  or  belongin 
to  utricles. 

Valvate. — Opening  by  valves,  as  a  cap- 
sule; meeting  by  the  edges,  without 
overlapping,  as  sepals,  etc.,  in  aesti- 
vation . 

Valve.— The  several  parts  of  a  dehiscent 
pericarp;  the  door-like  lid  by  which 
some  authors  open. 

Variegated .  —Irregularly  colored. 


Variety.— The  principal  subdivisions  of 
a  species,  differing  from  the  type  in 
certain  constant  characters  of  subor- 
dinate value. 

Veined.— Furnished  with  veins. 

Venation.—  The  mode  of  veining. 

Ventral.—  Belonging  to  the  anterior  or 
inner  face  of  a  carpel,  etc.,  the  oppo- 
site of  dorsal. 

Ventricose.  —  Swelling  unequally  or  in- 
flated on  one  side. 

Venulose.—  Abounding  with  veinlets. 

Vermicular.—  Worm-shaped. 

Vernal.—  Appearing  in  spring. 

Vernation.—  The  folding  of  leaves  in  the 
leaf-bud. 

Vernicose.— Appearing  as  if  varnished. 

Verrucose.—  Covered  with  wart-like  ele- 
vations 

Versatile.— Swinging;  turning  freely  on 
its  support. 

Vertical.— Upright;  perpendicular  to  the 
plane  of  the  horizon;  longitudinal. 

Verticil.—  A  whorl. 

Verticillaster.—  The  pair  of  dense  cymes 
at  each  node  of  some  Labiatae,  simu- 
lating a  verticil  or  whorl. 

Verticillat e . — Arranged  in  whorls. 

Vesicle.—  A  small  bladdery  body. 

Vesicular. — Composed  of  vesicles. 

Villous. — Bearing  long  and  soft  straight 
or  straightish  hairs . 

Virgate.— Like  a  wand  or  rod,  slender 
straight  and  erect. 

Viscid. — Glutinous,  sticky. 

Whorl. — An  arrangement  of  leaves, 
flowers,  etc.,  in  a  circle  about  the 
stem  or  axie 

Wing. — Any  membranous  or  thin  expan- 
sion or  appendage  ;  each  lateral  petal 
of  a  papilionaceous  flower. 

Woolly.—  Clothed  with  long  and  twisted 
or  matted  hairs . 


UL  23  1964 


14  DAY  USE 

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